陈正康老师新四级高分写作讲义
大学英语作文是衡量学生英语综合水平和应用能力的一个重要指标，也是大学四级考试的一个重要内容。在整个四级卷面（满分为710分）中占全部分值的15%， 考生在这一部分的得分直接决定其四级成绩。因此写好一篇文章对参加四级考试的学生来说可谓至关重要，不容轻视。大学英语四级新题型考试第一部分是写作，写作写得如何会直接影响以后的做题。短文写得得心应手，对后面的答题可起到事半功倍的作用，否则就有可能功亏一篑。四级写作的体裁包括说明文、议论文和应用文。写作的素材或要求可以是中文、英文和图表。写作字数在120字以上，写作的时间为30分钟，但你应留少量时间作最后的检查。写作既考查你的思考判断能力，也考查你的表达能力。因此，你应对一些校园、社会新闻和常识有一定的认识和见解，并能够有层次地、结构完整地在文章中清楚表达你的观点。
4.1 写作难点分析
4.1.1 难点一：主观判分，有所影响
不可否认，四级考试是目前国内各种英语测试中规模很大、公信度较高、科学性和客观性较强的一种，能够较客观地考察出一个人的实际英语能力。但写作仍然是四级考试中主观性较大的部分，存在主观判卷的弊端。虽然考官依据四级作文评分标准进行阅卷，但由于前文所述的考官在判卷中的弱点、盲点，人为因素不可避免。
考生在考试时应该明确作文的评分标准，根据大纲规定，短文的评分标准是：1.正确表达思想；2.意义连贯；3.无重大语法错误。
这三者是互补的，但又各有侧重。为评分的方便，国家考题组又将评分原则归纳为八个字，即“总体评分”和“综合评判”，并作了相应的解释。前者指的是“阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分”。后者指的是“要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而确切地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍，用词和造句是否清楚确切地表达思想”。
4.1.2难点二：体裁多样，难度较大
它既有书信作文，演讲稿，图表作文，也有议论文写作。字数要求也是国内英语测试中较多的，30分钟要求考生写一篇150字的短文。书信作文、议论文等尚能有章可循，然而图表作文却无从下手。这是因为国内各个层次的英语教学甚少涉及图表作文，并且要写好图表作文，不仅需要良好的英语语言能力，同时还应具备相应的分析、归纳能力。
4.1.3.难点三：老题新出，千变万化
四级作文有完善的出题套路，往往通过换关键词的方式可以旧瓶装新酒，老树开新花。请看下面几道考
题：
例1：1995年1月四级作文真题
Directions: for this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic can money buy happiness? you should write no less than 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in chinese) below:
1.有人认为金钱是幸福之本（source of happiness）
2.也有人认为金钱是万恶之源（root of all evil）
3.我的看法
例2: 1996年1月四级作文真题
Directions: for this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic the two-day weekend. you should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline (given in chinese) below:
1. 双休日给大学生带来的好处
2. 双休日可能给大学生带来的问题
3. 我应该怎样过好双休日
例3：1999年6月四级作文真题
Directions: for this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic reading selectively or extensively? you should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in chinese) below:
1. 有人认为读书要有选择
2. 有人认为应当博览群书
3. 我的看法
只要细看片刻就能发现这三道题如出一辙，提纲的结构实质上是完全相同的，不难想像，在写这些题目时定有套路可循。
不少四级考生“谈作文即色变”就是因为就题论题，不识庐山真面目。四级作文题目虽然充满变数，但万变不离其宗，考官不可能随心所欲得出新题或更新题库。与其上下求索，苦苦积攒上百道变化莫测的题目，不如勤于总结，牢牢记住以上几条题目变化的法则。
许多学生习惯于用汉语思维方式来进行英文写作，不善于开门见山，缺乏中心句（thesis statement）和主题句（topic sentence）的意识，谈了许多还未谈到主题，还未等到他们一步一步地从次要观点的阐述过渡到主要论点，时间已过去大半，不得不匆忙得出结论而收尾，作文也因此失分惨重。
4.2 写作技巧
总体来看学会写主题段和主题句，遵循外国人的“线性思维模式”。从全篇来看，一般的议论文大多都分为三大部分，即提出问题、分析问题、解决问题，四级作文也不例外，三部分缺一不可。文章的第一段落应是主题段，简单介绍了文章的大体思路。之后的段落要按逻辑顺序展开，这是因为结构的完整还包括结构的合理性，就像说明文有说明顺序一样，议论文的结构分布同样应该掌握一个递进深入的顺序。从每段来看，第一句应是主题句，表达了本段的中心思想，其后的每一个观点都应围绕这个中心展开。所有扩展句都紧扣主题。一般应在段首就亮出主题句，避免主题句放在段
中或段末从而无法明显辨别引起混乱。具体来讲，考生应做到：
第一： 卷面整洁，书写清楚。
第二： 构思简单，少犯错误。
第三： 中心突出，层次分明。
从近几年的四级考试作文看来，尽管实用性提高了，但行文大多可以套用“中心句＋1、2、3”模式。即每段第一句是topic sentence，改编自该段相对应的提纲，后面的1、2、3是衔接词，每个1、2、3后接分支观点。这种表达，中心突出，层次分明，同时也节省了考生构思结构的麻烦。衔接词是文章逻辑关系的体现，所以不妨尽可能多的使用。比如，“起”的过渡词：nowadays, at present, first of all, firstly；“承”的过渡词：second, besides, moreover, furthermore, obviously, in addition, in other words；“转”的过渡词：however, on the other hand, but, instead, conversely；“合”的过渡词：therefore, so, as a result, in short, in brief, in a word, in conclusion。
真题回放
以下为2006年6月新四级作文题及其范文，提纲如下：
1、有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课老师
2、学生选择老师时所考虑的主要因素是……
3、学生自选任课老师的益处及可能产生的问题
Nowadays, there is a general discussion today about the issue of some changes on campus. Particularly, students in universities have optional choices on their teachers.
A number of factors are responsible for decisions in choosing teachers. For one thing, the character of a lecturer plays a significant role in this issue, which means the teacher should meet the learners’ taste. For another thing, opinions from other students are likely to bring effects on the decision. In other words, we are possibly influenced by negative or positive words from others.
Obviously, there is no consensus of opinions among people as to the view of this matter. On the one hand, students are treated better than before. On the other hand, some top teachers will be ignored, if they are not able to please the market. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that further attention will be paid to this matter.
第四：固定经典，名言注目。
比如，用于文章开头的句子：
1、 When it comes to …, people’s opinions differ.
2、 There is a public discussion today about ……
3、 There is no consensus of opinions among people as to the view of
用于文章结尾的句子：
1、 it is high time that we take measures to …
2、 judging from all evidence offered, we may safely come to the conclusion that …
3、 all the evidence points to the fact that …
4、 It is essential that effective measures should be taken to control this situation.
用于阐释原因的句子：
1、 Some reasons are responsible for this.
2、 There are lots of reasons for the dramatic gro
wth/decrease. First, … Second, … Finally, …
3、 The phenomenon/change in … mainly results from the fact that …
4、 One may regard the phenomenon as a sign of …
第五：重在变化，宁简勿滥。
特别提示：在写作中要尽量忌讳：第一、忌讳盲目。盲目相信所谓“秘宗”或“内部透露试卷”，四、六级考试是科学性较高的国内英文考试，在日益提高安全性的前提下，漏题的机会几乎没有。第二、忌讳只看不练。只看题目或只构思，而不动手练习。四、六级考试的作文部分是考查学生对英语的主动应用能力，所以考生至少在考前一个月应该动手练习，主要以历年真题的写作题目为复习资料，写完之后自己再对照范文进行修改，记下范文中的经典句子及衔接词，以备考场上使用。
4.3 真题演练
通过2005年12月四级范文， Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourist？
1. 名校校园正成为旅游新热点
2. 校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同
3. 我认为…
首先，谋篇布局与结构模板。
第一段：提出问题或现象。
Nowadays, … … have become one of the popular … …. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that … ….
第二段：正反列举人们的看法。
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to … …? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for … … in that … …. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, … … will have negative effect on … … because it will not only do harm to … … but also to … ….
第三段：摆明自己观点。
In my opinion, … … is not a good thing. … … With the increasing … …, it will ruin … ….
经典再现
Nowadays, many famous university campuses have become one of the popular tourist attractions. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of middle school students visit Tsing Hua University and Peking University and other famous universities in China. In the place far away from the capital city, the local students also visit the universities famous in their own province.
So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to open the university campus for tourists? Different people have different opinions. On one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing for the students to visit the famous university campus in that it can enable the middle students to get more information about the university and they can have enough time and opportunity to prepare themselves with the chance to get into the university. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the public tourism will have negative effect on the universities because i
t will not only do harm to the environment but also to the intellectual atmosphere.
In my opinion, the tourism to the universities is not a good thing. The campus is mainly a place for study. With the increasing tourism on the campus, it will ruin the spiritual atmosphere in this learning field.
照猫画虎
2005年12月范文中的模板结构仿写了2006年12月的四级作文：
1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜看春节晚会
2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会
3. 我的看法
Nowadays, the Spring Festival Evening has become one of the popular topic and attractions during every traditional New Year’s Eve. It has been shown on TV and on the radio that every year thousands and thousands of Chinese people appear to be accustomed to enjoying the sights and sounds of a brilliant feast, while gathering with their beloved family.
However, an increasing number of people have voiced different opinions towards it. So far as the present situation is concerned, is it a good or bad thing to cancel the Spring Festival Evening? Different people have different opinions. On the one hand, some people argued that it is a good thing to amuse the audience in that it is composed by a numerous adequate programs, such as the emotional song, the graceful dance, the funny short sketch, the amusing comic dialogue, the delightful magic, and the marvelous acrobatics and so on. On the other hand, some people hold a negative view about this phenomenon. In their opinion, the Spring Festival Evening will have negative effect on the family harmony because it will not only do harm to having the talks between family members on the Spring Festival Eve but also to enjoying the gourmet meal in a fancy restaurant.
In my opinion, the Spring Festival Evening is a good thing. It may not remain a must for all people, but it can bring us a strong sense of festivity and serve as an alternative among the variety of holiday activities. With the increasing audience of the Spring Festival Evening, it will ruin a distinctive culture during the Spring Festival vacation.
作业2010年6月真题
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Due Attention Should Be Given To Spelling. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:
1. 如今不少学生在英语学习中不重视拼写
2. 出现这种情况的原因
3. 为了改变这种状况，我认为…
Due Attention Should Be Given To Spelling
作业2009年12月真题
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Creating a Green Campus. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:
1. 建设绿色校园很重要
2. 绿色校园不仅指绿色的环境……
3. 为了建设绿色校园，我们应该……
Creating a Green Campus