基于单片机的温湿度控制系统英文文献

基于单片机的温湿度控制系统英文文献
基于单片机的温湿度控制系统英文文献

基于单片机的温湿度控制系统英文文

英文文献翻译

学 生 姓名 刘学毅 专

业 自动化

学 号 0833141

分 院 电子工程分院

6 月

1. 外文原文

A: Fundamentals of Single-chip Microcomputer

The single-chip microcomputer is the culmination of both the development of the digital computer and the integrated circuit arguably the tow most significant inventions of the 20th century

These tow types of architecture are found in single-chip microcomputer. Some employ the split program/data memory of the Harvard arch itecture, others follow the philosophy, widely adapted for general-purpose computers and microprocessors, of making no logical distinction between program and data memory as in the Princeton architecture, shown in F ig.3-5A-2.

In general terms a single-chip microcomputer is characterized by the incorporation of all the units of a computer into a single device.

Read only memory (ROM)

ROM is usually for the permanent, non-volatile storage of an applications program .Many microcomputers and microcontrollers a re intended for high-volume applications and hence the economical manufacture of

the devices requires that the contents of the program memory be committed permanently during the manufacture of chips . Clearly, this implies a rigorous approach to ROM code d evelopment since changes cannot be made after manufacture .This development process may involve emulation using a sophisticated development system with a hardware emulation capability as well as the use of powerful software tools.

Some manufacturers provid e additional ROM options by including in their range devices with (or intended for use with) user programmable memory. The simplest of these is usually device which can operate in a microprocessor mode by using some of the input/output lines as an address and data bus for accessing external memory. This type of device can behave functionally as the single chip microcomputer from which it is derived albeit with restricted I/O and a modified external circuit. The use of these ROM less devices is common even i n production circuits where the volume does not justify the development costs of custom on-chip ROM[2];there can still be a significant saving in I/O and other chips compared to a conventional microprocessor based

circuit. More exact replacement for ROM de vices can be obtained in the form of variants with 'piggy-back' EPROM(Erasable programmable ROM )sockets or devices with EPROM instead of ROM 。These devices are naturally more expensive than equivalent ROM device, but do provide complete circuit equivalent s. EPROM based devices are also extremely attractive for low-volume applications where they provide the advantages of a single-chip device, in terms of on-chip I/O, etc. ,with the convenience of flexible user programmability.

Random access memory (RAM).

RAM is for the storage of working variables and data used during program execution. The size of this memory varies with device type but it has the same characteristic width (4,8,16 bits etc.) as the processor ,Special function registers, such as stack pointer or timer register are often logically incorporated into the RAM area. It is also common in Hard type microcomputers to treat the RAM area as a collection of register; it is unnecessary to make distinction between RAM and processor register as is

done in the case of a microprocessor system since RAM and registers are not usually physically separated in a microcomputer .

Central processing unit (CPU).

The CPU is much like that of any microprocessor. Many applications of microcomputers and microcontrolle rs involve the handling of binary-coded decimal (BCD) data (for numerical displays, for example) ,hence it is common to find that the CPU is well adapted to handling this type of data .It is also common to find good facilities for testing, setting and rese tting individual bits of memory or I/O since many controller applications involve the turning on and off of single output lines or the reading the single line. These lines are readily interfaced to two-state devices such as switches, thermostats, solid-state relays, valves, motor, etc.

Parallel input/output.

Parallel input and output schemes vary somewhat in different microcomputer; in most a mechanism is provided to at least allow some flexibility of choosing which pins are outputs and which are inputs.This may

apply to all or some of the ports. Some I/O lines are suitable for direct interfacing to, for example, fluorescent displays, or can provide sufficient current to make interfacing other components straightforward. Some devices allow an I/O port to be configured as a system bus to allow off-chip memory and I/O expansion. This facility is potentially useful as a product range develops, since successive enhancements may become too big for on-chip memory and it is undesirable not to build on the existi ng software base.

Serial input/output .

Serial communication with terminal devices is common means of providing a link using a small number of lines. This sort of communication can also be exploited for interfacing special function chips or linking sever al microcomputers together .Both the common asynchronous synchronous communication schemes require protocols that provide framing (start and stop) information .This can be implemented as a hardware facility or U(S) ART(Universal(synchronous) asynchronous receiver/transmitter) relieving the processor (and the applications programmer) of this

low-level, time-consuming, detail. t is merely necessary to selected a baud-rate and possibly other options (number of stop bits, parity, etc.) and load (or read from) the serial transmitter (or receiver) buffer. Serialization of the data in the appropriate format is then handled by the hardware circuit.

Timing/counter facilities.

Many application of single-chip microcomputers require accurate evaluation of elapsed r eal time .This can be determined by careful assessment of the execution time of each branch in a program but this rapidly becomes inefficient for all but simplest programs .The preferred approach is to use timer circuit that can independently count precise time increments and generate an interrupt after a preset time has elapsed .This type of timer is usually arranged to be reloadable with the required count .The timer then decrements this value producing an interrupt or setting a flag ,when the counter rea ches zero. Better timers then have the ability to automatically reload the initial count value. This relieves the programmer of the responsibility of reloading the counter and assessing

elapsed time before the timer restarted ,which otherwise wound be necessary if continuous precisely timed interrupts were required (as in a clock ,for example).Sometimes associated with timer is an event counter. W ith this facility there is usually a special

input pin , that can drive the counter directly.

Timing components.

The clock circuitry of most microcomputers requires only simple timing components. If maximum performance is required, a crystal must be used to ensure the maximum clock frequency is approached but not exceeded. Many clock circuits also work with a resistor and capacitor as low-cost timing components or can be driven from an external source. This latter arrangement is useful is external synchronization of the microcomputer is required.

2. 外文资料翻译译文

单片机基础

单片机是电脑和集成电路发展的巅峰,有据可查的是她们也是20世纪最有意义的两大创造。

这两种特性在单片机中得到了充分的体现。一些厂家用这两种特性区分程序内存和数据内存在硬件中的特性,依据同样的原理广泛的适用于一般目的的电脑和微电脑,一些厂家在程序内存和数据内存之间不区分的像Princeton 特性。

只读存贮器(ROM)

ROM是一般的永久性的,非应用程序的易失性存储器。不少微机和单片机用于大批量应用,因此,经济的设备制造要求的程序存储器的内容是在制造期间永久性的刻录在芯片中,这意味着严谨的方法,因为修改ROM代码不能制造之后发展。这一发展过程可能涉及仿真,使用硬件仿真功能以及强大的软件工具使用先进的开发系统。

一些制造商在其提供的设备包括的范围(或拟使用)用户可编程内存.其中最简单的一般是设备能够运行于微处理器模式经过使用一些输入/输出作为地址线额外的ROM 选项和数据总线访问外部内存.这种类型的设备能够表现为单芯片微型计算机尽管有限制的I / O和外部修改这些设备的电路.小内存装置的应用是非常普遍的在永久性内存的制

造中 [2];但依然能够在我节省大量成本I/ O和其它芯片相比,传统的基于微处理器电路.更准确的ROM设备更换,可在与'形式变种背驮式'EPROM(可擦除可编程只读存储器)插座或存储器,而不是ROM器件。这些器件自然价格比同等ROM设备贵,但不提供完整的等效电路.EPROM的设备也非常有吸引力对于低容量应用中,她们提供的单芯片器件的优势,在以下方面的板载I / O等,在灵活的用户可编程带来的便利。

随机存取存储器(RAM)

RAM用于变量和工作在程序使用该存储器的执行.随数据存储设备的大小不同类型而有所不同,但具有相同的特征宽度(4,8,16 比特等)作为处理器。特殊功能寄存器,如栈指针或定时器寄存器,往往逻辑纳入内存区域.它也在型微电脑的硬件中做集中内存,它是不必要的区分内存和处理器之间的区别在一般不物理上分开的微机中。

中央处理单元(CPU)

CPU是很象微型电子计算机和微控制器的任何微电脑.许多微电脑和微控制器涉及到二进制编码(十进制处理(BCD)的数据为例)数字显示,因而,常常能够发现该CPU是很适合处理这种类型的数据。对设施良好与否进行的测试,设置和重置单个位的内存或I / O控制器的应用程序,也是常见的因为许多涉及打开和关闭的单输出线或在

单线.这些线很容易连接到二进制的设备,如开关,恒温器,固态继电器,阀门,电机等

并行输入/ 输出

并行输入和输出的计划有所不同,在不同的微机,在

大多数设立一个机制,至少选择让其中一些引脚输出,一

些引脚输如是非常灵活的。这可能适用于所有或端口.有些I / O线直接连接到适当的设备,例如,荧光显示器,也能够提供足够的电流,使接口和其它设备直接相连.一些设备允许一个I / O端口,其它组件将作为系统总线配置为允许片外存储器和I / O扩展。这个设施是潜在有用的一个产品系列的发展,因为连续增强可能成为太上存储器,这是不可取的,不是建立在现有的软件基础上的。

串行输入/输出

串行通信是指与终端设备的链接使用少量的通讯线.这种通讯也可利用特殊的接口连接功能芯片使几个微型机连

在一起。双方共同异步同步通信方案要求的规则提供成帧(启动和停止)的信息。这能够作为一个硬件设施或U (拧)艺术(通用执行(同步)异步接收器/发送器)减轻处理器(和应用程序)的这种低层次的确费时.它也只需要选择一个波特率及其它可能的选择(停止位,奇偶校验

等)和负载号码(或读取),串行发送器(或接收)的缓

冲器.进行适当的格式的数据串行处理,然后由硬件电路完

成。

定时/计数器设施

许多应用的单片机需要对过去的真实时间准确的评价。这能够由每个程序中的执行时间分支认真评估,但除最简单的程序外,她的工作效率不高。首选方法是使用计时器电路,能独立计算精确的时间增量,并生成一个预设的时间后中断的时间。这种类型的定时器一般在所要求的数量可重载中应用。计时器然后减少此值产生中断或设置标记时,计数器到达零.更好的计时器有自动加载初始值的功能。这将缓解重新加载计数器和评估所用的时间,计时器重新启动之前这是必要的。有时候与定时器相关的是一个事件计数器。这个设备一般有一个特殊的输入引脚,可直接驱动计数器。

定时元件

大多数微型计算机时钟电路只需要简单的计时元件.如果要求最高性能,必须使用晶体以确保最大时钟频率接近,但不会超出。许多时钟电路,还具有电阻和低电容工作成本定时元件,也能够从外部源驱动。这后一种安排是有用的在微机外部同步是必须的时候。

01-文献综述范文-翻译-当前零翻译研究问题与对策

外国语学院2018届毕业论文文献综述(示范) 一、研究背景 近来多篇论文中出现零翻译的提法(杜争鸣,2000;邱懋如,2001;刘明东,2002;袁斌业,2002a,2002b,2002c,2002d;石琳,2003;余清萍,2003;余清萍,秦傲松,2004;肖耀田,2004),但国内学者所编三本译学词典(林煌天,1997;孙迎春,1999;方梦之,2004)均未出现零翻译这一词条,国外三本词典/术语著作(Shuttleworth & Cowie,1997;Baker,1998;Delisle,2004)亦未收入这一条目,只有国内孙迎春(2001)编著的《汉英双向翻译学语林》收进了“零翻译(音译、形译之一种)zero translation”(58页)及“zero translation零翻译(音译、形译之一种)”(268页)两个条目,同时又有贾影(2002)反对零翻译提法,并认为承认不可译有“积极作用”。但零翻译现象确实存在,如DIY(自己动手),IQ(智商),EQ(情商),这些零翻译词汇经常在汉语中出现。英语中也有类似情况,如美国《时代》周刊中报道中国特色事物时经常使用拼音,如aizi(矮子),pizi(痞子),shiganjia(实干家),yuan(缘)(王祥兵,2002),shuangying(双赢),guanxi(关系)(顾静,2005)。 这些研究成果揭示了零翻译现象的存在,引进了零翻译的概念,促进了翻译理论概念的扩大,但是从发表的论文及孙迎春(2001)的这两个条目来看,各自运用的名称虽同(也有不同,如杜争鸣称为不译),但概念的内涵及外延均有出入,因此有必要探讨当前零翻译研究的问题并提出相应研究对策。 二、研究现状及不足 1. 定义不统一、模糊不清 传统翻译理论多把零翻译归结为“音译法”、“移译法”,只看到技巧层面的意义,如秦建栋(1999)讨论“英汉词汇空缺现象刍议”列举“音译法”、“移译法”,袁斌业(2001)论及“英语本族人音译汉语词汇的语用分析”,虽然看到“音译在我国只能用来翻译名词,而在国外则可以用来翻译包括名词在内的各种词语”,但未能从中提炼出零翻译的概念,实际上这里已包含有零翻译与音译的某些区别。 国内最早使用zero translation这一术语的是杜争鸣(2000),但他称之为“不译”,并分析了直译、意译与不译三种翻译策略。他不停留于策略本身,从跨文化交际的视角分析了三种策略的社会语言学与跨文化交际涵义,并看到了不译的三层文化含义。不译背后体现译者对于翻译目的的认识,“而翻译的目的必然直接或间接地反映反映译者本人对翻译的文化含义的意识与潜意识,反映他翻译时所采取的文化姿态与立场。”即翻译观的问题。但从术语的精确性来说

单片机-英文参考文献

Structure and function of the MCS-51series Structure and function of the MCS-51series one-chip computer MCS-51is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces.This company introduced8top-grade one-chip computers of MCS-51series in1980after introducing8one-chip computers of MCS-48series in1976.It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have,such as8051,8031,8751, 80C51BH,80C31BH,etc.,their basic composition,basic performance and instruction system are all the same.8051daily representatives-51serial one-chip computers. An one-chip computer system is made up of several following parts:(1)One microprocessor of8(CPU).(2)At slice data memory RAM(128B/256B),it use not depositting not can reading/data that write,such as result not middle of operation, final result and data wanted to show,etc.(3)Procedure memory ROM/EPROM (4KB/8KB),is used to preserve the procedure,some initial data and form in slice. But does not take ROM/EPROM within some one-chip computers,such as8031, 8032,80C,etc..(4)Four8run side by side I/O interface P0four P3,each mouth can use as introduction,may use as exporting too.(5)Two timer/counter,each timer/ counter may set up and count in the way,used to count to the external incident,can set up into a timing way too,and can according to count or result of timing realize the control of the computer.(6)Five cut off cutting off the control system of the source. (7)One all duplexing serial I/O mouth of UART(universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter(UART)),is it realize one-chip computer or one-chip computer and serial communication of computer to use for.(8)Stretch oscillator and clock produce circuit,quartz crystal finely tune electric capacity need outer.Allow oscillation frequency as12megahertas now at most.Every the above-mentioned part was joined through the inside data bus.Among them,CPU is a core of the one-chip computer,it is the control of the computer and command centre,made up of such parts as arithmetic unit and controller,etc..The arithmetic unit can carry on8persons of arithmetic operation and unit ALU of logic operation while including one,the1 storing device temporarilies of8,storing device2temporarily,8's accumulation

机械 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 液压机械及泵

Hydraulic machinery and pump Hydraulic machinery are machines and tools which use fluid power to do work. Heavy equipment is a common example. In this type of machine, high-pressure liquid - called hydraulic fluid - is transmitted throughout the machine to various hydraulic motors and hydraulic cylinders. The fluid is controlled directly or automatically by control valves and distributed through hoses and tubes. The popularity of hydraulic machinery is due to the very large amount of power that can be transferred through small tubes and flexible hoses, and the high power density and wide array of actuators that can make use of this power. Hydraulic machinery is operated by the use of hydraulics, where a liquid is the powering medium. Pneumatics, on the other side, is based on the use of a gas as the medium for power transmission, generation and control. Hydraulic circuits For the hydraulic fluid to do work, it must flow to the actuator and or motors, then return to a reservoir. The fluid is then filtered and re-pumped. The path taken by hydraulic fluid is called a hydraulic circuit of which there are several types. Open center circuits use pumps which supply a

文献综述 英文

文献综述 大学生时间管理研究——以郑州大学西亚斯国际学院为例 姓名:代永寒学号:20091211205 专业:工商管理班级:工本2班 史蒂芬?柯维的《要事第一》 “要事第一”,顾名思义是指重要的主要的事情要放在第一时间去完成。而在实际工作中我们往往是将认为急迫的紧要的事情放在第一时间完成; 本书通过四个象限来告诉我们如何区分事情的紧急性与重要性,从而告诉我们在平常的工作中应怎样去区分事情属轻属重,以及造成事情紧急性的原因,在平常工作中要注意哪些方面以避免出现紧急事件的情况。 第一象限包括四点:A危机 B 急迫的问题C最后期限迫近的项目 D 会议准备工作等。第一象限显得紧迫与重要,但我们要知道形成第一象限的紧迫与重要主要是因被延误及没有进行计划与预测及计划所致。第二象限包含准备工作、预防、价值、筹划、建立关系、真正的再创造与赋予能力。第二象限属于质量象限,属于重要但不紧迫的事情,但我们必须要去做,因只有这样才能避免出现第一象限包含的情况。第三象限包含干扰、电话;邮件、报告;某些会议;很多临近、急迫的事情及很多流行的活动。第三象限包括“紧急但不重要的事情”,而事实上它易给人造成假象,从而形成第一象限情况。第四象限包含琐事、打发时间的工作、某些电话,解闷,“逃避”行为、无关紧要的邮件及过多地看电视;第四象限属于既不紧急也不重要的事情,它是浪费象限,第四象限中的行为是堕落行为。这四个象限告诉我们如果在办事过程中不是以重要性而是以紧要性为出发点,就会出现第一第三甚至第四象限的情况,在平常的工作中,我们要加以区分,日常工作生活中往往事情越是紧迫,反而说明事情越不重要!像最近存货系统因急着想能早日上线,在运作过程中被卡住,故一心想着去解决软件中存在的问题,而忽略了与其他人员的沟通协调,存货上软件固然重要,但与公司整体运作相比就稍显其次,没合理分配其他人员手头事项,这样会导致其他问题的增多,从而会出现第一第三象限甚至于第四象限的浪费情况。 “要事第一”,告诉我们在日常的工作与生活中要从以下方面着手加以区分、

步进电机及单片机英文文献及翻译

外文文献: Knowledge of the stepper motor What is a stepper motor: Stepper motor is a kind of electrical pulses into angular displacement of the implementing agency. Popular little lesson: When the driver receives a step pulse signal, it will drive a stepper motor to set the direction of rotation at a fixed angle (and the step angle). You can control the number of pulses to control the angular displacement, so as to achieve accurate positioning purposes; the same time you can control the pulse frequency to control the motor rotation speed and acceleration, to achieve speed control purposes. What kinds of stepper motor sub-: In three stepper motors: permanent magnet (PM), reactive (VR) and hybrid (HB) permanent magnet stepper usually two-phase, torque, and smaller, step angle of 7.5 degrees or the general 15 degrees; reaction step is generally three-phase, can achieve high torque output, step angle of 1.5 degrees is generally, but the noise and vibration are large. 80 countries in Europe and America have been eliminated; hybrid stepper is a mix of permanent magnet and reactive advantages. It consists of two phases and the five-phase: two-phase step angle of 1.8 degrees while the general five-phase step angle of 0.72 degrees generally. The most widely used Stepper Motor. What is to keep the torque (HOLDING TORQUE) How much precision stepper motor? Whether the cumulative: The general accuracy of the stepper motor step angle of 3-5%, and not cumulative.

液压马达外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

外文资料 In recent years, the hydraulic motor with brachytely and big torsional moment has great changes, the new structure continuously appears. But, all these hydraulic motors can be divided into two broad categories of single and multi-role according to the role of the number of plunger in each turn. The motors also can be divided into radial and horizontal direction according to the arrangement of the plunger. And the radial motors can be divided into different types according to structure and the summon power way of the plunger. No matter single and multi-role, the plug-hole of radial-piston hydraulic motor is equated by circle, arrayed radial. The plunger displaced by the impulse of pressure oil, then the volume of the cylinder changed, the summon power formed the rotation of the motor, all of these above are the mechanism of action of the motors. The rotor of the single role hydraulic motor has a circle of rotation, each plunger worker once reciprocation. The principal axis is eccentric axis in all the radial-piston hydraulic motors. The multi-role hydraulic motor had a guide rail curve, whose numbers are the action times. The rotor had a circle of rotation, the plunger worker many times reciprocal at the same time. The radial motors can be divided into several categories of plunger, ball blocker, blade. The structure of the single-role motors is simpler, the machine element number of it is less, the technology is better, and the cost is less. But the structure dimension of the single-role motor is longer than the multi-role motor in the same displacement each turn (or output torsional moment), and the single-role motor also have fluctuation of the output torsional moment and rotary speed.The homonymy high-pressure column tune of the single-role motor had major radial unbalance force that causes the brachytely stabilization of the motor became worse. Only increasing the capacity of the bearing, it can meet the requirements of the operating life of the bearing at the same time.

图像科学综述 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献

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running the algorithm. In contrast, privacy-preserving data publishing (PPDP) may not necessarily be tied to a specific data mining task, and the data mining task may be unknown at the time of data publishing. PPDP studies how to transform raw data into a version that is immunized against privacy attacks but that still supports effective data mining tasks. Privacy-preserving for both data mining (PPDM) and data publishing (PPDP) has become increasingly popular because it allows sharing of privacy sensitive data for analysis purposes. One well studied approach is the k-anonymity model [1] which in turn led to other models such as confidence bounding, l-diversity, t-closeness, (α,k)-anonymity, etc. In particular, all known mechanisms try to minimize information loss and such an attempt provides a loophole for attacks. The aim of this paper is to present a survey for most of the common attacks techniques for anonymization-based PPDM & PPDP and explain their effects on Data Privacy. Although data mining is potentially useful, many data holders are reluctant to provide their data for data mining for the fear of violating individual privacy. In recent years, study has been made to ensure that the sensitive information of individuals cannot be identified easily. Anonymity Models, k-anonymization techniques have been the focus of intense research in the last few years. In order to ensure anonymization of data while at the same time minimizing the information

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中文资料原文 单片机 单片机也被称为微控制器(Microcontroller Unit),常用英文字母的缩写MCU表示单片机,它最早是被用在工业控制领域。单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中,使计算机系统更小,更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器,从此以后,单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。 早期的单片机都是8位或4位的。其中最成功的是INTEL的8031,因为简单可靠而性能不错获得了很大的好评。此后在8031上发展出了MCS51系列单片机系统。基于这一系统的单片机系统直到现在还在广泛使用。随着工业控制领域要求的提高,开始出现了16位单片机,但因为性价比不理想并未得到很广泛的应用。90年代后随着消费电子产品大发展,单片机技术得到了巨大提高。随着INTEL i960系列特别是后来的ARM系列的广泛应用,32位单片机迅速取代16位单片机的高端地位,并且进入主流市场。而传统的8位单片机的性能也得到了飞速提高,处理能力比起80年代提高了数百倍。目前,高端的32位单片机主频已经超过300MHz,性能直追90年代中期的专用处理器,而普通的型号出厂价格跌落至1美元,最高端[1]的型号也只有10美元。当代单片机系统已经不再只在裸机环境下开发和使用,大量专用的嵌入式操作系统被广泛应用在全系列的单片机上。而在作为掌上电脑和手机核心处理的高端单片机甚至可以直接使用专用的Windows和Linux操作系统。 单片机比专用处理器更适合应用于嵌入式系统,因此它得到了最多的应用。事实上单片机是世界上数量最多的计算机。现代人类生活中所用的几乎每件电子和机械产品中都会集成有单片机。手机、电话、计算器、家用电器、电子玩具、掌上电脑以及鼠标等电脑配件中都配有1-2部单片机。而个人电脑中也会有为数不少的单片机在工作。汽车上一般配备40多部单片机,复杂的工业控制系统上甚至可能有数百台单片机在同时工作!单片机的数量不仅远超过PC机和其他计算的总和,甚至比人类的数量还要多。 单片机又称单片微控制器,它不是完成某一个逻辑功能的芯片,而是把一个计算机系统集成到一个芯片上。相当于一个微型的计算机,和计算机相比,单片机只缺少了I/O设备。概括的讲:一块芯片就成了一台计算机。它的体积小、质量轻、价格便宜、为学习、应用和开发提供了便利条件。同时,学习使用单片机是了解计算机原理与结构的最佳选择。

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