四级写作讲义

Olyeax

xxwcet42014@https://www.360docs.net/doc/79952907.html,xxwcet42014@https://www.360docs.net/doc/79952907.html, Woyidingguo

1 address the issue

审题：词汇，题目要求

News media, new media

2 organization: 三段式

3 language use

A. 语法准确性(主谓一致，实义动词和系动词不分，cannot be afford, is went，非谓语动词做谓语，the man killed by a kid.句子不完整B ecause the weather is bad. The man was killed by

a kid.谓语-连词=1 用副词连接两个句子，thus, then, therefore, however, additionally, moreover, even, also不可以连

接句子。.... Then, ....

…, and however ….

…; however, ….

B. 词汇使用的合理性（动词的搭配用法，常用形容词的搭配用法，名词的可数不可数）

动词：fail to do, succeed in doing, manage to do, hope to do, suggest sb doing, it takes sb sometime to do, focus on, dedicate

to, adapt to, make sb do, make sb/sth adj., make it easy/difficult to do

be likely to do, be unlikely to do, be available to sb, be willing to do, be aware of, be unaware of, be able to do, be capable of doing, be convinced that…, be sure that…

a number of, a large number of, a considerable number, large numbers of +可数名词复数

a huge amount of, a great amount of, a large sum of, a wealth of...+不可数如knowledge, evidence, advice, information…some + 可数/不可数

many + 可数

much + 不可数

C. 句子类型（简单句为主，占70%，

复杂句建议使用定语从句（which, that, who, in which, where)，状语从句（if, although，when, because)，宾语从句(that)。三个谓语动词出现在一个句子里务必少写或不写！！！！！）

4 写作格式

齐左空行

缩进式（建议）

Dec. 7th, 2014

Dear Sir or Madam,

I feel so happy to hear from you …

Here are my arrangements for our trip to Xi’an.

Yours truly,

Li Ming

5 如何做到连贯coherence

形式连贯：使用连接词first, meanwhile, however, therefore, also, even….

内容连贯：讨论对象的一致（词汇的形式进行变化），

灵活的名词概括或者替换（使用抽象名词对前文进行提炼），代词的准确使用，逻辑的合理支持！

讨论对象的一致：change the word forms

Use mobile phones

Using smart phones is popular….

The mobile phone use is popular

Producing electric cars

The production of electric cars

Consume,

The high consumption level of white meat shows that people are increasingly aware of the importance of keeping fit.

People consume much white meat, and this shows that they are increasingly aware that keeping fit is important.

People consume much white meat, and this shows that they are increasingly aware that keeping fit is of great importance.

名词的概括替换：

This method…

This behavior…

This project/program…

This experience…

This strategy…

This activity…

Children enter a wider community in which they may know the people with a wide range of backgrounds. This experience will teach them how to coopeate with others and adapt to a new environment.

It/this/they 使用准确

1 it 指代前句中的单数可数的物类名词，或不可数名词，或doing/to do部分，不可指代前句！！！

Eg: A school…. It…

The Chinese culture…. It….

Swimming in winter… It…

It可用作形式主语

It is widely-believed that…

It is widely-acknowledged that..

It is clear/noticeable/unquestionable that…

形式宾语

Make it wise/unwise/easy/difficult to do 使做某事很容易或难Find it easy/difficult to do 觉得做某事很容易或难

Feel it easy/difficult to do sth

The contemporary university students find it relatively acceptable to be educated online.

People feel it easy to believe the opinions of the authority figures.

This:

1 This 可以修饰单数可数名词，具体或抽象，如this man, this policy, this idea等，起到很好的承上启下的作用。

2 this 可以用来代替前句的一整句话内容，如：

This is because….

This is difficult/easy/realistic/reasonable because…

This does not necessarily mean that...

They:

They指代前句中的复数名词，人/物皆可，people的对应代词为they, individuals的对应代词为they, one的对应代词为he, a person的对应代词为he or she, you 的对应代词为you. They 不可以指代前文中的几个句子的集合！！！

常用的支持逻辑类型：

1 顺序逻辑: first, second...

2 递进逻辑also, even, what’s more

3 因果逻辑as a result, accordingly

4 转折、对比逻辑however, on the contrary

5 举例逻辑for instance, for example, such as...

For example, 句子。

…N such as a, b, and c.

一.四级的命题规律

1 不考热点，敏感话题

2 和学生有关的话题为主，校园类或者社会类, 个人类话题

3 负能量话题极少

4 出题形式多样，图片，文字，表格等

5 牵扯观点的题目一定记得：不偏激，不绝对，不负面三不原则；

6 话题准备顺序：教育类，文化类，社会类，品质类等

二.四级写作的基本要求

1.除图表题以外，其他题目的时态以现在时态为

主；图表题中出现过去时间的，描述部分必须

是过去时间，分析部分为现在时间

2.人称选择为第三人称，即people类，题目问什

么，名词人称用什么，越具体，分越高。（experts,

teachers, consumers, buyers, advertisers,

employees)

3.结构来讲，开头点/描题，中间讲题，结尾收题，

无一例外，观点放开头或结尾均可。

三.审题

1 读懂题目要求：记叙，说明或议论

（说明：explain the reasons/causes…; what are the reasons for…? What are the consequences/effects/impact of…? 议论文：…whether…; what is your opinion about…? Please state your own position of…?what do you think of…?do you agree or disagree with the statement that…? Do the advantages of…outweigh its disadvantages?

说明：原因，影响，结果，效果，解决方案

议论：观点，想法，是否，好坏

信件：记叙和说明

图表：描写和说明

漫画：说明或议论

文字：具体题目具体定

2 找出话题词，理解题目重心，topic word即为讨论的对象，多以名词类的表达出现，题目重心多在谓语之后的部分，以及一些限定词（形容词或副词）上。

3 合理确定观点，根据自己的语言积累选择论据

四．开头写法--hook up the issue

1. 满足题目要求，点题或按题目要求进行描写。

2 具体点题或描写方法：

类型：

图画类：首段描写图画内容，只需描写出大概的动作内容即可，如have a conversation, talk to sb, have a word with sb…

说明议论：找出主题词，套用模板

去模板化题目（安排活动，名人名言）：编造信息来源；解释名言含义。

a. 点题（主要针对文字类的命题作文，以说明或议论为主，或杂糅）

背景事实型（关注）点题：Nowadays, an increasing/growing/expanding number of people have begun to pay their due attention to…

The general public has begun to…

A considerable number of people

名词词组／动名词…(名词的精确性会直接影响分数，如receive higher education, the significance of receiving higher education, the problems of using mobile phones

升级版：

Due attention has been paid to the ...话题词

*…has been pay to…

话题词...has captured/attracted/arrested much attention from the general public, (especially those…)

eg: The overuse of m obile phones has…

Overusing mobile phones has …

话题词：

mobile phones

the overuse of mobile phones

doing small things

the significance of doing small things

Nowadays, a growing number of people have begun to pay their due attention to the effects of Internet on the way people communicate.

The effects of Internet on the way people interact have captured much attention from the general public.

关注文化遗产的保护on the protection/preservation of cultural heritage.

Eg: In recent years, the preservation of cultural heritage has captured much attention from the general public, especially the scholars and experts.

描写性开头

As depicted/portrayed in the cartoon/chart, ...

According to what is shown in the cartoon/chart, ....

Seen from the cartoon/chart, ...

语言用最简单，最准确的即可。

先描述宏观信息，然后做微观补充。

Problematic

As depicted in the cartoon, a man who is talking on the phone is crossing the street. This shows that the overuse of mobile phones is really problematic.

“定性法”——所讨论的话题“很重要”比较适合抽象类话题，比如高等教育higher education，互联网教育 online education，家庭教育family education，成功success，幸福happiness, 合作cooperation, 竞争competition, 诚信honesty 等

话题词…is considerably important to sth/sb. (to

both…and…; especially because ….; especially when…)

considerably: excessively, fairly, desperately, extraordinarily 等

Considerably important: be of considerable importance 对象：

to both individuals and society 对个人和社会

to individuals, families and society 对个人，家庭和

社会

especially because/when it is closely related to an individual’s development and a nation’s prosperi ty.

和...有关系：be related to, be linked to, be associated with.

话题词really makes a huge difference in determining…., (especially when…)

话题词：名词或whether…从句

eg: Whether a person is able to receive higher education makes a huge difference in determining his future

career prospect and personal wellbeing.

Whether a person has a high EQ makes a huge difference in determining his success and happiness.

Whether a personal should be always honest makes a huge difference in determining…

…话题词…plays an integral/ind ispensable role／part in …范围／对象…

名人名言的开头：

There is/goes a popular/widely-spread saying/proverb that.原句.. Clearly, it means/suggests that ....(重要且值得提倡important and worth being advocated/encouraged.)

b. 根据题目要求进行写作，即要求写原因，意义，影响，观点等，建议只写宽泛的内容。

如：My viewpoint/stance/position/standpoint/opinion/analys is on this issue is illustrated in the following parts. The reasons for this social phenomenon/problem are elaborated in the following parts.

The effects of …话题词.on 影响对象（可以写individuals and society)…are fairly legi on and positive/negative/noticeable/direct/profound.

五.中间段落写法

思路：分析原因或分析影响或方法

原因类必备词汇：

原因：causes, factors, reasons, determinant.

the causes of traffic congestion

the causes of jammed/heavy traffic

the reasons for the heavy traffic

the reasons why I mak e the following arrangements are ….几个：several, a couple of, a pair of(尽量不要用a lot of, 或 lots of)

许多：a multitude of, numerous, countless, innumerable

导致：contribute to, be attributed to, account for, be responsible for

许多的：plentiful, abundant, a large variety of.

影响类必备词汇：

影响：influence, effect, impact

influence: A influence B

effects/impact: A have/exert/impose some profound effects upon B

带来／造成：bring about, impose, exert

积极的：positive

消极的：negative

好坏：the good and bad, upside and downside, benefits and drawbacks

中间段模板：

1.Looking deep into(perceiving, analyzing, scrutinizing, probing into) this issue, we may easily find out that there are several factors/reasons/causes involved.

Firstly, ....Secondly, ....

To begin with, … In addition, …

Initially, … Meanwhile, …

2 While examining this issue in the multifaceted

approach/way/manner , we may identify that this issue is exerting some apparent effects on the society as a whole. First,....Additionally, ....

中间段思路（即填空部分，填空部分的语言质量是得分要点，关键在于选词和用词）

教育类／生活方式类话题思路：

1 physical/physiological 身lead a sedentary lifestyle,（Firstly, the overuse of mobile phones negatively influences users’ physical fitness. inadequate physical exercises/activities, the lack of physical exercises, unhealthy dietary habits/preference

2 mental 心 (be less likely to, fail to, be unable to do, be incapable of doing,ignore, overlook, dismiss ) psychological health, an optimistic attitude toward life, an active attitude toward challenge and difficulties, convey positive energy, be

self-disciplined, be self-controlled, be responsible, be reliable,be trustworthy, be cooperative, be tolerant, be empathetic; `

3 intellectual 识(知，认知）

The overall/average intellectual level is

relatively/comparatively low/high,

increase the intellectual level, literacy level, respect and share the social values/social value system 社会现象类题目分析

科技，环境，就业，慈善/爱心等话题思路，人的行为和社会现象的综合题目

1 economic 经济

2 academic/technological 技术

3 cultural 文化（pattern of thinking and behavior, 衣食住行思。Tradition, customs, values)

4 environment 环境（physical environment, human environment) environmental factors

填空部分可能用到的“正反”两方向的动词：

无法（原因类）:fail to, be unable to..

有助于（影响类）：help to do, be helpful to do sth, assist sb in doing sth

形成，孕育／培养，促进，导致，发展，繁荣；establish, build up, set up;

cultivate, nurture,

foster, enhance, promote,

trigger, cause,

develop, advance, (career)

Prosper, flourish, thrive

破坏，摧毁，阻碍，危害，限制，禁止,消除

Destroy, damage

destruct, demolish

Block, hinder, impede,

jeopardize, hazard,

Restrict, limit,

Bar, ban, prohibit,

Eliminate, get rid of

(eliminate poverty, eliminate illiteracy,

Mitigate, bridge the gap between the rich and the poor)

细节补充词汇表达：

经济类：economic growth/development, economic boom, economic recession, good/favorable economic policies, employment rate, more/inadequate government

funding/sponsorship, attract more overseas investment, stimulate domestic demands;\

科技类：technological advance, technological innovation, alter people's lifestyle, provide people with great comfort and convenience, improve people's standards of living, be widely applied in different fields/sectors;

环境类：environmental factors, natural environment, degraded environment, impleted underground water, serious soil erosion, overuse of pesticide and fertilizer, modern agriculture, intensive farming, overgrazing，

atmosphere;

生活方式：maintain/keep a healthy lifestyle, moderate amount of smoking and alcohol, healthy diet, balanced diet, consume little meat yet more vegetables and fruits, avoid processed food and genetically-modified plants, adequate physical exercises;

抽象类话题的中间段落：

1 该主题在生活中的表现；（Without a shadow of doubt, this quality/spirit/attitude/approach/practice may influence a person's future development, like his career or prospect, no matter what kind of people he is.

2 重复该主题的意义，可以写一到两点，针对社会和个人两个层面；（宽泛分析）

3 举例说明这个主题的价值或意义（具体支持）例子可以个体化也可以集体化(Those who....; Take ...as an example. In the political/economic/entertainment field, ...)

4( 总结概括该主题)