英美概况---美国政体
政治
１７７６年７月４日制定了宪法性文件《联邦条例》。
正案。宪法的主要内容是建立联邦制的国家，各州拥有较大的自主权，包括立法权；实行三权分立的政治体制，立法、行政、司法三部门鼎立，并相互制约。宪法规定，行政权属于总统，国家元首和政府首脑职权集中于总统一人，总统兼任武装部队总司令，总统不对国会负责。总统的行政命令与法律有同等效力。总统通过间接选举产生，任期四年。政府内阁由各部部长和总统指定的其他成员组成。内阁实际上只起总统助手和顾问团的作用，没有集体决策的权力。国会为最高立法机构，由参议院和众议院联合组成。国会的主要职权有：立法权、行政监督权、条约及官员任命的审批权（参议院）和宪法修改权。对总统、副总统的复选权等。两院议员由各州选民直接选举产生。参议员每州２名，共１００名，任期６年，每两年改选１／３。众议员按各州的人口比例分配名额选出，共４３５名，任期两年，期满全部改选。两院议员均可连任，任期不限。参众议员均系专职，不
得兼任政府职务。此外，国会可通过不需要总统签署的决议案，它们无法律作用。国会对总统、副总统及官员有弹劾权，提出弹劾之权属于众议院，审判弹劾之权属于参议院。美国设联邦最高法院、联邦法院、州法院及一些特别法院。联邦最高法院由首席大法官和８名大法官组成，终身任职。联邦最高法院有权宣布联邦和各州的任何法律无效。
美国的总统选举制度美国参议院通过情报机构改革法案美国众议
院投票通过医改法案
美国的西部“白宫”——克劳福德牧场五角大楼建造背后的秘密美
国最高法院裁定个人有权拥有枪支
美国去年国家情报项目耗资475亿美元美国产生首位拉美裔最高法院
法官美国发布《2009年国家情报战
略》报告
【政党
党：成立于１８５４年。１８６１年
３３年以后，曾有艾森豪威尔，尼克
松、福特，里根，老布什和小布什执政。一般在总统大选中投票给该党候选人的
选民即为其党员。（２）民主党：其前身是１７９２年杰斐逊创立的民主共和党，
建党初期主要代表南方奴隶主、西部农业企业家和北方中等资产阶级的利益。１
９世纪初，民主共和党发生分裂，一派自称国民共和党，后来改称辉格党。以杰
克逊为代表的一派于１８２８年建立民主党，１８４０年正式定名为民主党。１９世纪５０年代末，民主党发生一次分裂，部分北方民主党人参与组建反奴隶制的共和党。１８６１至１８８５年民主党在野。在１８８５至１９３３年的４８年中，该党执政１６年，先后由克利夫兰、威尔逊出任总统。１９３３年开始，民主党人罗斯福、杜鲁门、肯尼迪、约翰逊、卡特、克林顿和奥巴马先后当选总统执政。民主党党员是大选中投其候选人票的选民。（３）其他政党有绿党和改革党等。
美国实行总统制，总
统选举每四年举行一次。
美国总统选举制度复杂，过
程漫长。选举的主要程序包
括预选、各党召开全国代表
大会确定总统候选人、总统
候选人竞选、全国选民投
票、选举人团投票表决和当
选总统就职。
预选是美国总统选举
的第一阶段，通常从选举年
的年初开始，到年中结束。
其间，各党派竞选人将争夺
本党总统候选人提名。预选
有两种形式，分别是政党基层会议和直接预选。前者是指两党在各州自下而上，从选举点、县、选区到州逐
级召开代表会议，最终选出本党参加全国代表大会的代表。后者在形式上如同普选，一个州的两党选民同一天到投票站投票选出本党参加全国代表大会的代表，这是大多数州目前采用的预选方式。
预选结束后，民主、共和两大政党将分别在第三季度召开全国代表大会。会议的主要任务是最终确定本党总统、副总统候选人，并讨论通过总统竞选纲领。
两党全国代表大会之后，总统竞选活动便正式拉开帷幕。两党总统候选人耗费巨资，在全国各地开展竞选旅行、进行广告大战、发表竞选演说、会见选民、召开记者招待会以及进行公开辩论等。此外，候选人还将通过多种形式阐述对国内外事务的政策主张，以赢得选民信任，争取选票。
全国选民投票在选举年１１月份第一个星期一的次日举行，这一天被称为大选日。为避免大选日投票过于拥挤，目前美国大多数州允许选民在大选日前４５天内提前投票。
美国
总统
选举
实行
选举
人团
制
度，
因此
选民
投票时，不仅要在总统候选人当中选择，而且要选出代表５０个州和首都华盛顿哥伦比亚特区的５３８名选举人，以组成选举人团。在大选中，美国绝大多数州和首都实行“胜者全得”制度，即在一州或首都获得选民票最多者获得该州或首都所有选举人票。赢得２７０张或以上选举人票的总统候选人即获得选举胜利。因此，根据各州选举人票归属情况，通常大选日当晚就能决出选举获胜者。
选举人团投票表决在选举年１２月第二个星期三之后的第一个星期一举行。选举人在其所在州的首府投票表决。一般情况下，选举人团投票表决只是例行公事。
此外，如果两大党总统候选人各获得２６９张选举人票或因有第三党候选人“入围”而导致无人获得２７０张或以上选举人票，则总统人选由国会众议院决定。这种情况在美国历史上也曾发生过。
总统就职典礼是美国总统选举的最后一道程序。直至当选总统于次年１月２０日在总统就职典礼上宣誓就职，总统选举过程才宣告最终结束。
美国共和党 (Republican Party) ，又称“老大党”，是美国两大政党之一，其标志是大象，代表色为红色。
共和党的前身为１７９２年成立的民主共和党。１８２５年，民主共和党发生分裂，其中一派组成国民共和党，１８３４年改称辉格党。１８５４年７月，辉格党与北部民主党和其他反对奴隶制的派别联合组建了共和党。
１８６０年１１月，共和党领导人林肯当选总统，该党首次执政。南北战争中，共和党政府领导北部军民粉碎了南部奴隶主的叛乱，废除了奴隶制，维护了联邦统一，从而赢得巨大声望。战后，该党连续执政２０年之久，先后由约翰逊、格兰特、海斯、加菲尔德、阿瑟出任总统。１８８４年，共和党在总统选举中失利。
１８８９年，共和党的哈里森出任总统。此后４０多年里，共和党人麦金莱、罗斯福、塔夫脱、哈定、柯立芝和胡佛曾先后出任总统，执政达２８年之久。胡佛之后，该党连续在野２０年。１９５３年至１９６１年，共和党的艾森豪威尔连续担任两届总统。此后，美国进入共和党和民主党两党交替执政时期。共和党人尼克松、福特、里根和老布什先后任总统。２００１年，乔治·沃克·布什出任总统，共和党再次执政，２００５年１月布什连任。
与民主党相比，共和党在社会议题上倾向保守主义，经济上主张自由主义，与企业界关系紧密，但很少获得工会组织的支持。共和党支持低税收，在经济议
题上主张限制政府规模和支持商业发展；在一些社会议题如堕胎上共和党则支持政府介入。在对外政策和国家安全方面，共和党立场强硬。
共和党没有固定政纲，只有适应每次大选需要的竞选纲领。共和党党员多数是不固定的，凡在选举中投票选举该党总统候选人的选民都被认为是该党党员。共和党全国代表大会 每四年举行一次，主要工作是推选该党总统和副总统候选人，通过党的竞选纲领，选举党主席。共和党的常设最高机构是全国委员会，由主席领导，每年召开两次会议。
美国民主党 (Democratic Party) 是美国两大政党之一，其前身是托马斯·杰斐逊在１７９２年建立的民主共和党。１９世纪初，该党发生分裂，其中一派自称国民共和党，后改称辉格党；而以安德鲁·杰克逊为首的另一派在１８２８年建立民主党，并于１８４０年
正式定名，
成为美国历史最悠久的政党。
近几十年来，民主党倾向于推行
中间派经济政策和具有改革性的社
会政策，并认为政府应在减贫和社会
救助等问题上发挥作用。
民主党反对一味减税，赞成改革税收结构，以便提供更多公共服务。
该党着重推行的两大政策是：应保证国民拥有可支付和高质量的医疗服务，以及成本低和质量高的教育机会；在外交政策上反对单边主义，认为美国应该重视同盟关系和国际支持。
2004年7月26日，美国民主党全国代
表大会在马萨诸塞州首府波士顿召开。
民主党以往的支持者大多为农户、工人以及少数族裔。目前，这一结构已经发生巨大变化，其支持者还包括很多受过高等教育者和富有的自由派人士。此外，近年来，在非洲裔、拉丁裔、亚裔、犹太人和阿拉伯人中，民主党的支持率比例逐渐增加。
在２００４年的选举年中，民主党的注册人数约为７２００万，成为美国第一大党。
民主党没有固定党纲，在选举年召开全国代表大会时会推出竞选纲领。其最高权力机构为全国代表大会，每４年举行一次，主要工作是推出总统、副总统候选人，通过党的政纲等；而常设机关为全国委员会，由一名主席、五名副主席、一名财务主管和一名秘书组成，负责召开全国代表大会。
民主党的党徽是“驴”，其标志性颜色为蓝色。驴成为民主党象征，并非民主党人本意。民主党人安德鲁·杰克逊在１８２８年竞选美国总统时，所持平民主义观点遭对手讥讽为“公驴”。杰克逊大方地把驴的形象印在竞选海报上，变被动为主动。杰克逊任总统期间，一些漫画家用驴来讽刺他在一些问题上固执己见。第一幅用驴代表民主党的政治漫画于１８３７年诞生。>>
２００８年１１月，民主党总统候选人奥巴马获得美国总统选举胜利，并成为美国历史上首位非洲裔总统。
Political institution（政治制度）
1．The American Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world. It was draw up in 1787 and went into effect in 1789.美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法，它起草于1787年，生效于1789年。
2．In 1787,Congress called for a meeting of delegate from all the states to revise the Articles of Confederation.1787年，国会召开各州代表参加的大会，主要目的是修改有明显缺点的《联邦条款》。
3．The government is divided into three branched：the legislative ,the executive ,and the judicial. Each branch has part of the powers but not all the power.美国政府被分为3部分：立法机构，行政机构和司法机构。
4．In either case, amendments must have the approval of three-fourths of the states before they enter into force.有两种情可以提出修改宪法条款，但不管是哪种，修正案必须经过3/4的批准才能生效。
5．The President of the U.S is the head of the executive branch and the head of the state elected by the whole nation. The Constitution requires the President to be a natural-born American citizen at least 35 years of age. The president election was held every 4 years .宪法规定总统必须是美国本土出生的美国公民，至少年满35岁，总统选举每四年举行一次。
6．In American ,the “winner-take-all”system applies in all states expect Maine.在美国，嬴者全赢的制度适用于除缅因州外的各州。
7．The electors of all fifty states and the District of Columbia-a total of 538 persons-comprise what is known as the Electoral College. To be successful, a candidate for the Presidency must receive 270 votes.50个州加上哥伦比亚特区共有538位总统候选人，他们组成选举团，要成为美国总统，候选人则要获得270票。
8．The presidential term of 4 years begin on Jan 20 following the November election, The president publicly takes an oath of office, which is administered by the Chief Justice of the U.S. A president can be elected to office only twice.美国总统任期为4年，每位总统任期最多只能两届，总统宣誓就职仪式是由美国首席娃哈哈官主持的。
9．Article I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government to a Congress composed of two chambers, a Senate and a House of Representatives. The Senate is composed of 2 members from each state, Membership in the House is based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.国会由参议院和众议院组成，参议院由各州派出两名议员共同组成，众议院成员数则按各州人口及大小而定，因此众义员数宪法没有具体规定。
10．The Constitution requires that U.S. Senators must be at least 30 years of age, citizens of the
U.S for at least 9 years, and residents of the states from which they are elected. The senatorial term is 6 years, and every 2 years one-third of the Senate stands for re-election.宪法规定美国参议员必须是年满30岁有美国公民资格9年以上的公民，并且是选其为议员的州的居民，参议员任期为6年，且每月年改选1/3的议员。
11．Menber of the House of Representative must be at least 25, citizens for 7 years, and residents of the states which send them to Congress. Today, the House is composed of 435 members. Since members of the House serve two-year terms, the life of a Congress is considered to be 2 years.宪法规定美国众议员必须是年满25岁有美国公民资格7年以上的公民，并且是选其为议员的州的居民，现在，众议院由来35名议员组成，由于众议员任期为2年，所以国会任期往往被认为是2年。
12．Each hours of the Congress has the power to introduce legislation on any subject, except revenue bills which must first come from the House of Representatives.除了税收法案必须首先由众议院提出，国会的两院各自有权就任何提议立法。
13．The Constitution provides that the Vice president shall be president of the Senate. He has no vote, except in a case of a tie. The House of Representatives choose its own presiding officer-the Speaker of the House.宪法规定由美国副总统担任参议院议长，议长不参加投票，除非出现两派票数相等的情况，众议院则选出他自己的主持官员，-众议院议长。
14．According to the Constitution, the judicial power of the U.S shall be vested in one Supreme Court. The judicial system has evolved into the present structure：the Supreme Court, 11 court of appeals, 91 district courts, and 3 courts of special jurisdiction. U.S.judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.根据宪法规定，美国的司法权属于最高法院，司法体系结构为：最高法院，11个上诉法院，91个地方法院，3个有特殊司法权的法院，美国的法官是由总统任命并由参议院批准的。
15．The Supreme Court is the highest court of the U.S and is the only organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution The Supreme Court at present consists of a Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justices.最高法院是美国最高等的法院，也是惟一有权解释的机构，目前法院由一名首席娃哈哈官和颜悦色名助理法官组成。
16．The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in only two kinds of cases：those involving foreign dignitaries, and those to which a state in a party.高等法院最初只对两种案件拥有司法权：涉及国外达官贵人，一个州为一方当事人。
17．In general, American has a two-party system. There are two major political parties in America：the Democrats and the Republicans. There have been four periods in the history of political parties in American.一般说来，美国实行的是两党制，两大主要政党为：民主党和共和党，美国政党的历史可分为四个时期。
18．The first period of the party system in American refer to the appearance of the Federalists and the Anti-federalists. The third phase of the two-party system ran from the 1860s to the 1920s with
the Republican Party dominating the political scene for most of the time.美国政党制的第一阶段出现了两个主要党派，联邦派各反联邦派，第三阶段从容不迫9世纪60年代到达9世纪20年代，绝大部分时间是共和党执政。（2002，21题）
19．In the 28 terms of the House of Representatives from 1933 to 1989,the Democrats enjoyed a majority of 26 terms, in the Senate, the Democrats had a majority for 23 terms.从1933年到1989年的确届众议院中，民主党在于6届中拥有多数席位，在参议院中民主党在于23届中拥有多数席位。
20．After the 1828 election of Andrew Jackson, the Democratic-Republican party split. The main faction, led by Andrew Jackson, called themselves the Democratic Party, while the faction opposed to Jackson formed the Whig party in 1834.1828年安德鲁。杰克逊当选总统后，民主共和党分裂，由安德鲁。杰克逊领导的主派自称为民主党，反对杰克逊的一派于1834年另立辉格党
必背解释：
1. 联邦制：the Federal system
2. the Bill of Right <权利法案》
3. “winner-talk-al ”system（羸者全羸）
必背问答：
1．What mechanism did the writers of the American Constitution introduce to provide safeguards？
They introduced the mechanism of separation of powers and checks and balances.
2.According to the Constitution, what judicial power does the President have？
The president has the power to give reprieves（缓刑）and pardons（赦免）in dederal criminal cases.
3. What are the two special powers of the Senate？
There are two special powers：one is to confirm presidential appointments of high officials of the federal government；the other is to ratify all treaties by a two-thirds vote.
4. What is the cause for the decline of the influence of political parties？
There are two major factors：1>the decline of patronage using the Party\'s influence to bring material benefits to its followers；2>the wide use of direct primarsies in nominating candidates for public office.（1.利用党的影响给其追随者利益的特权减小了，2，广泛采用直接初选提名公
职候选人）
英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列
英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列 Chapter: 13 geography 地理位置 1.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American.Alaska northwestern Can ada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific. 阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州.阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋.（本细节还有考“一句话简答”的可能） 2.The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest co untry in the world in size after Russia,Canada and China. 就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国. 3.Of all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smalles t.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country. 所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州. 4.The Rockies,the backbone of the North American Continent,is also known as the C ontinental Divide. 落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭. 5.The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast. 阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉.（本细节有考“一句话简答题”的可能）
American History 英美概况美国历史
American History ?I. America in the colonial era ?II. The War of Independence ?III. The Civil War ?IV. America during the two World Wars I. America in the colonial era ?Who were the very first Americans? ?Who was the first one discovering the new continent? ?After whom was the new continent named? I. America in the colonial era ?1.The very first Americans were Indians. ●They created their civilization, known as Maya civilization, dominating Mexico and Central America from 4th to the 10th centuries. ●They were the descendants of the Mongoloid (蒙古人种的) people in Asia. ●About 20,000 years ago, they traveled to the North American continent across the Bering Strait (白令海峡). ?2. Christopher Columbus is believed to have discovered America. ●In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered America. However, he believed he had reached India and called the natives Indians. ?In 1500, Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian navigator, also under the Spanish flag, drew the conclusion that what he found was a new continent. 3. The establishment of colonies ?Since the America was found, the Spanish established many colonies: Florida, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. ?In 1588, the Spanish Armada was defeated by the English navy，which put England in a better position to provide support for its New World colonies. 3. The establishment of colonies ?Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North America. ?These 13 colonies were established in different patterns: ●crown colonies ( 直辖殖民地), ●proprietary colonies ( 业主殖民地), ●charter colonies ( 特许公司殖民地), ●self-governing or compact colonies ( 自治殖民地或契约殖民地). ?1) The first successful English colony in North America was founded at Jamestown, Virginia , in 1607. ?2) In 1620, a group of Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called Mayflower. They arrived at Plymouth, and built the New Plymouth colony in New England. These Pilgrims drew up the epoch-making Mayflower Compact (五月花契约), which was signed by all adult males on the ship. 3. The establishment of colonies ?3) From 1630 to 1643, some 200 ships transported over 20,000 Englishmen to the Massachusetts Bay colony. ?Plymouth remained a separate colony until 1691 when it was combined with Massachusetts Bay colony. Puritans ?People who criticized or wished to "purify" the Church of England. ?"Puritan" refers to two distinct groups: ?"separating" Puritans, radical Protestants, such as the Plymouth colonists, the pilgrims, who believed that the Church of England was corrupt and that true Christians must separate themselves from it; and ?“non-separating” Puritans, such as the colonists who settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony, who believed in
英国部分英美概况汇总题库
The United Kingdom I. Multiple Choice 1. The was “the greatest progressive revolution that mankind had so far experienced, a time which called for giants and produced giants—giants in power of thought, passion, and character, in universality and learning”(Engels). a. Renaissance b. Industrial Revolution c. Reformation d. Bourgeois Revolution 2. is regarded as the first English Prime Minster. a.D uke of Willington b.William Gladstone c.Benjamin Disraeli d.Sir Robert Walpole 3. The official head of Parliament is . a. the Prime Minister b. the Monarch c. the Speaker d. the Chancellor 4. The present sovereign of Britain is . a. Elizabeth I b. Elizabeth II
c. Elizabeth III d. Edward II 5. is a day to commemorate the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. a. Christmas b. Good Friday c. Easter Monday d. Boxing Day 6. published his book On the Origin of Species which caused a stir in Victorian times. a. Adam Smith b. Charles Darwin c. Thomas More d. Francis Bacon 7. The largest section of Great Britain is . a. Scotland b. Wales c. England d. Northern Ireland 8. The Lake District is well known for . a. its wild and beautiful scenery b. its varied lakes c. the Lake Poets
英美概况美国部分整理
America The Founding of Colonies殖民地的建立 First Inhabitants：American Indians Discovery of the New World： 1492 Christopher Columbus →the discoverer of America (Italian)Spanish Queen’ s support 1501-2 Amerigo Vespucci →the new land was name after him as America. reached the mouth of Amazon River America—the New World Europe—the Old World 13 colonies： New England Colonies: Mid Atlantic Colonies: Southern Colonies: Massachusetts →（2nd colony，1620）New York Maryland New Hampshire Pennsylvania Virginia →（1st colony，1607）Rhode Island Delaware North Carolina Connecticut South Carolina Georgia →（the last colony，1733）New England Region（6个）: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maine and Vermont 建立原因： Virginia, 1607 Virginia Company For foreign expansion as a way of easing religious dispute and economic distress in England 105 men (no women) Jamestown in honor of the king Massachusetts In 1620 102 Puritans (“Pilgrim Fathers”), in Mayflower, from Plymouth in England to America First in Plymouth (today’s Massachusetts); and then Boston Seek religious freedom Mayflower Compact <五月花号公约>：self-government Hardships when arrived the help of the Indians Thanksgiving Day to thank the Indians and the God for protection The next three colonies Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire Reasons: 1. religious disputes and struggles in Massachusetts intensified 2. more immigrants
英美国家概况教学大纲
英语国家概况复习 The Republic of Ireland Geography and History 本章概论： 1. 爱尔兰共和国的地理特征 --- the Emerald Isle --- The Central Lowland --- bogs --- the Shannon River 2. 爱尔兰共和国的气候 --- mild, moist and changeable --- excessive rainfall 3. 爱尔兰共和国的人口和宗教 --- the Great Famine --- one of the most Catholic countries of Europe 4. 爱尔兰共和国历史 --- The arrival of St. Patrick in AD 432 5. 爱尔兰共和国的外交政策 --- neutrality and nonalignment 1. 简答题： Why Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle? ----- Ireland is also called the Emerald Isle because of its rich green countryside. 爱尔兰也因其乡村绿荫葱葱而被称为绿宝石岛 第一部分：Geographical Features 1. 识记要点： Why Ireland has been geographically compared to a basin？ ----- Ireland has been compared to a basin in which a limestone plateau is rimmed by coastal highlands. 2. 识记要点： The central plain area is characterized by many lakes, bogs (wet areas) and low ridges. Variety is the main feature of the lowlands. The Central Lowland is the heart of Ireland. 3. 简答题： What is the largest river in Ireland? Why is it very important? ----- The largest river in Ireland is the Shannon River. It is very important because it
《英美概况》教学大纲
《英美概况》教学大纲 课程编号：12307058 课程名称：英美概况 学时分配：36学时，2-19 学分：2分 考核方式：考查，闭卷 课程类别：专业限选课 面向对象：外事二年级学生 一、课程的任务和目的： 《英美概况》是介绍英语国家社会与文化入门的一门课程。开设本课的目的在于使学生通过学习，了解英美国家的历史、地理、社会、经济、政治、教育等方面的情况及其文化传统，内容庞杂、信息量大。 培养学生正确分析有关英美等国问题的能力，并能以正确的眼光看待世界上所发生的问题，提高学生对文化差异的敏感性、宽容性和处理文化差异的灵活性，培养学生跨文化交际能力。把学生培养成为高素质的人才，同时又能爱祖国、热爱社会主义，致力为祖国的繁荣、发达而努力的人才，培养学生树立正确世界观。 同时，通过课文的学习和各种练习的实践，达到提高英语水平的目的。通过比较学习不同文化中具有特殊文化涵义的词语与表达式，可以促使学生掌握一些特殊词语的深层次意义，是对词汇的学习以及翻译水平的提高的有益补充；通过开展中外文化的比较，让学生切身感受到成功的交际仅有语言是远远不够的，文化方面的因素有时所起的作用远远大于语言本身，必将为英语学习者成功地参与国际商务活动，更有效地进行国际合作与交流打下坚实的文化基础。
二、课程的基本要求： 要求熟悉英语国家的地理、历史、发展现状、文化传统、风俗习惯，具有较强的跨文化交际意识。 三、课程的主要内容： 主要包括英美两国的地理、历史、政体制度、教育、新闻媒体、风俗习惯等内容，目的在于开阔学生的视野，扩大他们的知识面，并注意借鉴最新研究成果，合理吸收最新知识，进一步增强其实用性。 四、课程教学内容与要求 第一章：美国简况（国家的组成、国土等）（2学时） 教学要求：通过教学使学生掌握美国地理简况：国家的基本组成，国土等。以及美国国家形成的基本历史发展过程。 教学重点：美国国家形成过程中产生的几个重要的历史事件。 教学难点：分析并了解American Revolution产生的原因。
英美概况 美国篇
一、概况 1.50 States Its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific. 2.Races and Population 在东部时间2006年10月17日早晨7点46分，美国人口总数突破三亿大关，这是美国人口史上具有里程碑意义的一刻。3.06188亿（2009年，世界国家和地区第3名，次于中国、印度） 3.The Composition of American Population 1)The Majority:the descendants of immigrants from European countries, such as France, Germany, Italy, Ireland, and Spain;“Pilgrim Fathers”;Potato famine 2)The Minorities:The African Americans: black slaves from Africa;Indians: the number of native Americans has been falling, no more than a million;The Hispanics: immigrants or descendents of immigrants from Latin America, such as Cuba and Mexico (Mexicans are the most numerous among them);Asian-Americans, from China, Japan and Korea;More than a million Chinese-Americans, most of whom live in Hawaii, on the West Coast and in some big cities;5 million Jews in America, many of whom went there during the Second World War and achieved great success in America. 3)“The Melting Pot”:It means immigrants from different nations all over the world have mixed to make up the American nation.“old immigrants”: came to America before 1860;“new immigrants”, after 1860.The Immigration Quota Law was passed by the American government in 1924. 二、Early History 1.Columbus：1492 Christopher Columbus arrived at Salvador Island, thus discovered the “New World”.(Amerigo V espucci: named “America”) 2.The first English permanent settlement:1607 The first group of English colonies came to America and built their settlement of Charleston which later was expanded into the first English colony known as Virginia. 3.Pilgrim Fathers:1620 Some English immigrants (Puritans) sailed into Plymouth on a ship called the “Mayflower”.102 Puritans, 60 days.Mayflower Compact, “one man one vote”, “one-man rule” 4.The values of Puritans:hard work; commercial success; the importance of education 5.Thanksgiving:1621 Thanksgiving Day was first celebrated by the pilgrims of the Plymouth Colony. 三、American Revolutionary
英美概况资料
1. The longest river in Britain is ____. A. Severn B. Tees C. Thames D. Clyde 2. The British Isles is made up of ____. A. Three large islands and hundreds of small ones B. Two large islands and hundreds of small ones C. Three large islands and dozens of small ones D. Two large islands and dozens of small ones 3. There are three political divisions ____ on the island of Great Britain. A. England, Scotland, and Ireland B. England, Scotland, and Wales C. England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland D. Northern Ireland, Wales and Scotland 4. The Tower of London, located in the centre of London, was built by ____. A. King Harold B. William the Conqueror C. Robin Hood D. Oliver Cromwell 5. St. Paul’s Cathedral is in ____. A. Liverpool B. London C. Glasgow D. Birmingham 6. The largest lake in Britain is ___. A. Ullswater B. Loch Lomond C. Windermere D. The Lough Neagh 7. The Romans led by Julius Caesar launched their first invasion on Britain in ____. A. 200 B. C. B. 55 A. D. C. 55 B.C. D. 410 A.D. 8. The capital of Northern Ireland is ____. A. Belfast B. Birmingham C. Edinburgh D. Cardiff 9. Between 1337 and 1453 the ____ took place in Britain. A. Wars of Roses B. Black Death C. Hundred Year’s War D. Peasants Uprising 10. The first Civil War in Britain lasted from ____ to ____. A. 1600—1604 B. 1640—1644 C. 1642—1646 D. 1646—1650 11. James Watt created a ____ in 1769. A. Spinning Mule B. Steam Engine C. Power Loom D. Spinning Jenny 12. In English individualistic culture, one should not bother Englishmen without a good reason and making appointment beforehand seems to be important. It is best reflected by an English proverb____. A. as welcome as a storm B. an Englishman’s house is his castle C. do not wear out your welcome D. outstay one’s welcome 13. ____ is the first weekday after Christmas, a legal holiday in English, Wales, Northern Ireland, New Zealand, Australia and South Africa. A. Thanksgiving Day B. Anzac Day C. St. Valentine’s Day D. Boxing Day 14. The Bible was originally written in ____. C A. Latin B. English C. Hebrew D. Arabic 15. Which of the following king was executed in the civil war? A. James I B. Charles I C. James II D. Charles II 16. From 1649 to 1658 English was called a Commonwealth. It was ruled first by Oliver Cromwell as ____ .
英美国家概况课后题及答案
Chapter 2 1.The British history before 55BC is basically undocumented.(T) 2.The Celts became the dominant group in Britain between the 8th and 5th centuries BC.(T) 3.The name of Britain came from a Celtic tribe--- the Britons.(T) 4.The Anglo--Saxons came to Britain in the mid--5th century.(T) 5.The chief or king of the Anglo--Saxon tribes exercised power at their own will.(F) 6.The Vikings began to attack the English coast in the 8th century.(T) 7.Henry II built up a large empire which included England and most of France.(T) 8.The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and the townspeople.(F) 9.The Hundred Years' War was a series of wars fought between England and Normans foe trade and territory.(F) 10.In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions,Queen Elizabeth I actually defended the fruit of the Religious Reformation.(T) 1. The D attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410. A. Norman B. Danish C. Celtic D. Germanic 2.By the late 7th century, D became the dominant religion in England. A. Celtic Christianity B. Anglo-Saxon Christianity C. Germanic Christianity D. Roman Christianity
英语国家概况-美国部分【清晰完整版】
Chapter 13 geography 地理位置 I. Location and size 1. The full name of the United States is the United States of America. The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west. Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in America. Alaska borders on northwestern Canada and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific. 阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。 2. The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometers. It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia, Canada and China.就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。 3. Of all states of American, Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island the smallest. But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country. 所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。 II.Topography 1. Mountains (1)The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast. 阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。（本细节有考―一句话简答题‖的可能）
英美概况---澳大利亚政体
英国女王是澳大利亚的国家元首，由女王任命的总督为法定的最高行政长官。总督由总理提名，由女王任命。 澳大利亚总督代表英国女王行使在澳大利亚联邦内的职权。总督有权任免官员、统辖军队、召开和解散议会以及审批议会议案等，但在行使这些权力时须征得联邦总理同意。在联邦行政会议的咨询下执掌联邦政府的行政权，为法定的最高行政长官。 【议会】联邦议会是澳的最高立法机构，成立于１９０１年，由女王（澳总督为其代表）、众议院和参议院组成。１９９２年１２月１７日，澳大利亚联邦政府内阁会议决定，澳大利亚的新公民不再向英国女王及其继承人宣誓效忠。 议会实行普选。众院有１５０名议员，按人口比例选举产生，任期３年。参院有７６名议员，６个州每州１２名，２个地区各２名。各州参议员任期６年，每３年改选一半，各地区参议员任期３年。２００７年１１月２４日，澳举行联邦大选，产生新一届众议院，工党占８３席、自由党５５席、国家党１０席、独立人士２席。 【政府】联邦政府由众议院多数党或政党联盟组成，该党领袖任总理，各部部长由总理任命。政府一般任期３年。２００７年１１月，工党在联邦大选中击败自由党－国家党联盟，新一届工党政府于１２月３日正式就职，工党领袖陆克文出任总理。 【司法机构】最高司法机构是联邦高等法院。它对其他各级法院具有上诉管辖权，并对涉及宪法解释的案件做出决定，由１名首席大法官和６名大法官组成。各州设最高法院、区法院和地方法院。首都地区和北领地区只设最高法院和地方法院。
【政党】澳有大小政党几十个，主要政党有： （1）澳大利亚工党（Australian Labour Party）：成立于１８９１年，为澳最大政党，同工会关系密切，工会会员多为其集体党员。自１９４０年以来曾１１次执政。２００７年１１月２４日，陆克文领导的反对党工党在澳联邦大选中以较大优势击败自由党－国家党执政联盟，时隔１１年后重新执政。 （2）自由党（Liberal Party）：１９４４年成立，前身是１９３１年成立的澳大利亚联合党。主要代表工商业主利益，曾多次执政。２００７年１１月２４日，霍华德领导的自由党在澳联邦大选中失利，结束了其与国家党连续１１年的联合执政。 （3）国家党（National Party）：成立于１９１８年，原称乡村党，后称国家乡村党，１９８２年改用现名。其势力范围主要在农村地区，代表农场主利益，１９９６年至２００７年与自由党联合执政。其他小党有澳大利亚民主党、绿党和澳大利亚共产党等。
英美概况地理位置
1.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American.Alaska northwestern Canada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific. 阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。（本细节还有考"一句话简答"的可能） 2.The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia,Canada and China. 就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。 3.Of all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smallest.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country. 所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。 4.The Rockies,the backbone of the North American Continent,is also known as the Continental Divide. 落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。 5.The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast. 阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。（本细节有考"一句话简答题"的可能） 6.The Mississippi River is the largest river in American,over 6000 kilometers.The Mississippi has been called "father of waters"or "old man river" 密西西比河是美国最长河流，有被称作"众水之父"或"老人河"。 7.The Ohio river has been called the American Ruhr,As in Germany, the area along the river is rich in valuable deposits of high-grade coking coal and is well known for its steel industry.The river provides cheap water transportation for raw materials. 俄亥俄河被称作美国的鲁尔河，就像德国一样，沿河有丰富的高品千周的焦煤，并且因其钢铁而著名。另外，该河还为原材料提供了廉价的水路运输。 8.On the Pacific side there are two great rivers:the Colorado in the south and the Columbia ,which rises in Canada. 太平洋沿岸有两大河：科罗拉多河及哥伦比亚河。 9。The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States. 格兰德河是美国和墨西哥之间的开然界河（本细节考选择和简答可能性大）10.the most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes. They are Lake Superior,which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan ,the only entirely in the U.S.,Lake Huron,Lake Eire and Lake Ontario.They are located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan. 美国最重要的湖泊是五大湖：苏必利尔湖，密歇根湖，休伦湖，伊利湖和安大略湖，其中，苏必利尔湖为世界最大淡水湖，密歇根湖完全是美国境地内。