南柯太守传原文阅读及翻译译文

南柯太守传原文阅读及翻译译文
南柯太守传原文阅读及翻译译文

南柯太守传原文阅读及翻译译文

原文阅读:

东平淳于棼,吴楚游侠之士。嗜酒使气,不守细行。累巨产,养豪客。曾以武艺补淮

南军裨将,因使酒忤帅,斥逐落魄,纵诞饮酒为事。家住广陵郡东十里。所居宅南有大古

槐一株,枝干修密,清阴数亩。淳于生日与群豪大饮其下。贞元七年九月,因沉醉致疾。时二友人于坐扶生归家,卧于堂东庑之下。二友谓生曰:“子其寝矣。余将抹马濯足,俟子小愈而去。”生解巾就枕,昏然忽忽,仿佛若梦。见二紫衣使者,跪拜生曰:“槐安国

王遣小臣致命奉邀。”生不觉下榻整衣,随二使至门。见青油小车,驾以四牡,左右从者

七八,扶生上车,出大户,指古槐穴而去。使者即驱入穴中。生意颇甚异之,不敢致问。忽见山川风候,草木道路,与人世甚殊。前行数十里,有郛郭城堞,车舆人物,不绝

于路。生左右传车者传呼甚严,行者亦争辟于左右。又入大城,朱门重楼,楼上有金书,

题曰:“大槐安国”。执门者趋拜奔走。旋有一骑传呼曰:“王以驸马远降,令且息东华馆。”因前导而去。俄见一门洞开,生降车而入。彩槛雕楹,华木珍果,列植于庭下;几案茵褥,帘帏肴膳,陈设于庭上。生心甚自悦。复有呼曰:“右相且至!”生降阶祗奉。有一

人紫衣象简前趋,宾主之仪敬尽焉。右相曰:“寡君不以敝国远僻,奉迎君子,托以姻亲。”生曰:“某以贱劣之躯,岂敢是望。”右相因请生同诣其所。行可百步,入朱门。矛戟

斧钺,布列左右,军吏数百,辟易道侧。生有平生酒徒周弁者,亦趋其中。生私心悦之,

不敢前问。右相引生升广殿,御卫严肃,若至尊之所。见一人长大端严,居王位,衣素练服,簪朱华冠。生战傈,不敢仰视。左右侍者令生拜。王曰:“前奉贤尊命,不弃小国,

许令次女瑶芳,奉事君子。”生但俯伏而已,不敢致词。王曰:“且就宾字,续造仪式。”有旨:右相亦与生偕还馆舍。生思念之,意以为父在边将,因没虏中,不知存亡;将谓父北

蕃交逊,而致兹事。心甚迷惑,不知其由。是夕,羔雁币帛,威容仪度,妓乐丝竹,肴膳灯烛,车骑礼物之用,无不咸备。有群女,或称华阳姑,或称青溪姑,或称上仙子,

或称下仙子,若是者数辈,皆侍从数十。冠翠凤冠,衣金霞帔,彩碧金钿,目不可视。遨

游戏乐,往来其门,争以淳于郎为戏弄。风态妖丽,言词巧艳,生莫能对。复有一女谓生曰:“昨上巳日,吾从灵芝夫人过禅智寺,于天竺院观石延舞《婆罗门》。吾与诸女坐北

牖石榻上。时君少年,亦解骑来看。君独强来亲洽,言调笑谑。吾与穷英妹结绛巾,挂于

竹枝上,君独不忆念之乎?又七月十六日,吾于孝感寺侍上真子,听契玄法师讲《观音经》。吾于讲下舍金凤钗两只,上真子含水犀盒子一枚,时君亦在讲筵中,于师处请钗、

盒视之,赏叹再三,嗟异良久。顾余辈曰:‘人之与物,皆非世间所有。’或问吾氏,或访

吾里,吾亦不答。情意恋恋,瞩盼不舍,君岂不思念之乎?”生曰:“中心藏之,何日忘

之!”群女曰:“不意今日与君为眷属!”复有三人,冠带甚伟,前拜生曰:“奉命为驸马相者。”中一人与生且故。生指曰:“子非冯翊田子华乎?”田曰:“然。”生前,执手叙旧久之。生谓曰:“子何以居此?”子华曰:“吾放游,获受知于右相武成侯段公,因以栖托。”生复

问曰:“周弁在此,知之乎?”子华曰:“周生,贵人也。职为司隶,权势甚盛,吾数蒙庇护。”言笑甚欢。俄传声曰:“驸马可进矣。”三子取剑佩冕服,更衣之。子华曰:“不意今

日获睹盛礼,无以相忘也。”有仙姬数十,奏诸异乐,婉转清亮,曲调凄悲,非人间之所

闻听。有执烛引导者,亦数十。左右见金翠步障,彩碧玲珑,不断数里。生端坐车中,心

意恍惚,甚不自安。田子华数言笑以解之。向者群女姑娣,各乘凤翼辇,亦往来其间。至

一门,号“修仪宫”。群仙姑娣亦纷然在侧,令生降车辇拜,揖让升降,一如人间。撤障去扇,见一女子,云号“金枝公主”。年可十四五,俨若神仙。交欢之礼,颇亦明显。生自尔

情义日洽,荣耀日盛,出入车服,游宴宾御,次于王者。王命生与群僚备武卫,大猎于国西灵龟山。山阜峻秀,川泽广远,林树丰茂,飞禽走兽,无不畜之。师徒大获,竟夕

而还。生因他日,启王曰:“臣顷结好之曰,大王云奉臣父之命。臣父顷佐边将,用

兵失利,陷没胡中。尔来绝书信十七八岁矣。王既知所在,臣请一往拜觐。”王遽谓曰:“亲家翁职守北土,信问不绝。卿但具书状知闻,未用便去。”遂命妻致馈贺之礼,一以遣之。数夕还答。生验书本意,皆父平生之迹。书中忆念教诲,情意委曲,皆如昔年。复问

生亲戚存亡,闾里兴废。复言道路乖远,风烟阻绝。词意悲苦,言语哀伤,又不令生来觐,云:“岁在丁丑,当与汝相见。”生捧书悲咽,情不自堪。他日,妻谓生曰:“子岂不

思为政乎?”生曰:“我放荡不习政事。”妻曰:“卿但为之,余当奉赞。”妻遂白于王。累日,谓生曰:“吾南柯政事不理,太守黜废,欲藉卿才,可曲屈之。便与小女同行。”生敦授教命。王遂敕有司备太守行李。因出金玉、锦绣、箱奁、仆妾、车马,列于广衢,以饯公主

之行。生少游侠,曾不敢有望,至是甚悦。因上表曰:

1外文文献翻译原文及译文汇总

华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计(论文)附件 外文文献翻译 学号:121912020115姓名:彭钰钊 所在系别:动力工程系专业班级:测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师:李冰 原文标题:Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日

红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术,被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低,小型化,传输速率快,点对点安全传输,不受电磁干扰等特点,可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送,在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值,目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术,在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降,红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号,主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调,其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262,解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是:利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息,PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间,然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息,由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字:红外线;编码;解码;LM386;红外收发器。 1 绪论

《歧路亡羊》阅读答案及注释翻译

歧路亡羊 杨子之邻人亡羊,既率其党,又请杨子之竖追之,杨子曰: “嘻,亡一羊何追者之众?”邻人曰: “多歧路。”既反,问: “获羊乎?”曰: “亡之矣。”曰: “xx亡之?”曰: “歧路之中又有歧焉,吾不知所之,所以反也。”杨子戚然变容,不言者移时,不笑者竟日。门人怪之,请曰: “羊,贱畜,又非夫子之有,而损言笑者何哉?”杨子不答,门人不获所命。 (《列子·说符》) 1.解释下面加点的“之”字。(2分) (1)xx之邻人亡羊之: (2)又请xx之竖追之之: 2.补出省略成分。(2分) 既反,()问: “获羊乎?”()曰: “亡之矣。” 3.翻译下列句子。(3分) 歧路之中又有歧焉,吾不知所之,所以反也。

4.本文告诉了我们一个什么道理?(3分) 参考 答案: guwen.整理 四、 1.的羊 2.xx邻人 3.岔路之中又有岔路,我不知道它逃到哪里去了,所以就回来了。 4.示例: 不作分析,一味盲从,定会一无所获。 歧路亡羊注释 1..xx: 对xx的尊称。xx,战国时哲学家。 2.反: (通假字)通“返”,返回。 3.亡: 丢失。 4.既……又……: 表示两种情况同时存在。既: 不久 5.率:

率领,带领。 6.党: 旧时指亲族,现指: 朋友,有交情的人。 7.竖: 僮仆(xx) 8.歧: 岔路,小道。 9.xx: (疑问代词)怎么。这里指为什么。 10.(吾不知所)之: 到……去。 11.所以: 表示原因的虚词。 12.反: 通“返”,返回,回来,返还。 13.xx: 忧伤的样子。然: ……的样子。 14.移时: 多时,一段时间。

15.竟日: 终日,整天。 16.既: 已经。 17.损: 减少。 18.众: 众多。 19.xx: 哪里。 20.xx: 语气词。 21.怪: 对感到奇怪。 22.既反: 已经回去。 23.命: 教导,告知。 24.获: 找到,得到翻译杨朱邻居的羊跑了,于是率领与他(邻居)有交情的人,还请杨朱的小僮一起追赶。

ASP外文翻译原文

https://www.360docs.net/doc/2c12364285.html, https://www.360docs.net/doc/2c12364285.html, 是一个统一的 Web 开发模型,它包括您使用尽可能少的代码生成企业级 Web 应用程序所必需的各种服务。https://www.360docs.net/doc/2c12364285.html, 作为 .NET Framework 的一部分提供。当您编写 https://www.360docs.net/doc/2c12364285.html, 应用程序的代码时,可以访问 .NET Framework 中的类。您可以使用与公共语言运行库 (CLR) 兼容的任何语言来编写应用程序的代码,这些语言包括 Microsoft Visual Basic、C#、JScript .NET 和 J#。使用这些语言,可以开发利用公共语言运行库、类型安全、继承等方面的优点的https://www.360docs.net/doc/2c12364285.html, 应用程序。 https://www.360docs.net/doc/2c12364285.html, 包括: ?页和控件框架 ?https://www.360docs.net/doc/2c12364285.html, 编译器 ?安全基础结构 ?状态管理功能 ?应用程序配置 ?运行状况监视和性能功能 ?调试支持 ?XML Web services 框架 ?可扩展的宿主环境和应用程序生命周期管理 ?可扩展的设计器环境 https://www.360docs.net/doc/2c12364285.html, 页和控件框架是一种编程框架,它在 Web 服务器上运行,可以动态地生成和呈现 https://www.360docs.net/doc/2c12364285.html, 网页。可以从任何浏览器或客户端设备请求 https://www.360docs.net/doc/2c12364285.html, 网页,https://www.360docs.net/doc/2c12364285.html, 会向请求浏览器呈现标记(例如 HTML)。通常,您可以对多个浏览器使用相同的页,因为 https://www.360docs.net/doc/2c12364285.html, 会为发出请求的浏览器呈现适当的标记。但是,您可以针对诸如 Microsoft Internet Explorer 6 的特定浏览器设计https://www.360docs.net/doc/2c12364285.html, 网页,并利用该浏览器的功能。https://www.360docs.net/doc/2c12364285.html, 支持基于 Web 的设备(如移动电话、手持型计算机和个人数字助理 (PDA))的移动控件。

毕业设计外文翻译原文.

Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method

土木外文翻译原文和译文

A convection-conduction model for analysis of the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock wall of a tunnel in permafrost regions Abstract Based on the analyses of fundamental meteorological and hydrogeological conditions at the site of a tunnel in the cold regions, a combined convection-conduction model for air flow in the tunnel and temperature field in the surrounding has been constructed. Using the model, the air temperature distribution in the Xiluoqi No. 2 Tunnel has been simulated numerically. The simulated results are in agreement with the data observed. Then, based on the in situ conditions of sir temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind force, hydrogeology and engineering geology, the air-temperature relationship between the temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall and the air temperature at the entry and exit of the tunnel has been obtained, and the freeze-thaw conditions at the Dabanshan Tunnel which is now under construction is predicted. Keywords: tunnel in cold regions, convective heat exchange and conduction, freeze-thaw. A number of highway and railway tunnels have been constructed in the permafrost regions and their neighboring areas in China. Since the hydrological and thermal conditions changed after a tunnel was excavated,the surrounding wall rock materials often froze, the frost heaving caused damage to the liner layers and seeping water froze into ice diamonds,which seriously interfered with the communication and transportation. Similar problems of the freezing damage in the tunnels also appeared in other countries like Russia, Norway and Japan .Hence it is urgent to predict the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock materials and provide a basis for the design,construction and

高考翻译文言文小段训练及答案

文言文翻译练习 1、【心不在马】赵襄主学御于王子期,俄而与子期逐,三易马而三后。襄主曰:“子之教我御术未尽也。”对曰:“术已尽,用之则过也。凡御之所贵,马体安于车,人心调于马,而后可以进速致远。今君后则欲逮臣,先则恐逮于臣。而先后心在于臣,何以调于马?此君之所以后也。”(上海卷) 2、【韩信将兵】上尝从容与信言诸将能不,各有差。上问曰:“如我,能将几何?”信曰:“陛下不过能将十万。”上曰:“于公何如?”曰:“如臣,多多而益善耳。”上笑曰:“多多益善,何为为我禽?”信曰:“陛下不能将兵,而善将将,此乃信之所以为陛下禽也。”

3、【伯乐相马】人有卖骏马者,比三日立市,人莫之知。往见伯乐,曰:“臣有骏马欲卖之,比三日立于市,人莫于言。愿子还而视之,去而顾之,臣请献一朝之贾。”伯乐乃还而视之,去而顾之。一旦而马价十倍。 4、【楚人隐形】楚人贫居,读《淮南子》,得“螳螂伺蝉自障叶可以隐形”,遂于树下仰取叶──螳螂执叶伺蝉,以摘之。叶落树下,树下先有落叶,不能复分别。扫取数斗归,一一以叶自障,问其妻曰:“汝见我不?”妻始时恒答言“见”,经日,乃厌倦不堪,绐云“不见”。嘿然大喜,赍叶入市,对面取人物。吏遂缚诣县。

5、【歧路亡羊】杨子之邻人亡羊,既率其党,又请杨子之竖追之。杨子曰:“嘻!亡一羊,何追者之众?”邻人曰:“多歧路。”既反,问:“获羊乎?”曰:“亡之矣。”曰:“奚亡之?”曰:“歧路之中又有歧焉,吾不知所之,所以反也。” 6、【执竿入城】鲁有执长竿入城门者,初竖执之,不可入,横执之,亦不可入,计无所出。俄有老父至曰:“吾非圣人,但见事多矣,何不以锯中截而入?”遂依而截之。

南柯太守传原文翻译「对照翻译」

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南柯太守传原文阅读及翻译译文 原文阅读: 东平淳于棼,吴楚游侠之士。嗜酒使气,不守细行。累巨产,养豪客。曾以武艺补淮 南军裨将,因使酒忤帅,斥逐落魄,纵诞饮酒为事。家住广陵郡东十里。所居宅南有大古 槐一株,枝干修密,清阴数亩。淳于生日与群豪大饮其下。贞元七年九月,因沉醉致疾。时二友人于坐扶生归家,卧于堂东庑之下。二友谓生曰:“子其寝矣。余将抹马濯足,俟子小愈而去。”生解巾就枕,昏然忽忽,仿佛若梦。见二紫衣使者,跪拜生曰:“槐安国 王遣小臣致命奉邀。”生不觉下榻整衣,随二使至门。见青油小车,驾以四牡,左右从者 七八,扶生上车,出大户,指古槐穴而去。使者即驱入穴中。生意颇甚异之,不敢致问。忽见山川风候,草木道路,与人世甚殊。前行数十里,有郛郭城堞,车舆人物,不绝 于路。生左右传车者传呼甚严,行者亦争辟于左右。又入大城,朱门重楼,楼上有金书, 题曰:“大槐安国”。执门者趋拜奔走。旋有一骑传呼曰:“王以驸马远降,令且息东华馆。”因前导而去。俄见一门洞开,生降车而入。彩槛雕楹,华木珍果,列植于庭下;几案茵褥,帘帏肴膳,陈设于庭上。生心甚自悦。复有呼曰:“右相且至!”生降阶祗奉。有一 人紫衣象简前趋,宾主之仪敬尽焉。右相曰:“寡君不以敝国远僻,奉迎君子,托以姻亲。”生曰:“某以贱劣之躯,岂敢是望。”右相因请生同诣其所。行可百步,入朱门。矛戟 斧钺,布列左右,军吏数百,辟易道侧。生有平生酒徒周弁者,亦趋其中。生私心悦之, 不敢前问。右相引生升广殿,御卫严肃,若至尊之所。见一人长大端严,居王位,衣素练服,簪朱华冠。生战傈,不敢仰视。左右侍者令生拜。王曰:“前奉贤尊命,不弃小国, 许令次女瑶芳,奉事君子。”生但俯伏而已,不敢致词。王曰:“且就宾字,续造仪式。”有旨:右相亦与生偕还馆舍。生思念之,意以为父在边将,因没虏中,不知存亡;将谓父北 蕃交逊,而致兹事。心甚迷惑,不知其由。是夕,羔雁币帛,威容仪度,妓乐丝竹,肴膳灯烛,车骑礼物之用,无不咸备。有群女,或称华阳姑,或称青溪姑,或称上仙子, 或称下仙子,若是者数辈,皆侍从数十。冠翠凤冠,衣金霞帔,彩碧金钿,目不可视。遨 游戏乐,往来其门,争以淳于郎为戏弄。风态妖丽,言词巧艳,生莫能对。复有一女谓生曰:“昨上巳日,吾从灵芝夫人过禅智寺,于天竺院观石延舞《婆罗门》。吾与诸女坐北 牖石榻上。时君少年,亦解骑来看。君独强来亲洽,言调笑谑。吾与穷英妹结绛巾,挂于 竹枝上,君独不忆念之乎?又七月十六日,吾于孝感寺侍上真子,听契玄法师讲《观音经》。吾于讲下舍金凤钗两只,上真子含水犀盒子一枚,时君亦在讲筵中,于师处请钗、 盒视之,赏叹再三,嗟异良久。顾余辈曰:‘人之与物,皆非世间所有。’或问吾氏,或访 吾里,吾亦不答。情意恋恋,瞩盼不舍,君岂不思念之乎?”生曰:“中心藏之,何日忘

外文翻译原文

204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999

JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.360docs.net/doc/2c12364285.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-

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