外文翻译--立式轴承座钻孔组合机床设计-精品

附录

附录1

英文原文

Vertical bearing seat drill hole aggregate machine-tool design

Author: Cnsaw article origin: Chinese sawing industry network

1 minute working procedure, decides the location

1.Production type analysis

This design vertica l bearing seat drill hole aggregate machine-tool, its processes the components apply in the automobile extremely widely, should belong to the mass production project, therefore in design time should note to makes the processing to be simple as far as possible, but does not affect the processing quality.

2. Processing pla n formulation

The division working procedure needs to consider to the production scale, the processing precision, uses the engine bed the character istic, the static load situation and so on. The division working procedure ma y have two kind of trends: The working procedure centralism and the working procedure are dispersible. The working procedure centralism disperses has its strong point respectively, in genera l, by enhances the productivity in the mass production prima rily, must widely use the multi- knives, the single axle and multiple spind le is automa tic or the

semia utoma tic engine bed, multiple spind le pla ner-type milling machine, aggregate machine-tool and so on, therefore adopts the working procedure centralism to be possible to obtain the prominent effect.

In this design bearing seat drill hole aggregate machine-tool very great degree causes various working procedures to concentrate as far as possible, the displa y aggregate machine-tool mer it, at the same time causes each kind of error to reduce to the threshold.

Because in this design processes in the components 10 holes the partial holes are away from too near, is not advantageous for the processing, therefore separates is two locations completes, then carries on the components position transformation.

Below the ma in location selects the pla n after the analysis: 1) loads and unloads, cla mps; 2) drills 7 holes f13.5; 3) drills 3 holes is f14, drills 2 threads bottom holes f14, Kong Haowei 8, 9; 4) drills crosswise hole f14; 5) expands articulation 7 holes f14.5; 6) attacks the silk.

2 compound cutting tools cutting specificationses computation

1.Cutting specifications character istic

The aggregate machine-tool norma l work and reasonably selects the cutting specifications, namely the determination reasonable cutting speed and the work enters to the quantity has the

very big relations. The cutting specifications elects the inappropriateness, can cause the aggregate machine-tool to reduce stops the loss, enhances the production efficiency, lengthens the cutting tool life, improves the processing quality.

2.Leads a set of design

1

3. Is processed 7 holes dia meters is 1

4.5, the processing hole dia meter with leads a set of length, leads the set of inside dia meter size, about the deviation as well as the hole spool thread idea l position displacement relations, like table 1 shows.

4. May know 1 ~ 7 holes by table 1, as well as 8 ~ 10 holes and the bottom hole dia meters are 14.5 mm, it needs leads a set of length for (32 ~ 40) mm, the inside dia meter size deviation is

+0.016 ~ +0.034, hole spool thread idea l disa lignment for (0.15 ~ 0.20) mm.

5. Hole processing cutting specifications computation

A Processes this casting HB=204 with the high-speed steel drill bit (to drill 1 ~ 7 holes, II location; Drills 8 ~ 10 holes, III location); Drill bit dia meter: 14.5mm; Cutting specifications: V=

(10 ~ 18) m/Min, s=0.2mm/R, rotationa l speed 350r/Min.

B. Drills crosswise hole f16 with the high-speed steel drill bit (IV location) to process the

dia meter: 16mm; Cutting specifications v= (10 ~ 18) m/Min; S= (0.18 ~ 0.25) mm/R; Rotationa l speed 350r/Min.

C. Expands with the hard alloy reamer reams 1 ~ 7 holes (V location) in V location, when expands the articulation 7 holes, uses expands the articulation compound cutting tool, enters for the quantity according to the reamer choice, the cutting speed according to the reamer choice, moreover enters for the quantity should select the permissible value according to the compound cutting tool most minor dia meter the upper limit, the cutting speed then selects the permissible value according to compound cutting tool most large dia meter the upper limit.

Processing dia meter: 14.5mm; Cutting specifications: V= (8 ~ 10) m/Min, s=0.25mm/R, rotationa l speed 280r/Min; Reamer cutter bar and guida nce partial nomina l dia meter d+0.08; Reamer tolera nce: -0.036; Cutter bar guida nce partial tolera nces: -0.006 ~ -0.0017; Leads the set of inside dia meter tolera nce: +0.024 ~ 0.006.

D.The hole processing during commonly used working procedure the rema inder drills out the dia meter is 10 ~ 20, in dia meter working procedure rema inder for (1.5 ~ 2.0) mm; Reams the dia meter is 10 ~ 20, in the dia meter working procedure quantity (above cutting specifications choice provides materia l for (0.10 ~ 0.20) mm by east wind car company equipment factory design department).

3 parts select

1. Power choice standard

The power part with by realizes the cutting tool to revolve and to enter or only uses in for the movement for the movement, this engine bed realized the cutting tool to revolve and to enter for the movement two contents.

Each kind of specification power head all has the certain power scope, according to the cutting power which calculates and enters need of for the power, and the suitable enhancement cutting specifications possibility, selects the correspond ing specification the power head, the formula as follows:

N moves > (N to cut +N to enter)/HkW.

In the formula: N moves for the power head electrica l machiner y power; N cuts is the cutting power, selects the cutting specifications according to various cutting tools, center has extracted by

"the aggregate machine-tool cutting force and the power formula"; N enters for enters for the power, is enters regarding the hydraulic pressure power head for the oil pumping station consumption power, genera lly for (0.8 ~ 2) kW; H is the transmission efficiency, when the headstock is short in 15, when h=0.7, is more tha n 15, h=0.65.

2. Engine bed actual power

About this vertica l aggregate machine-tool divides two electrical machiner y to lead more tha n two axle-boxes to carry on the processing. Regarding the le ft half part of multi- axle-boxes cutting tool, when processes 1 ~ 7 holes as well as III location processes 10 holes its power sum total:

N/KW=0.29×7+0.283=2.313

Because the le ft headstock is short in 15 with the drill bit, therefore

H=0.7, N/KW=2.313/0.7=3.3

Regarding the right half part of multi- axle-boxes cutting tool, expands the articulation 1 ~ 7 holes in V location as well as attacks the silk, the drill bit actual power:

N/KW=0.1427×7=1.0

Because the right headstock is short in 15 drill bits, therefore

H=0.7, N/KW=1÷0.7=1.43

3.Selects the electrical machiner y

As a result of this engine bed in the actuation aspect not specia l request, selects ordinary also is the most reliable Y series electrical machinery, it is the seal from fan Leng Shishu the cage three-phase asynchronous motor, substitutes for the J02 series the renewa l product.

The le ft half branch needs the power is 3.3kW, looks up Y series three-phase asynchronous motor table, selects the Y123S24 model the electrical machinery, the rated power is 5.5kW, selects this model electrical machiner y quite to be appropriate.

The right half branch needs the power is 1.43kW, looks up Y series three-phase asynchronous motor table, selects the Y112M26 model the electrical machinery, the rated power is 2.2kW, selects this model electrical machiner y quite to be appropriate.

4 jigs designs

1. Bearing seat drill hole aggregate machine-tool jig analysis

A. According to the work piece different working condition, ma y differently have each kind to insta ll the method: A) adjusts the peaceful process; B) jig peaceful process.

B.The basic loca lization principle analyzes here to discuss in 6 loca lizations, 6 degrees of freedom eliminations, in order to discovers the appropriate loca lization to cla mp the pla n. An object ma y have 6 independent movements in the space, namely along X, Y, the Z axis translationa l motion, respectively records is X1, Y1, Z1; Circles X, Y, the Z axis rotation, records is X2, Y2, Z2, in the custom, is called as the above 6 independence movement 6 degrees of freedom. If uses the certain restra int measure, eliminates the object 6 degrees of freedom, then the object is located completely. When for example discussion cuboid work piece, ma y arrange 3 not altogether lines in the bottom surface the obligator y points, arranges 2 obligator y points in the facade, arranges an obligator y point in the end surface, then the bottom surface obligator y point ma y limit X2, Y2, a Z23 degree of freedom, the facade obligator y point limits X1, a Z12 degree of freedom, the end surface obligator y point limits Y1 this degree of freedom, completely has limited the cuboid work piece 6 degrees of freedom.

C. Clamps the strength "two essentia l factors", the direction and the action point cla mp the strength direction to be supposed to face locates the part, and causes to have cla mps the strength to be sma llest.

The determination cla mps the point of force concurrence when the position should not destroy the loca lization. Clamps the point of force concurrence the position to be supposed to approach the processing spot as far as possible, by reduces the cutting force to circle cla mps the point of force concurrence the moment of force, prevented the work piece has the rotation or the

vibration in the processing process. Should guara ntee cla mps the distor tion not to affect the processing precision. Clamps the point of force concurrence number to be supposed to cause the work piece in the entire contact face the stress even, the juxtaposition meta morphose is sma ll.

2.The loca lization cla mps the plan the determination

3.This components belong to the hollow circular casting, the genera l loca lization part has V shape block, locates the sleeve to make the semicircle loca lization, if selects V shape block loca lization, as well as circled X, the Y rotation of axis degree of freedom in the Z axis traverse already eliminates, carried on the processing when the drill bit, circled the Z axis rotation the degree of freedom to be unable to eliminate actually, therefore located with V shape block the plan was

inva lid. If the use semicircle loca lization, its result and with V shape block is same, all is unable to cause the work piece in to circle the Z axis in the direction to be stable, fina lly decides the use loca lization sleeve loca lization.

Like chart 2 ring-like sleeves by H7/K6 or H7/The js6 excessively coordination loads the jig, after the components puts in the sleeve, in X, the Y direction degree of freedom elimination, at the same time uses the cla mp the method;Enable the cla mp using the ball head bolt tightly to suppress the work piece body.

Like chart 3 shows, in under this cla mp function, along X rotation of axis X2, as well as and degree of freedom is all limited along Z rotation of axis Z2 along Z the axis direction Z1. Therefore in under this set of jig function, degree of freedom and so on X1, Y1, Z1, X1, Y1 is eliminated completely, but under cla mp pressure function, between components and cutting tool formidable friction force, as well as in the processing process midd le axle directive force mutual counterbala nce, is also eliminated in the Z degree of freedom. When carries on to IV location, when processing crosswise hole, X1, Y1, the Z1 degree of freedom was eliminated, X2, the Y2 direction degree of freedom was also eliminated, in Z2 direction, because the cla mp function caused the work piece also to eliminate at the Z2 direction degree of freedom.

5 attacks the silk insta llment

Attacks the system thread when the aggregate machine-tool, according to is processed the components processing spot the distributed situation and the technologica l requirement and so on, commonly used attacks the silk method to have 3 kinds: Uses attacks the silk power taper tap silk, uses attacks the silk insta llment to attack the silk and to use the activity to attack the silk template to attack the silk.

In this design, the right half part completes V, VI location processing. Electrica l machiner y only then 5.5kW power, therefore the synthesis considera tion selects attacks the silk insta llment to attack the silk. When puts in order the Taiwan engine bed or the engine bed some completely uses in completing at the same time attacks the silk working procedure, widely uses has attacked the silk insta llment.

Attacks the silk insta llment by to attack the silk headstock and to attack the silk to depend on the die head to be composed, because the profile nut and the profile pole are after rubs truncates and matches grinds, its pitch request with must process the spiral hole the pitch to ma inta in the certain relations, and is equipped with the pitch error to compensate the organization. Therefore uses attacks the silk insta llment to carry on attacks the silk to be possible to achieve the high precision.

6 aggregate machine-tools cooling system

The engine bed refrigera nt besides gets up the cooling effect to the cutting tool and the work piece, but also can form the lubr ication thin film in the meta l surface, gets up to the lubr ication. In some refrigera nts includes the sodium carbonate, the sodium nitrite and so on guards against rust the med icina l preparation, they form the porodine adsorption membrane or the oxide compound thin film in the meta l surface, also can cause the meta l to exempt the function which corrodes. Thus time choice refriger ant, should complete the craft, the processing method, the cutting tool materia l as well as is processed the components according to the aggregate machine-tool the

materia l to decide.

Casts the iron stock when the processing, because cast irons itself includes the graphite to be able own lubr ication, all does not add the refrigera nt genera lly. In mass productions sometimes in order to reduce in the processing the powdered iron to fly upwards, also increases the cooling system, by improves the operating condition. Sometimes ma y use the soda water, 5% emulsion, its emulsifier principal constituent ma y be oxidizes the grease or the sulfurized oil. Its formula is: The grease 2% ~ 5%, the rough machining takes the low value, the precision work takes the high value;Sod ium nitrite 0.2% ~ 0.25%;Soda ash 0.2% ~ 0.3%. Attacks the silk when the cast iron work piece, then all uses the lubr icant, by enhances the super ficia l evenness, reduces the power the consumption. Usua lly uses the petroleum, also ma y use the curing cutting compound and the oil mixture and so on.

The refrigera nt current capacity should according to the cutting tool form, the dia meter size, the processing method, the cutting specifications and so on the concrete condition determine that, the aggregate machine-tool design use exper ience indica ted, to boring cutter, drill bit as well as a milling cutter kind of cutting tool, each cutting tool refrigera nt mean discharge approxima tely for (2 ~ 6) L/Min. The overseas materia l recommendation according to the processing dia meter choice, the cutting tool refrigera nt current capacity, the value see ever y time Table 2.

7 operating cycles expla nation

A aggregate machine-tool, its operating cycle is quite complex frequently, not only has severa l power heads to carry on the work according to the different circulation, moreover these circulation also needs other parts, like moves the work table, coordina te movement and so on rotary table as well as drum wheel. Various powers part keeps off the iron with the aid of the procedure control, carries on the work according to the stipulation order. The operating cycle must as far as possible be simple moreover controls the part to be supposed to be few, otherwise the engine bed production cost enlarges, the security performa nce also can reduce.

This aggregate machine-tool suits in the mass production uses, the production efficiency enhances greatly. In order to reduce the cost, should select the compound cutting tool, achieves a time of forming as far as possible, reduces the attire to cla mp the number of times. Chooses the appropriate electrical machiner y and the power head, chooses the appropriate cutting specifications and the cutting speed.

附录2

中文译文

立式轴承座钻孔组合机床设计

作者：Cnsaw

1分工序、定工位

1.生产类型分析

此次设计的立式轴承座钻孔组合机床，其所加工的零件在汽车中应用十分广泛，应该属于大批量生产项目，所以在设计时应注意到尽量使加工简单，但又不影响加工质量。

2.加工方案的制定

划分工序要考虑到生产的规模、加工的精度、所用机床的特点、机床负荷情况等。划分工序可以有两种趋向：工序集中和工序分散。工序的集中分散各有其长处，一般说来，在大批量生产中以提高生产率为主，需广泛采用多刀、单轴与多轴自动或半自动机床，多轴龙门铣床、组合机床等，故采取工序集中可以获得突出的效果。

此次设计的轴承座钻孔组合机床很大程度上使各工序尽量集中，发挥组合机床的优点，同时使各种误差减小到最低限度。

由于此设计中所加工的零件10个孔中部分孔距离太近，不便于加工，所以分开为两

个工位完成，然后进行零件位置转换。

主要工位经分析选取以下方案：1)装卸、夹紧；

2)钻7个孔f13.5；

3)钻3个孔一个为f14，钻2个螺纹底孔f14，孔号为8、9；

4)钻横向孔f14；

5)扩铰7个孔f14.5；6)攻丝。

2复合刀具的切削用量的计算

1）.切削用量的特点

组合机床的正常工作与合理地选用切削用量，即确定合理的切削速度和工作进给量有很大的关系。切削用量选的恰当，能使组合机床减少停车损失，提高生产效率，延长刀具寿命，提高加工质量。

2）.导套设计

3）.被加工7个孔直径为14.5，加工孔的直径与导套长度，导套内径尺寸，上下偏

差以及孔轴线理想位置的偏移的关系，如表1所示。

4）.由表1可知1～7号孔，以及8～10号孔和底孔的直径为14.5 mm，它所需要的

导套长度为(32～40)mm，

0.20)mm。

5）.孔加工切削用量计算

a.用高速钢钻头加工此铸件HB=204(钻1～7号孔，Ⅱ工位；钻8～10号孔，Ⅲ工位)；钻头直径：14.5mm；切削用量：v=(10～18)m/min，s=0.2mm/r，转速350r/min。

b.用高速钢钻头钻横向孔f16(Ⅳ工位)加工直径：16mm；切削用量v=(10～18)m/min；s=(0.18～0.25)mm/r；转速350r/min。

c.用硬质合金扩孔钻扩铰孔1～7号孔(Ⅴ工位)在Ⅴ工位上，扩铰7个孔时，采用扩

铰复合刀具，进给量按扩孔钻选择，切削速度按铰刀选择，而且进给量应按复合刀具最小直径选用允许值的上限，切削速度则按复合刀具最大直径选用允许值的上限。

加工直径：14.5mm；切削用量：v=(8～10)m/min，s=0.25mm/r，转速280r/min；扩孔钻刀杆及导向部分的公称直径d+0.08；扩孔钻公差：-0.036；刀杆导向部分公差：-0.006～-0.0017；导套内径公差：+0.024～0.006。

d.孔加工常用工序间余量扩孔直径为10～20，直径上的工序余量为(1.5～2.0)mm；铰孔直径为10～20，

设备制造厂设计科提供资料)。

3部件选用

1）.功率选择标准

动力部件用以实现切削刀具的旋转和进给运动或只用于进给运动，此机床实现了切削刀具旋转和进给运动两项内容。

每一种规格的动力头都有一定的功率范围，根据所计算出的切削功率及进给功率之需要，并适当提高切削用量的可能性，选用相应规格的动力头，公式如下：

N动>(N切+N进)/hkW。

式中：N动为动力头电机功率；N切为切削功率，按各刀具选用的切削用量，由“组合机

床的切削力及功率计算公式”中已求出；N进为进给功率，对于液压动力头就是进给油泵所

消耗的功率，一般为(0.8～2)kW；h为传动效率，当主轴箱少于15根时，h=0.7，多于15

根时，h=0.65。

2）.机床实际功率

此立式组合机床左右分两个电机带动两个多轴箱进行加工。对于左半部分多轴箱刀具，在加工1～7号孔以及Ⅲ工位加工10号孔时其功率总和：

N/kW=0.29×7+0.283=2.313

因为左主轴箱少于15跟钻头，所以

h=0.7，N/kW=2.313/0.7=3.3

对于右半部分多轴箱刀具，在Ⅴ工位扩铰1～7号孔以及攻丝，钻头的实际功率：

N/kW=0.1427×7=1.0

因为右主轴箱少于15根钻头，所以

h=0.7，N/kW=1÷0.7=1.43

3）.选用电机

由于此机床在驱动方面没有特殊的要求，选用普通也是最可靠的Y系列电机，它是封闭自扇冷式鼠笼型三相异步电动机，取代J02系列的更新换代产品。

左半部分所需功率为3.3kW，查Y系列三相异步电动机表，

额定功率为5.5kW，选用此型号电机比较合适。

右半部分所需功率为1.43kW，查Y系列三相异步电动机表，选用Y 1 12M26型号的电机，额定功率为2.2kW，选用此型号电机比较合适。

4夹具设计

1）.轴承座钻孔组合机床夹具分析

a.根据工件不同的生产条件，可以有各种不同的安装方法：a)找正安装法；b)夹具安装法。

b.基本定位原理分析这里讨论6点定位中，6个自由度的消除，以便找出较合适的定

位夹紧方案。一个物体在空间可以有6个独立的运动，即沿X、Y、Z轴的平移运动，分

别记为X 1、Y 1、Z 1；绕X、Y、Z轴的转动，记为X 2、Y 2、Z 2，习惯上，把上述6个独立运动称作6个自由度。如果采用一定的约束措施，消除物体的6个自由度，则物体被完全

定位。例如讨论长方体工件时，可以在底面布置3个不共线的约束点，在侧面布置2个约

束点，在端面布置一个约束点，则底面约束点可以限制X 2、Y 2、Z 2 3个自由度，侧面约束点限制X 1、Z 1 2个自由度，端面约束点限制Y 1这个自由度，就完全限制了长方体工件6

个自由度。

c.夹紧力“两要素”，方向与作用点夹紧力方向应朝向定位元件，并使所需的夹紧力最小。

确定夹紧力作用点的位置时应不破坏定位。夹紧力作用点的位置应尽可能靠近加工部位，以减小切削力绕夹紧力作用点的力矩，防止工件在加工过程中产生转动或震动。应保证夹紧变形不影响加工精度。夹紧力作用点数目应使工件在整个接触面上受力均匀，接触

变形小。

2）.定位夹紧方案的确定

3）.此零件属于空心圆形铸件，一般的定位元件有V形块、定位套筒作半圆形定位，

如果选用V形块定位的话，在Z轴方向移动以及绕X、Y轴旋转的自由度已经消除，在钻

头进行加工时，绕Z轴转动的自由度却无法消除，所以用V形块定位的方案是行不通的。

如果利用半圆形定位，

最后决定利用定位套筒定位。

如图2环形套筒以H7/K6或H7/js6的过度配合装入夹具，零件放入套筒后，在X、Y

方向的自由度消除，同时采用压板的方法;利用球头螺栓使压板紧压住工件体。

如图3所示，在此压板的作用下，沿X轴旋转X 2，以及沿Z轴旋转Z 2和沿Z轴方向

Z 1自由度都被限制。所以在此套夹具的作用下，X 1、Y 1、Z 1、X 1、Y 1等自由度完全被消除，而在压板的压力作用下，零件和刀具之间强大的摩擦力，以及在加工过程中轴向力的相互

抵消，在Z的自由度也被消除。当进行到Ⅳ工位，加工横向孔时，X 1、Y 1、Z 1的自由度已

被消除，X 2、Y 2方向自由度也已被消除，在Z 2方向上，由于压板的作用使工件在Z 2方向

的自由度也消除了。

5攻丝装置

在组合机床上攻制螺纹时，根据被加工零件加工部位的分布情况和工艺要求等，常用

的攻丝方法有3种：采用攻丝动力头攻丝，采用攻丝装置攻丝和采用活动攻丝模板攻丝。

在此设计中，右半部分完成Ⅴ、Ⅵ工位的加工。电机只有5.5kW的功率，故综合考虑

选用攻丝装置攻丝。当整台机床或机床的某一面全部用于完成攻丝工序时，广泛地采用了

攻丝装置。

攻丝装置由攻丝主轴箱和攻丝靠模头组成，由于靠模螺母和靠模杆是经磨削并配研

的，其螺距要求与所需加工螺孔的螺距保持一定关系，并设有螺距误差补偿机构。因此利

用攻丝装置进行攻丝可以达到较高的精度。

6组合机床冷却装置

机床冷却液除对刀具和工件起冷却作用外，还能在金属表面形成润滑薄膜，起到润滑

作用。一些冷却液中含有碳酸钠，亚硝酸钠等防锈剂，它们在金属表面形成胶状吸附膜或

氧化物薄膜，又能使金属免受腐蚀的作用。因而选择冷却液时，应根据组合机床完成工艺、

加工方法、刀具材料以及被加工零件的材料来决定。

在加工铸铁件时，由于铸铁本身含有石墨能自身润滑，一般都不加冷却液。在大量生

产中有时为了减少加工中的铁粉飞扬，也增加冷却系统，以改善操作条件。有时可采用苏

打水，5%的乳化液，其乳化剂的主要成分可以是氧化油膏或硫化切削油。其配方为：油膏2%～5%，粗加工取低值，精加工取高值;亚硝酸钠0.2%～0.25%;无水碳酸钠0.2%～0.3%。

在铸铁工件上攻丝时，则都采用润滑液，以提高表面光滑度，减少功率的消耗。通常采用

煤油，亦可采用硫化切削液及混合油等。

冷却液的流量应根据刀具的形式、直径的大小、加工方法、切削用量等具体条件确定，组合机床的设计使用经验表明，对镗刀、钻头以及铣刀一类刀具，每根刀具冷却液的平均

流量约为(2～6)L/min。国外资料推荐按加工直径选择，每把刀具的冷却液流量，值见表2。

7工作循环说明

一台组合机床，其工作循环常常是比较复杂的，不仅有好几个动力头按不同的循环进

行工作，而且这些循环还需其他部件，如移动工作台，回转工作台以及鼓轮等配合动作。

各动力部件借助程序控制挡铁，按规定顺序进行工作。工作循环应当尽可能的简单而且控

制元件应该少，否则机床的制造成本加大，安全性能也会降低。

本组合机床适合在大批量生产中使用，生产效率大大提高。为了降低成本，应多选用复合

刀具，尽量做到一次成形，减少装夹次数。选择合适的电机和动力头，选择恰当的切削用

量和切削速度。