英语语言学教程-胡壮麟-术语大集合
胡壮麟《语言学教程》术语表作者：宋联最近学习英语语言学才发现术语乃是影响读书速度的一个重要因素，所以我在读的过程中整理了一些术语，希望对学习英语语言学的人能够有所帮助。
第一章
phonology音系学
grammar语法学
morphology形态学
syntax句法学
lexicology词汇学
general linguistics普通语言学theoretical linguistics理论语言学historical linguistics历史语言学descriptive linguistics描写语言学empirical linguistics经验语言学dialectology方言学
anthropology人类学
stylistics文体学
signifier能指
signified所指
morphs形素
morphotactics语素结构学/形态配列学syntactic categories句法范畴syntactic classes句法类别序列
sub-structure低层结构
super-structure上层结构
open syllable开音节
closed syllable闭音节checked syllable成阻音节
rank 等级
level层次
ding-dong theory/nativistic theory本能论
sing-song theory唱歌说
yo-he-ho theory劳动喊声说
pooh-pooh theory感叹说
ta-ta theory模仿说
animal cry theory/bow-wow theory模声说
Prague school布拉格学派
Bilateral opposition双边对立
Mutilateral opposition多边对立
Proportional opposition部分对立
Isolated opposition孤立对立
Private opposition表缺对立
Graded opposition渐次对立
Equipollent opposition均等对立
Neutralizable opposition可中立对立
Constant opposition恒定对立
Systemic-functional grammar系统功能语法
Meaning potential意义潜势
Conversational implicature会话含义
Deictics指示词
Presupposition预设
Speech acts言语行为
Discourse analysis话语分析
Contetualism语境论
Phatic communion寒暄交谈
Metalanguage原语言
Applied linguistics应用语言学
Nominalism唯名学派
Psychosomatics身学
第二章
trachea/windpipe气管
tip舌尖
blade舌叶/舌面
front舌前部
center舌中部
top舌顶
back舌后部
dorsum舌背
root舌跟
pharynx喉/咽腔
laryngeals喉音
laryngealization喉化音
vocal cords声带
vocal tract声腔
initiator启动部分
pulmonic airstream mechanism肺气流机制
glottalic airstream mechanism喉气流机制velaric airstream mechanism腭气流机制Adam’s apple喉结
Voiceless sound清音
Voiceless consonant请辅音
Voiced sound浊音
Voiced consonant浊辅音
Glottal stop喉塞音
Breath state呼吸状态
Voice state带音状态
Whisper state耳语状态
Closed state封闭状态
Alveolar ride齿龈隆骨
Dorsum舌背
Ejective呼气音
Glottalised stop喉塞音
Impossive内爆破音
Click/ingressive吸气音
Segmental phonology音段音系学Segmental phonemes音段音位Suprasegmental超音段
Non-segmental非音段Plurisegmental复音段
Synthetic language综合型语言Diacritic mark附加符号
Broad transcription宽式标音
Narrow transcription窄式标音Orthoepy正音法
Orthography正字法
Etymology词源
Active articulator积极发音器官Movable speech organ能动发音器官Passive articulator消极发音器官Immovable speech organ不能动发音器官Lateral边音
Approximant [j,w]无摩擦延续音Resonant共鸣音
Central approximant中央无摩擦延续音Lateral approximant边无摩擦延续音Unilateral consonant单边辅音
Bilateral consonant双边辅音
Non-lateral非边音
Trill [r]颤音trilled consonant颤辅音rolle d consonant滚辅音
Labal-velar唇化软腭音
Interdental齿间音
Post-dental后齿音
Apico-alveolar舌尖齿龈音
Dorso-alveolar舌背齿龈音
Palato-alveolar后齿龈音
Palato-alveolar腭齿龈音
Dorso-palatal舌背腭音
Pre-palatal前腭音
Post-palatal后腭音
Velarization软腭音化
Voicing浊音化
Devoicing清音化Pure vowel纯元音
Diphthong二合元音
Triphthong三合元音Diphthongization二合元音化Monophthongization单元音化Centring diphthong央二合元音Closing diphthong闭二合元音Narrow diphthong窄二合元音Wide diphthong宽二合元音Phonetic similarity语音相似性Free variant自由变体
Free variation自由变异Contiguous assimilation临近同化Juxtapostional assimilation邻接同化Regressive assimilation逆同化Anticipatory assimilation先行同化Progressive assimilation顺同化Reciprocal assimilation互相同化Coalescent assimilation融合同化Partial assimilation部分同化Epenthesis插音
Primary stress主重音Secondary stress次重音
Weak stress弱重音
Stress group重音群
Sentence stress句子重音Contrastive stress对比重音Lexical stress词汇重音
Word stress词重音
Lexical tone词汇声调
Nuclear tone核心声调
Tonetics声调学
Intonation contour语调升降曲线
Tone units声调单位
Intonology语调学
Multilevel phonology多层次音系学Monosyllabic word多音节词Polysyllabic word单音节次
Maximal onset principle最大节首辅音原则
第三章词汇
liaison连音
contracted form缩写形式
frequency count词频统计
a unit of vocabulary词汇单位
a lexical item词条
a lexeme词位
hierarchy层次性
lexicogrammar词汇语法
morpheme语素
nonomorphemic words单语素词polymorphemic words多语素词relative uninterruptibility相对连续性
a minimum free form最小自由形式the maximum free form最大自由形式
variable words 可变词
invariable words不变词
paradigm聚合体
grammatical words(function words)语法词/功能词
lexical words(content words)词汇词/实义词
closed-class words封闭类词
opened-class words开放类词
word class词类
particles小品词
pro-form代词形式
pro-adjective(so)代形容词
pro-verb(do/did)代副词
pro-adverb(so)代动词
pro-locative(there)代处所词/代方位词
determiners限定词
predeterminers前置限定词
central determiners中置限定词
post determiners后置限定词
ordinal number序数词
cardinal number基数词
morpheme词素
morphology形态学
free morpheme自由词素
bound morpheme黏着词素
root词根
affix词缀
stem词干
root morpheme词根语素
prefix前缀
infix中缀
suffix后缀
bound root morpheme黏着词根词素inflectional affix屈折词缀
derivational affix派生词缀
inflectional morphemes屈折语素derivational morphemes派生语素
word-formation构词
compound复合词
endocentric compound向心复合词exocentric compound离心复合词
nominal endocentric compound名词性向心复合词
adjective endocentric compound形容词性向心复合词
verbal compound动词性复合词synthetic compound综合性复合词derivation派生词
morpheme语素
phoneme音位
morphonology形态语音学morphophomemics形态音位学morphemic structure语素结构phonological structure音素结构monosyllabic单音节
polysyllabic多音节
phonological conditioned音位的限制
morphological conditioned形态的限制
coinage/invention新创词语
blending混成法
abbreviation缩写法
acronym首字母缩写法
back-formation逆序造次/逆构词法
analogical creation类比构词法
borrowing借词法
loanword借词
loanblend混合借词
loanshift转移借词
loan translation翻译借词
loss脱落
addition添加
metathesis换位
assimilation同化
contact assimilation接触性同化
contiguous assimilation临近性同化
theory of least effort省力理论
non- contiguous assimilation非临近性同化
distant assimilation远距离同化
morpho-syntactic change形态-句法变化
morphological change形态变化
syntactical change句法变化
finite element有定成分
semantic change语义变化
multisemous多种意义
broadening词义扩大
narrowing词义缩小
meaning shift词义转移
class shift词性变换
folk etymology俗词源
orthographic change拼写的变化
conversion变换/变码
domain范围/领域
meaning shift意义转移
split infinitives分裂不定式(She was told to regularly classes)
calque仿造词语
clipping截断法
metanalysis再分化
finiteness定式
proximate(this)近指代词
obviative(that)远指代词
non-productivity/unproductive非多产性
semiotics符号学
paradigmatic relations聚合关系
associative relations联想关系
syntagmatic relations组合关系
sequential relations序列关系
logogram语标
register语域passive vocabulary消极词汇
lexis/vocabulary词汇表
第四章句法
number数
gender性
case格
nominative主格
vocative呼格
accusative兵格
genitive属格
dative与格
ablative离格
tense 时
aspect体
perfective完成体
imperfective未完成体
concord/agreement一致关系/协同关系government支配关系
the governor支配者
the governed被支配者
signified能指
signifier所指
syntagmatic relationship组合关系paradigmatic relationship聚合关系associative relationship联想关系animate noun有生名词
the two axes两根坐标坐标轴
immediate constituent analysis(IC analys is for short)直接成分分析法
linear structure线性结构
hierarchical structure层级结构construction结构体
constituent成分
substituability替换性
labeled tree diagram标签树形图endocentric/headed construction向心结构/中心结构
exocentric construction离心结构subordinate construction主从结构coordinate construction并列结构recapitulation再现
the declarative陈述句
the interrogative疑问句
dative movement与格移位
morph-phonemic rule形态音位规则constituent morphemes成分规则
affix hopping词缀越位nominalization名物化
object-deletion宾语删除
subject-deletion主语删除
categories语类
lexicon词库
temporal subject表时间的主语syntactic limitation句法限制
standard theory标准理论trace theory语迹理论
the same index带同标志
government管辖
binding约束
a rule system规则系统
a principle system原则系统constituent command(C-command for sh ort)成分统制
plain English普通英语
anaphor照应语
pronominal指代语
r-expression(referential-expression)指称语INFL(inflection)形态变化
reciprocals(each other)相互代词accessible subject可及主语
local domain局部语域
binding domain约束语域logophoricity主人公视角
CS(computational system)计算系统Merger合并
move移动
theme主位
rheme述位
empty subject空主语
objective order客观顺序
subjective order主观顺序
actual sentence division实义句子切分法
functional sentence perspective 功能句子观
communicative dynamism (CD)交际动力
bipartition二分法
tripartite classification三分法
representative function表达功能
expressive function表情功能
appellative/vocative function称呼功能
conative function意欲功能
poetic function诗学功能
ideational function概念功能
interpersonal function人际功能
textual function语篇功能
transitivity及物性
actor动作者
mood system语气系统
the finite verbal operator限定部分
residue剩余部分
indicative直陈语气
imperative祈使语气
mental-process(a process of sensing)心理过程（感觉过程）
relational process(a process of being)关系过程（属性过程）
verbal process(a process of saying)言语过程（讲话过程）
existential process生存过程
第四章句法
number数
gender性
case格
nominative主格
vocative呼格
accusative兵格
genitive属格
dative与格
ablative离格
tense 时
aspect体
perfective完成体
imperfective未完成体
concord/agreement一致关系/协同关系government支配关系
the governor支配者
the governed被支配者
signified能指
signifier所指
syntagmatic relationship组合关系paradigmatic relationship聚合关系associative relationship联想关系animate noun有生名词
the two axes两根坐标坐标轴immediate constituent analysis(IC analys is for short)直接成分分析法
linear structure线性结构
hierarchical structure层级结构construction结构体
constituent成分
substituability替换性
labeled tree diagram标签树形图endocentric/headed construction向心结构/中心结构
exocentric construction离心结构subordinate construction主从结构coordinate construction并列结构recapitulation再现
the declarative陈述句
the interrogative疑问句
dative movement与格移位
morph-phonemic rule形态音位规则constituent morphemes成分规则
affix hopping词缀越位nominalization名物化
object-deletion宾语删除
subject-deletion主语删除
categories语类
lexicon词库
temporal subject表时间的主语syntactic limitation句法限制
standard theory标准理论
trace theory语迹理论
the same index带同标志
government管辖binding约束
a rule system规则系统
a principle system原则系统constituent command(C-command for sh ort)成分统制
plain English普通英语
anaphor照应语
pronominal指代语
r-expression(referential-expression)指称语INFL(inflection)形态变化
reciprocals(each other)相互代词accessible subject可及主语
local domain局部语域
binding domain约束语域logophoricity主人公视角
CS(computational system)计算系统=deriv ational procedure推导系统
Merger合并
move移动
theme主位
rheme述位
empty subject空主语
objective order客观顺序
subjective order主观顺序
actual sentence division实义句子切分法
functional sentence perspective 功能句子观
communicative dynamism (CD)交际动力bipartition二分法
tripartite classification三分法
representative function表达功能
expressive function表情功能
appellative/vocative function称呼功能
conative function意欲功能
poetic function诗学功能
ideational function概念功能
interpersonal function人际功能
textual function语篇功能
transitivity及物性
actor动作者
mood system语气系统
the finite verbal operator限定部分
residue剩余部分
indicative直陈语气
imperative祈使语气
mental-process(a process of sensing)心理过程（感觉过程）
relational process(a process of being)关系过程（属性过程）
verbal process(a process of saying)言语过程（讲话过程）
existential process生存过程
empiricism经验主义（洛克，白板说）
rationalism 理性主义（笛卡尔）
mentalism心灵主义
new empiricism新经验主义(Bloomfield)
priori先天综合判断（康德Kant）
Cartesian linguistics笛卡尔语言学派Syntactic structure (SS)早期转换句法时
期
Standard theory (ST)标准理论时期
Extended Standard theory (EST)扩展的
标准理论
Revised Standard theory(REST)扩展的休正标准理论
The theory of government and binding (GB theory)管辖和约束理论时期（管约论）Minimalist program (MP)最简方案时期Structural description结构描写式Performance system应用系统
Modular theory模块理论
Spell-out拼写
Language faculty语言机制/官能
Mental organ心智器官
Knowledge of language 语言知识Meaning potential 意义潜势
Context culture 文化语境
Field语场
Tenor语旨
Mode语式
pivot words轴心词
mental construct心理构念
theoretical cognitive psychology理论认知心理学
psychological faculty心理官能
autosyn/autogram/autoknow语法自主(arb itrariness任意性,systemacity系统性, self-containedness自足性)
typological functionalism类型学功能主义
extreme functionalism极端的功能主义external functionalism外部功能主义
integrative functionalism一体化功能注主义
exceptional case marking例外格标记specifier标定成分
fall-category maximal projection全语类的最大投射
two-segment category两节语类complement domain补足语区域minimal domain最小区域
internal domain内部区域
checking domain检验区域
sisterhood姐妹关系
minimizing chain link最小语链联结representational system表达系统
strict cyclic principle严格的层级条件
structure-preserving principle结构保存原则
C-commanding condition成分统领条件
articulatory-perceptual system发音-听音系统
conceptual-intentional system概念-意旨系统
interface conditions中介条件
full-interpretation完全解释原则
procrastination逻辑形式操作优先原则
greed句法操作自利原则the shortest linkage principle最短联接原则
the shortest movement principle最短移位原则
primary complement/modifier(referential NP)一级补语位/修饰语位(定指名词短语) secondary complement(non- referential NP) 二级补语位(非定指名词短语)
empty category principle空范畴原则
aspect checking特征验证
aspect feature基本体貌特征
ASPP is functional projection .ASPP 是功能投射.
crossing branch交叉分支
across the board extraction抽取跨界移动
principles-and-parameters framework原则与参数语法
head parameter中心语参数
logical form(LF)逻辑形式
phonetic form(PF)语音形式
spell-out拼读
phonological component音韵部分
overt component显性部分
covert component隐性部分
core computation核心运算
asymmetric c-command不对称成分统制
linear correspondence axiom线形对应定理
adjunction加接
determiner限定词
concatenate联结
linearization线性化
functional parameterization hypothesis功能参数设定假设
right-branching右向分支
X’(V,N,A,P)词项
X’’=XP=Xmax是X的二阶投射结构
Y’’=指示语specifier Z’’=补述语complement
IP=屈折短语inflection phrase
XP=general phrase structure
C HL人类语言的运算系统=computational s ystem for human language
LCA线性对应定理=linear correspondence axiom
Xmin=X0=最小投射
高级口译教程
《高级口译教程》核心词汇（1） 第一篇 学位点 degree program 国家级重点社科研究基地 key social science research centers 博士后科学研究流动站 post-doctoral research stations 国家级重点学科 national key disciplines 两院院士 academicians of the Chinese academy of science and the Chinese academy of engineering 网络教育 online education 科举制 imperial examination 日月光华，旦复旦兮 brilliant are the sunlight and the moonlight after night the day dawns again 人文精神 humanistic spirit 披荆斩棘，筚路蓝缕 negotiate various impediment 博学而笃志，切问而近思 extensive scholarship with unyielding dedication and earnest inquiry with close examination 治学态度 educational philosophy 取精用弘的学术思想 the academic ideology of extracting the best and exploiting the greatest 怀抱超旷的才隽学人 graduates with brilliant scholarship 高等教育发展的重中之重 priority among institutions of high learning 承前启后 inherit fine tradition and usher in the future mission 精诚团结，共襄盛举 strive together in good faith 文理工医科综合性大学 a comprehensive university with a complete range disciplines in liberal arts, science, engineering and medicine 全面提升知名度和影响力 elevate influence and visibility in all dimensions 社会转型时期 a period of social transition 百年传承之名校 a prestigious university with a century-long academic tradition and intellectual esteem 第二篇 Vancouver 温哥华 Canada’s gateway to the pacific 加拿大通往太平洋的门户 The Panama Canal 巴拿马运河 Natural ice-free harbor 天然不冻港 Manufactured goods 制成品
胡壮麟《语言学教程》第四版笔记
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 1.3 Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication. 1.3.1 Arbitrariness Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings. 1.3.2 Duality Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 1.3.3 Creativity Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless sentences. 1.3.4 Displacement Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation. 加1 Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. 加2 the direct/non-arbitrary/non-symbolic relation between meaning and form. There are resemblances between the language form and what they refer to. That relationship is called icon. Iconicity exists in sounds, lexicons and syntax. It is the motivation between language forms and meanings. It is a relation of resemblance between language form and what they refer to. 1.5 Functions of language As is proposed by Jacobson, language has six functions: 1. Referential: to convey message and information; 2. Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sake; 3. Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions; 4. Conative: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties; 5. Phatic: to establish communion with others; 6. Metalingual: to clear up intentions, words and meanings. three metafunctions: 1. function: to convey new information, to communicate a content that is
语言学教程第四版第二章 胡壮麟 主编
Chapter 2 Speech sounds Contents ?How sounds are made? ?Consonants and vowels ?Phonological processes, phonological rules and distinctive features ?Suprasegmentals 超音段 ?Two major areas for studying speech sounds: phonetics and phonology ?Phonetics: it studies how speech sounds are made, transmitted and perceived. ?Three branches of phonetics: ?Articulatory phonetics发声语音学 is the study of the production of speech sounds. ?Acoustic phonetics声学语音学 is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. Auditory phonetics听觉语音学 is concerned with the perception of speech sounds ?Phonology：it deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme 音素 as the point of departure. ?It studies the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. ?Ultimately it aims to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages. How speech sounds are made? ? speech organs 言语器官 ?Speech organs are also known as vocal organs（发音器官）. ?Parts of human body involved in the production of speech sounds: lungs, trachea (windpipe) 气管, throat, nose, mouth ? organs of speech (Figure 2.2, p.26 on our books)
高级口译教程经典背诵版之科技报告
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胡壮麟语言学教程课件Part12
Literary linguistics studies the language of literature. It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style. 9.1 Theoretical background
9.2.1 Foregrounding and grammatical form 9.2.2 Literal language and figurative language Simile Metaphor Metonymy Synecdoche 9.2.3 The analysis of literary language
9.3.1 Sound patterning 9.3.2 Different forms of sound patterning Rhyme Alliteration Assonance Consonance Reverse rhyme Pararhyme Repitition
-Metre(Dimetre, Trimetre, Tetrametre, Hexametre, Heptametre, Octametre) -Foot (Iamb, Trochee, Anapest, Dactyl,Spondee, Pyrrhic) 9.3.4 Conventional forms of metre and sound Couplets Quatrains Blank verse Sonnet 9.3.5 The poetic functions of sound and metre 9.3.6 How to analyse poetry?
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TEXT PASSAGE ONE 英译汉： 1．Honorable Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: 尊敬的主席先生，女士们先生们： 2．The world today asks for global cooperation to fight a common war against poverty. 当今世界需要全球合作，共同向贫穷宣战。 3．The recent convening of the United Nations World Summit for Social Development in Copenhagen bore witness to need for the world community to pool their efforts to fight poverty. 最近在哥本哈根召开的联合国社会发展世界首脑会议，已经认识到国际社会携手起来迎战贫穷的必要性。 4．Poverty remains a major challenge facing the world today. 贫穷是当今世界面临的一个主要问题。 5．United Nations statistics show that 20 percent of the world’s population currently live below the poverty line. 联合国统计数字表明20%的世界人口目前仍生活在贫困线以下。 6．In the past half century, many developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America have achieved remarkable successes in their economic and social development, especially some newly industrialized nations arising in Asia and Latin America. 在上半个世纪，亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲的许多发展中国家在经济和社会发展取得了显著的成就，尤其是一些亚洲和拉丁美洲新兴的工业化国家的出现。 7．Developing countries as a whole have reduced their economic disparity against the developed ones, but the gap between the rich and the poor as well as between the extremes of wealth and poverty in some developing countries have not fundamentally improved. 发展中国家总体上缩小了与发达国家的经济差距，但是各国贫富之间差距及发展中国家内部的贫富两极分化的问题还没有从根本上解决。 8．Last year, the per capita of GNP developed countries was US$16,610, whereas that of developing countries was only US$950, of 5.7 percent of the former. 去年，发达国家的人均国民生产总值达到16,610 美元，然而发展中国家的人均国民生产总值只有950 美元，相当于前者的5.7%。 9．Specifically, the per capita GDP of Switzerland reached US$36,410, the highest level in the world, whereas the per capita GNP of Mozambique, the poorest country, was only US$80. 特别的突出的是瑞士的人均国民生产总值达到36,410 美元，居世界之首，而世界上最穷的国家莫桑比克，其人均国民生产总值仅为80 美元。 10．Twenty years ago the United Nations defined 25 least developed countries, and that number has increased to 48 today. 20 年以前联合国确定的最不发达国家的数目是25 个，而今这个数字已经达到48 个。11．A recent survey by the UN International Fund for Agricultural Development shows that in 114 developing countries, 1 billion people among the total 4 billion population live below the poverty line,40 percent more than what was reported in a similar survey conducted 40 years ago. 最近联合国农业发展国际基金组织调查显示在114 个发展中国家里40 亿人口中，有10 亿生活在贫困线以下，比40 年前的一项类似调查所提供的数字多了40%。 12．Major reasons for the sustained poverty in some African and South Asian countries involve the backward economic infrastructure, frequent natural disasters, too rapid population growth,
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上海高级口译教程高频词汇汇总 第一单元外事接待 第一篇 制药有限公司pharmaceutical Co.Ltd 副总经理deputy managing director 研究生graduate student 论文paper 研究成果research findings 实验助手lab assistant 市中心downtown area 假日酒店Holiday Inn 旅馆招待费hotel accommodation fee 招待所guesthouse 舒适如归make https://www.360docs.net/doc/4714306920.html,fortable 不尽如人意之处inconvenience in life and work 排忧解难help sb.out 第二篇 Stanford University斯坦福大学 a land of wonder充满奇观的国家 head office总部 magical power神奇的魅力 Oriental东方的 Confucianism儒家思想 Taoism道家学说 inexplicable难以言表的 set foot on踏上……的土地 cosmopolitan city国际大都市 maximize充分利用 in no time不久 rewarding有成效的 第二单元礼仪祝辞 第一篇 阁下your excellency... 建交the establishment of diplomatic relations 近海石油勘探offshore oil exploration 积贫积弱,任人宰割enduring impoverishment,long-standing debility and was for a time at the mercy of other countries 落后要挨打lagging behind leaves one vulnerable to attacks 刻骨铭心的教训never-forgotten lesson 中华民族伟大复兴the rejuvenation of China 不懈努力make unremitting efforts 与时具近keep pace with the times
英语语言学教程胡壮麟版
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