巴黎协议2015.12 英文版(联合国气候框架公约FCCC)
GE.15-21932(E)
*1521932*
Conference of the Parties
Twenty-first session
Paris, 30 November to 11 December 2015
Agenda item 4(b)
Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (decision 1/CP.17)
Adoption of a protocol, another legal instrument, or an
agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention
applicable to all Parties
ADOPTION OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT
Proposal by the President
Draft decision -/CP.21
The Conference of the Parties,
Recalling decision 1/CP.17 on the establishment of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action,
Also recalling Articles 2, 3 and 4 of the Convention,
Further recalling relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties, including decisions 1/CP.16, 2/CP.18, 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20,
Welcoming the adoption of United Nations General Assembly resolution A/RES/70/1, “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustaina ble Development”, in
particular its goal 13, and the adoption of the Addis Ababa Action Agenda of the third
International Conference on Financing for Development and the adoption of the Sendai
Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction,
Recognizing that climate change represents an urgent and potentially irreversible threat to human societies and the planet and thus requires the widest possible cooperation
by all countries, and their participation in an effective and appropriate international
response, with a view to accelerating the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions,
Also recognizing that deep reductions in global emissions will be required in order to achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention and emphasizing the need for urgency
in addressing climate change,
Acknowledging that climate change is a common concern of humankind, Parties should, when taking action to address climate change, respect, promote and consider their
respective obligations on human rights, the right to health, the rights of indigenous peoples,
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United Nations FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1
Distr.: Limited
12 December 2015
Original: English
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local communities, migrants, children, persons with disabilities and people in vulnerable situations and the right to development, as well as gender equality, empowerment of women and intergenerational equity,
Also acknowledging the specific needs and concerns of developing country Parties arising from the impact of the implementation of response measures and, in this regard, decisions 5/CP.7, 1/CP.10, 1/CP.16 and 8/CP.17,
Emphasizing with serious concern the urgent need to address the significant gap between the aggregate effect of Parties’ mitigation pledges in terms of global annual emissions of greenhouse gases by 2020 and aggregate emission pathways consistent with holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels,
Also emphasizing that enhanced pre‐2020 ambition can lay a solid foundation for enhanced post‐2020 ambition,
Stressing the urgency of accelerating the implementation of the Convention and its Kyoto Protocol in order to enhance pre-2020 ambition,
Recognizing the urgent need to enhance the provision of finance, technology and capacity-building support by developed country Parties, in a predictable manner, to enable enhanced pre-2020 action by developing country Parties,
Emphasizing the enduring benefits of ambitious and early action, including major reductions in the cost of future mitigation and adaptation efforts,
Acknowledging the need to promote universal access to sustainable energy in developing countries, in particular in Africa, through the enhanced deployment of renewable energy,
Agreeing to uphold and promote regional and international cooperation in order to mobilize stronger and more ambitious climate action by all Parties and non-Party stakeholders, including civil society, the private sector, financial institutions, cities and other subnational authorities, local communities and indigenous peoples,
I. ADOPTION
1.Decides to adopt the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (hereinafter referred to as “the Agreement”) as contained in the annex;
2.Requests the Secretary-General of the United Nations to be the Depositary of the
Agreement and to have it open for signature in New York, United States of America, from
22 April 2016 to 21 April 2017;
3.Invites the Secretary-General to convene a high-level signature ceremony for the
Agreement on 22 April 2016;
4.Also invites all Parties to the Convention to sign the Agreement at the ceremony to
be convened by the Secretary-General, or at their earliest opportunity, and to deposit their respective instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, where appropriate, as soon as possible;
5. Recognizes that Parties to the Convention may provisionally apply all of the
provisions of the Agreement pending its entry into force, and requests Parties to provide notification of any such provisional application to the Depositary;
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6. Notes that the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for
Enhanced Action, in accordance with decision 1/CP.17, paragraph 4, has been completed;
7. Decides to establish the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement under the
same arrangement, mutatis mutandis, as those concerning the election of officers to the
Bureau of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action;1
8. Also decides that the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement shall prepare
for the entry into force of the Agreement and for the convening of the first session of the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement;
9. Further decides to oversee the implementation of the work programme resulting
from the relevant requests contained in this decision;
10. Requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement to report regularly to
the Conference of the Parties on the progress of its work and to complete its work by the
first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the
Paris Agreement;
11. Decides that the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement shall hold its
sessions starting in 2016 in conjunction with the sessions of the Convention subsidiary
bodies and shall prepare draft decisions to be recommended through the Conference of the
Parties to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris
Agreement for consideration and adoption at its first session;
II. INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS
12.Welcomes the intended nationally determined contributions that have been
communicated by Parties in accordance with decision 1/CP.19, paragraph 2(b);
13.Reiterates its invitation to all Parties that have not yet done so to communicate to the
secretariat their intended nationally determined contributions towards achieving the
objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 as soon as possible and well in
advance of the twenty-second session of the Conference of the Parties (November 2016)
and in a manner that facilitates the clarity, transparency and understanding of the intended
nationally determined contributions;
14. Requests the secretariat to continue to publish the intended nationally determined
contributions communicated by Parties on the UNFCCC website;
15.Reiterates its call to developed country Parties, the operating entities of the
Financial Mechanism and any other organizations in a position to do so to provide support
for the preparation and communication of the intended nationally determined contributions
of Parties that may need such support;
16.Takes note of the synthesis report on the aggregate effect of intended nationally
determined contributions communicated by Parties by 1 October 2015, contained in
document FCCC/CP/2015/7;
17.Notes with concern that the estimated aggregate greenhouse gas emission levels in
2025 and 2030 resulting from the intended nationally determined contributions do not fall
within least-cost 2 ?C scenarios but rather lead to a projected level of 55 gigatonnes in
2030, and also notes that much greater emission reduction efforts will be required than
those associated with the intended nationally determined contributions in order to hold the
increase in the global average temperature to below 2 ?C above pre-industrial levels by
1Endorsed by decision 2/CP.18, paragraph 2.
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reducing emissions to 40 gigatonnes or to 1.5 ?C above pre-industrial levels by reducing to
a level to be identified in the special report referred to in paragraph 21 below;
18.Also notes, in this context, the adaptation needs expressed by many developing
country Parties in their intended nationally determined contributions;
19.Requests the secretariat to update the synthesis report referred to in paragraph 16
above so as to cover all the information in the intended nationally determined contributions communicated by Parties pursuant to decision 1/CP.20 by 4 April 2016 and to make it available by 2 May 2016;
20.Decides to convene a facilitative dialogue among Parties in 2018 to take stock of the
collective efforts of Parties in relation to progress towards the long-term goal referred to in Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Agreement and to inform the preparation of nationally determined contributions pursuant to Article 4, paragraph 8, of the Agreement;
21. Invites the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to provide a special report in
2018 on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways;
III. DECISIONS TO GIVE EFFECT TO THE AGREEMENT
M ITIGATION
22. Invites Parties to communicate their first nationally determined contribution no later
than when the Party submits its respective instrument of ratification, accession, or approval
of the Paris Agreement. If a Party has communicated an intended nationally determined
contribution prior to joining the Agreement, that Party shall be considered to have satisfied
this provision unless that Party decides otherwise;
23. Urges those Parties whose intended nationally determined contribution pursuant to
decision 1/CP.20 contains a time frame up to 2025 to communicate by 2020 a new
nationally determined contribution and to do so every five years thereafter pursuant to
Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Agreement;
24. Requests those Parties whose intended nationally determined contribution pursuant
to decision 1/CP.20 contains a time frame up to 2030 to communicate or update by 2020
these contributions and to do so every five years thereafter pursuant to Article 4, paragraph
9, of the Agreement;
25. Decides that Parties shall submit to the secretariat their nationally determined
contributions referred to in Article 4 of the Agreement at least 9 to 12 months in advance of
the relevant meeting of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties
to the Paris Agreement with a view to facilitating the clarity, transparency and
understanding of these contributions, including through a synthesis report prepared by the
secretariat;
26. Requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement to develop further
guidance on features of the nationally determined contributions for consideration and
adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris
Agreement at its first session;
27. Agrees that the information to be provided by Parties communicating their
nationally determined contributions, in order to facilitate clarity, transparency and
understanding, may include, as appropriate, inter alia, quantifiable information on the
reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year), time frames and/or periods for
implementation, scope and coverage, planning processes, assumptions and methodological
approaches including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas
FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1 emissions and, as appropriate, removals, and how the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious, in the light of its national circumstances, and
how it contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its
Article 2;
28. Requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement to develop further
guidance for the information to be provided by Parties in order to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of nationally determined contributions for consideration
and adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the
Paris Agreement at its first session;
29.Also requests the Subsidiary Body for Implementation to develop modalities and procedures for the operation and use of the public registry referred to in Article 4,
paragraph 12, of the Agreement, for consideration and adoption by the Conference of the
Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session;
30. Further requests the secretariat to make available an interim public registry in the
first half of 2016 for the recording of nationally determined contributions submitted in accordance with Article 4 of the Agreement, pending the adoption by the Conference of the
Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement of the modalities and procedures referred to in paragraph 29 above;
31. Requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement to elaborate, drawing
from approaches established under the Convention and its related legal instruments as appropriate, guidance for accounting for Parties’ nationally determined contribution s, as
referred to in Article 4, paragraph 13, of the Agreement, for consideration and adoption by
the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at
its first session, which ensures that:
(a) Parties account for anthropogenic emissions and removals in accordance with methodologies and common metrics assessed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change and adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties
to the Paris Agreement;
(b) Parties ensure methodological consistency, including on baselines, between
the communication and implementation of nationally determined contributions;
(c) Parties strive to include all categories of anthropogenic emissions or
removals in their nationally determined contributions and, once a source, sink or activity is
included, continue to include it;
(d) Parties shall provide an explanation of why any categories of anthropogenic
emissions or removals are excluded;
32. Decides that Parties shall apply the guidance mentioned in paragraph 31 above to
the second and subsequent nationally determined contributions and that Parties may elect to
apply such guidance to their first nationally determined contribution;
33. Also decides that the Forum on the Impact of the Implementation of response measures, under the subsidiary bodies, shall continue, and shall serve the Agreement;
34. Further decides that the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice
and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation shall recommend, for consideration and
adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session, the modalities, work programme and functions of the Forum
on the Impact of the Implementation of response measures to address the effects of the implementation of response measures under the Agreement by enhancing cooperation
amongst Parties on understanding the impacts of mitigation actions under the Agreement
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6and the exchange of information, experiences, and best practices amongst Parties to raise their resilience to these impacts;*
36. Invites Parties to communicate, by 2020, to the secretariat mid-century, long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 19, of the Agreement, and requests the secretariat to publish on the UNFCCC website Parties’ low greenhouse gas emission development strategies as communicated; 37. Requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice to develop and recommend the guidance referred to under Article 6, paragraph 2, of the Agreement for adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session, including guidance to ensure that double counting is avoided on the basis of a corresponding adjustment by Parties for both anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks covered by their nationally determined contributions under the Agreement;
38. Recommends that the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement adopt rules, modalities and procedures for the mechanism established by Article 6, paragraph 4, of the Agreement on the basis of:
(a) Voluntary participation authorized by each Party involved;
(b) Real, measurable, and long-term benefits related to the mitigation of climate change;
(c) Specific scopes of activities;
(d) Reductions in emissions that are additional to any that would otherwise occur;
(e) Verification and certification of emission reductions resulting from mitigation activities by designated operational entities;
(f) Experience gained with and lessons learned from existing mechanisms and approaches adopted under the Convention and its related legal instruments;
39. Requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice to develop and recommend rules, modalities and procedures for the mechanism referred to in paragraph 38 above for consideration and adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session;
40. Also requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice to undertake a work programme under the framework for non-market approaches to sustainable development referred to in Article 6, paragraph 8, of the Agreement, with the objective of considering how to enhance linkages and create synergy between, inter alia, mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology transfer and capacity-building, and how to facilitate the implementation and coordination of non-market approaches;
41. Further requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice to recommend a draft decision on the work programme referred to in paragraph 40 above, taking into account the views of Parties, for consideration and adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session;
A DAPTATION
* Paragraph 35 has been deleted, and subsequent paragraph numbering and cross references to other paragraphs within the document will be amended at a later stage.
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42. Requests the Adaptation Committee and the Least Developed Countries Expert
Group to jointly develop modalities to recognize the adaptation efforts of developing
country Parties, as referred to in Article 7, paragraph 3, of the Agreement, and make
recommendations for consideration and adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving
as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session;
43. Also requests the Adaptation Committee, taking into account its mandate and its
second three-year workplan, and with a view to preparing recommendations for
consideration and adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the
Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session:
(a) To review, in 2017, the work of adaptation-related institutional arrangements
under the Convention, with a view to identifying ways to enhance the coherence of their
work, as appropriate, in order to respond adequately to the needs of Parties;
(b) To consider methodologies for assessing adaptation needs with a view to
assisting developing countries, without placing an undue burden on them;
44. Invites all relevant United Nations agencies and international, regional and national
financial institutions to provide information to Parties through the secretariat on how their
development assistance and climate finance programmes incorporate climate-proofing and
climate resilience measures;
45. Requests Parties to strengthen regional cooperation on adaptation where appropriate
and, where necessary, establish regional centres and networks, in particular in developing
countries, taking into account decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 13;
46. Also requests the Adaptation Committee and the Least Developed Countries Expert
Group, in collaboration with the Standing Committee on Finance and other relevant
institutions, to develop methodologies, and make recommendations for consideration and
adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris
Agreement at its first session on:
(a) Taking the necessary steps to facilitate the mobilization of support for
adaptation in developing countries in the context of the limit to global average temperature
increase referred to in Article 2 of the Agreement;
(b) Reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation and support referred
to in Article 7, paragraph 14(c), of the Agreement;
47. Further requests the Green Climate Fund to expedite support for the least developed
countries and other developing country Parties for the formulation of national adaptation
plans, consistent with decisions 1/CP.16 and 5/CP.17, and for the subsequent
implementation of policies, projects and programmes identified by them;
L OSS AND DAMAGE
48. Decides on the continuation of the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and
Damage associated with Climate Change Impacts, following the review in 2016;
49. Requests the Executive Committee of the Warsaw International Mechanism to
establish a clearinghouse for risk transfer that serves as a repository for information on
insurance and risk transfer, in order to facilitate the efforts of Parties to develop and
implement comprehensive risk management strategies;
50. Also requests the Executive Committee of the Warsaw International Mechanism to
establish, according to its procedures and mandate, a task force to complement, draw upon
the work of and involve, as appropriate, existing bodies and expert groups under the
Convention including the Adaptation Committee and the Least Developed Countries Expert
Group, as well as relevant organizations and expert bodies outside the Convention, to
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8develop recommendations for integrated approaches to avert, minimize and address displacement related to the adverse impacts of climate change;
51. Further requests the Executive Committee of the Warsaw International Mechanism to initiate its work, at its next meeting, to operationalize the provisions referred to in paragraphs 49 and 50 above, and to report on progress thereon in its annual report;
52. Agrees that Article 8 of the Agreement does not involve or provide a basis for any liability or compensation;
F INANCE
53. Decides that, in the implementation of the Agreement, financial resources provided
to developing countries should enhance the implementation of their policies, strategies,
regulations and action plans and their climate change actions with respect to both
mitigation and adaptation to contribute to the achievement of the purpose of the Agreement
as defined in Article 2;
54. Also decides that, in accordance with Article 9, paragraph 3, of the Agreement,
developed countries intend to continue their existing collective mobilization goal through
2025 in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation;
prior to 2025 the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris
Agreement shall set a new collective quantified goal from a floor of USD 100 billion per
year, taking into account the needs and priorities of developing countries;
55. Recognizes the importance of adequate and predictable financial resources,
including for results-based payments, as appropriate, for the implementation of policy
approaches and positive incentives for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest
degradation, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and
enhancement of forest carbon stocks; as well as alternative policy approaches, such as joint
mitigation and adaptation approaches for the integral and sustainable management of
forests; while reaffirming the importance of non-carbon benefits associated with such
approaches; encouraging the coordination of support from, inter alia, public and private,
bilateral and multilateral sources, such as the Green Climate Fund, and alternative sources
in accordance with relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties;
56. Decides to initiate, at its twenty-second session, a process to identify the information
to be provided by Parties, in accordance with Article 9, paragraph 5, of the Agreement with
the view to providing a recommendation for consideration and adoption by the Conference
of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first
session;
57. Also decides to ensure that the provision of information in accordance with Article
9, paragraph 7 of the Agreement shall be undertaken in accordance with modalities,
procedures and guidelines referred to in paragraph 96 below;
58. Requests Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice to develop
modalities for the accounting of financial resources provided and mobilized through public
interventions in accordance with Article 9, paragraph 7, of the Agreement for consideration
by the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-fourth session (November 2018), with the
view to making a recommendation for consideration and adoption by the Conference of the
Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session;
59. Decides that the Green Climate Fund and the Global Environment Facility, the
entities entrusted with the operation of the Financial Mechanism of the Convention, as well
as the Least Developed Countries Fund and the Special Climate Change Fund, administered
by the Global Environment Facility, shall serve the Agreement;
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60. Recognizes that the Adaptation Fund may serve the Agreement, subject to relevant
decisions by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto
Protocol and the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris
Agreement;
61. Invites the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the
Kyoto Protocol to consider the issue referred to in paragraph 60 above and make a
recommendation to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the
Paris Agreement at its first session;
62. Recommends that the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties
to the Paris Agreement shall provide guidance to the entities entrusted with the operation of
the Financial Mechanism of the Convention on the policies, programme priorities and
eligibility criteria related to the Agreement for transmission by the Conference of the
Parties;
63. Decides that the guidance to the entities entrusted with the operations of the
Financial Mechanism of the Convention in relevant decisions of the Conference of the
Parties, including those agreed before adoption of the Agreement, shall apply mutatis
mutandis;
64. Also decides that the Standing Committee on Finance shall serve the Agreement in
line with its functions and responsibilities established under the Conference of the Parties;
65. Urges the institutions serving the Agreement to enhance the coordination and
delivery of resources to support country-driven strategies through simplified and efficient
application and approval procedures, and through continued readiness support to
developing country Parties, including the least developed countries and small island
developing States, as appropriate;
T ECHNOLOGY D EVELOPMENT A ND T RANSFER
66.Takes note of the interim report of the Technology Executive Committee on
guidance on enhanced implementation of the results of technology needs assessments as
referred to in document FCCC/SB/2015/INF.3;
67. Decides to strengthen the Technology Mechanism and requests the Technology
Executive Committee and the Climate Technology Centre and Network, in supporting the
implementation of the Agreement, to undertake further work relating to, inter alia:
(a) Technology research, development and demonstration;
(b) The development and enhancement of endogenous capacities and
technologies;
68.Requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice to initiate, at
its forty-fourth session (May 2016), the elaboration of the technology framework
established under Article 10, paragraph 4, of the Agreement and to report on its findings to
the Conference of the Parties, with a view to the Conference of the Parties making a
recommendation on the framework to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting
of the Parties to the Paris Agreement for consideration and adoption at its first session,
taking into consideration that the framework should facilitate, inter alia:
(a) The undertaking and updating of technology needs assessments, as well as
the enhanced implementation of their results, particularly technology action plans and
project ideas, through the preparation of bankable projects;
(b) The provision of enhanced financial and technical support for the
implementation of the results of the technology needs assessments;
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(c) The assessment of technologies that are ready for transfer;
(d) The enhancement of enabling environments for and the addressing of barriers to the development and transfer of socially and environmentally sound technologies;
69.Decides that the Technology Executive Committee and the Climate Technology Centre and Network shall report to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement, through the subsidiary bodies, on their activities to support the implementation of the Agreement;
70. Also decides to undertake a periodic assessment of the effectiveness of and the adequacy of the support provided to the Technology Mechanism in supporting the implementation of the Agreement on matters relating to technology development and transfer;
71. Requests the Subsidiary Body for Implementation to initiate, at its forty-fourth session , the elaboration of the scope of and modalities for the periodic assessment referred to in paragraph 70 above, taking into account the review of the Climate Technology Centre and Network as referred to in decision 2/CP.17, annex VII, paragraph 20 and the modalities for the global stocktake referred to in Article 14 of the Agreement, for consideration and adoption by the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-fifth session (November 2019);
C APACITY-BUILDING
72. Decides to establish the Paris Committee on Capacity-building whose aim will be to
address gaps and needs, both current and emerging, in implementing capacity-building in
developing country Parties and further enhancing capacity-building efforts, including with
regard to coherence and coordination in capacity-building activities under the Convention;
73. Also decides that the Paris Committee on Capacity-building will manage and
oversee the work plan mentioned in paragraph 74 below;
74. Further decides to launch a work plan for the period 2016–2020 with the following
activities:
(a) Assessing how to increase synergies through cooperation and avoid
duplication among existing bodies established under the Convention that implement
capacity-building activities, including through collaborating with institutions under and
outside the Convention;
(b) Identifying capacity gaps and needs and recommending ways to address
them;
(c) Promoting the development and dissemination of tools and methodologies for
the implementation of capacity-building;
(d) Fostering global, regional, national and subnational cooperation;
(e) Identifying and collecting good practices, challenges, experiences, and
lessons learned from work on capacity-building by bodies established under the
Convention;
(f) Exploring how developing country Parties can take ownership of building
and maintaining capacity over time and spac e;
(g) Identifying opportunities to strengthen capacity at the national, regional, and
subnational level;
(h) Fostering dialogue, coordination, collaboration and coherence among
relevant processes and initiatives under the Convention, including through exchanging
FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1 information on capacity-building activities and strategies of bodies established under the Convention;
(i) Providing guidance to the secretariat on the maintenance and further development of the web-based capacity-building portal;
75. Decides that the Paris Committee on Capacity-building will annually focus on an
area or theme related to enhanced technical exchange on capacity-building, with the
purpose of maintaining up-to-date knowledge on the successes and challenges in building
capacity effectively in a particular area;
76. Requests the Subsidiary Body for Implementation to organize annual in-session
meetings of the Paris Committee on Capacity-building;
77. Also requests the Subsidiary Body for Implementation to develop the terms of
reference for the Paris Committee on Capacity-building, in the context of the third comprehensive review of the implementation of the capacity-building framework, also
taking into account paragraphs 75, 76, 77 and 78 above and paragraphs 82 and 83 below,
with a view to recommending a draft decision on this matter for consideration and adoption
by the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-second session;
78. Invites Parties to submit their views on the membership of the Paris Committee on
Capacity-building by 9 March 2016;2
79. Requests the secretariat to compile the submissions referred to in paragraph 78
above into a miscellaneous document for consideration by the Subsidiary Body for Implementation at its forty-fourth session;
80. Decides that the inputs to the Paris Committee on Capacity-building will include,
inter alia, submissions, the outcome of the third comprehensive review of the implementation of the capacity-building framework, the s ecretariat’s annual synthesis
report on the implementation of the framework for capacity-building in developing countries, the s ecretariat’s compilation and synthesis report on capacity-building work of
bodies established under the Convention and its Kyoto Protocol, and reports on the Durban
Forum and the capacity-building portal;
81. Requests the Paris Committee on Capacity-building to prepare annual technical
progress reports on its work, and to make these reports available at the sessions of the
Subsidiary Body for Implementation coinciding with the sessions of the Conference of the
Parties;
82. Also requests the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-fifth session (November
2019), to review the progress, need for extension, the effectiveness and enhancement of the
Paris Committee on Capacity-building and to take any action it considers appropriate, with
a view to making recommendations to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting
of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at its first session on enhancing institutional arrangements for capacity-building consistent with Article 11, paragraph 5, of the Agreement;
83. Calls upon all Parties to ensure that education, training and public awareness, as
reflected in Article 6 of the Convention and in Article 12 of the Agreement are adequately considered in their contribution to capacity-building;
84. Invites the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the
Paris Agreement at its first session to explore ways of enhancing the implementation of
2Parties should submit their views via the submissions portal at
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12training, public awareness, public participation and public access to information so as to enhance actions under the Agreement;
T RANSPARENCY OF ACTION AND SUPPORT
85. Decides to establish a Capacity-building Initiative for Transparency in order to build
institutional and technical capacity, both pre- and post-2020. This initiative will support
developing country Parties, upon request, in meeting enhanced transparency requirements
as defined in Article 13 of the Agreement in a timely manner;
86. Also decides that the Capacity-building Initiative for Transparency will aim:
(a) To strengthen national institutions for transparency-related activities in line
with national priorities;
(b) To provide relevant tools, training and assistance for meeting the provisions
stipulated in Article 13 of the Agreement;
(c) To assist in the improvement of transparency over time;
87. Urges and requests the Global Environment Facility to make arrangements to
support the establishment and operation of the Capacity-building Initiative for
Transparency as a priority reporting-related need, including through voluntary contributions
to support developing countries in the sixth replenishment of the Global Environment
Facility and future replenishment cycles, to complement existing support under the Global
Environment Facility;
88. Decides to assess the implementation of the Capacity-building Initiative for
Transparency in the context of the seventh review of the financial mechanism;
89. Requests that the Global Environment Facility, as an operating entity of the financial
mechanism include in its annual report to the Conference of the Parties the progress of
work in the design, development and implementation of the Capacity-building Initiative for
Transparency referred to in paragraph 85 above starting in 2016;
90. Decides that, in accordance with Article 13, paragraph 2, of the Agreement,
developing countries shall be provided flexibility in the implementation of the provisions of
that Article, including in the scope, frequency and level of detail of reporting, and in the
scope of review, and that the scope of review could provide for in-country reviews to be
optional, while such flexibilities shall be reflected in the development of modalities,
procedures and guidelines referred to in paragraph 92 below;
91. Also decides that all Parties, except for the least developed country Parties and small
island developing States, shall submit the information referred to in Article 13, paragraphs
7, 8, 9 and 10, as appropriate, no less frequently than on a biennial basis, and that the least
developed country Parties and small island developing States may submit this information
at their discretion;
92. Requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement to develop
recommendations for modalities, procedures and guidelines in accordance with Article 13,
paragraph 13, of the Agreement, and to define the year of their first and subsequent review
and update, as appropriate, at regular intervals, for consideration by the Conference of the
Parties, at its twenty-fourth session, with a view to forwarding them to the Conference of
the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement for adoption at its
first session;
FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1 93. Also requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement in developing the recommendations for the modalities, procedures and guidelines referred to in paragraph 92
above to take into account, inter alia:
(a) The importance of facilitating improved reporting and transparency over
time;
(b) The need to provide flexibility to those developing country Parties that need
it in the light of their capacities;
(c) The need to promote transparency, accuracy, completeness, consistency, and comparability;
(d) The need to avoid duplication as well as undue burden on Parties and the secretariat;
(e) The need to ensure that Parties maintain at least the frequency and quality of
reporting in accordance with their respective obligations under the Convention;
(f) The need to ensure that double counting is avoided;
(g) The need to ensure environmental integrity;
94. Further requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement, when developing the modalities, procedures and guidelines referred to in paragraph 92 above, to
draw on the experiences from and take into account other on-going relevant processes
under the Convention;
95. Requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement, when developing modalities, procedures and guidelines referred to in paragraph 92 above, to consider, inter
alia:
(a) The types of flexibility available to those developing countries that need it on
the basis of their capacities;
(b) The consistency between the methodology communicated in the nationally determined contribution and the methodology for reporting on progress made towards
achieving individual Parties’ respective nation ally determined contribution;
(c) That Parties report information on adaptation action and planning including,
if appropriate,their national adaptation plans, with a view to collectively exchanging information and sharing lessons learned;
(d) Support provided, enhancing delivery of support for both adaptation and
mitigation through, inter alia, the common tabular formats for reporting support, and taking
into account issues considered by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological
Advice on methodologies for reporting on financial information, and enhancing the
reporting by developing countries on support received, including the use, impact and
estimated results thereof;
(e) Information in the biennial assessments and other reports of the Standing Committee on Finance and other relevant bodies under the Convention;
(f) Information on the social and economic impact of response measures;
96. Also requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement, when developing recommendations for modalities, procedures and guidelines referred to in paragraph 92
above, to enhance the transparency of support provided in accordance with Article 9 of the Agreement;
97. Further requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement to report on
the progress of work on the modalities, procedures and guidelines referred to in paragraph
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1492 above to future sessions of the Conference of the Parties, and that this work be concluded no later than 2018;
98. Decides that the modalities, procedures and guidelines developed under paragraph 92 above, shall be applied upon the entry into force of the Paris Agreement;
99. Also decides that the modalities, procedures and guidelines of this transparency framework shall build upon and eventually supersede the measurement, reporting and verification system established by decision 1/CP.16, paragraphs 40 to 47 and 60 to 64, and decision 2/CP.17, paragraphs 12 to 62, immediately following the submission of the final biennial reports and biennial update reports;
G LOBAL STOCKTAKE
100. Requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement to identify the sources
of input for the global stocktake referred to in Article 14 of the Agreement and to report to
the Conference of the Parties, with a view to the Conference of the Parties making a
recommendation to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the
Paris Agreement for consideration and adoption at its first session, including, but not
limited to:
(a) Information on:
(i) The overall effect of the nationally determined contributions communicated
by Parties;
(ii) The state of adaptation efforts, support, experiences and priorities from the
communications referred to in Article 7, paragraphs 10 and 11, of the Agreement,
and reports referred to in Article 13, paragraph 7, of the Agreement;
(iii) The mobilization and provision of support;
(b) The latest reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change;
(c) Reports of the subsidiary bodies;
101. Also requests the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice to
provide advice on how the assessments of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
can inform the global stocktake of the implementation of the Agreement pursuant to its
Article 14 of the Agreement and to report on this matter to the Ad Hoc Working Group on
the Paris Agreement at its second session;
102. Further requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement to develop
modalities for the global stocktake referred to in Article 14 of the Agreement and to report
to the Conference of the Parties, with a view to making a recommendation to the
Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement for
consideration and adoption at its first session;
F ACILITATIN
G IMPLEMENTATION AND COMPLIANCE
103. Decides that the committee referred to in Article 15, paragraph 2, of the Agreement
shall consist of 12 members with recognized competence in relevant scientific, technical,
socio-economic or legal fields, to be elected by the Conference of the Parties serving as the
meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement on the basis of equitable geographical
representation, with two members each from the five regional groups of the United Nations
and one member each from the small island developing States and the least developed
countries, while taking into account the goal of gender balance;
104. Requests the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris Agreement to develop the
modalities and procedures for the effective operation of the committee referred to in Article
15, paragraph 2, of the Agreement, with a view to the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris
FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1 Agreement completing its work on such modalities and procedures for consideration and
adoption by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris
Agreement at its first session;
F INAL C LAUSES
105. Also requests the secretariat, solely for the purposes of Article 21 of the Agreement,
to make available on its website on the date of adoption of the Agreement as well as in the
report of the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-first session, information on the most
up-to-date total and per cent of greenhouse gas emissions communicated by Parties to the
Convention in their national communications, greenhouse gas inventory reports, biennial
reports or biennial update reports;
IV. ENHANCED ACTION PRIOR TO 2020
106.Resolves to ensure the highest possible mitigation efforts in the pre-2020 period,
including by:
(a) Urging all Parties to the Kyoto Protocol that have not already done so to
ratify and implement the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol;
(b) Urging all Parties that have not already done so to make and implement a
mitigation pledge under the Cancun Agreements;
(c) Reiterating its resolve, as set out in decision 1/CP.19, paragraphs 3 and 4, to
accelerate the full implementation of the decisions constituting the agreed outcome
pursuant to decision 1/CP.13 and enhance ambition in the pre-2020 period in order to
ensure the highest possible mitigation efforts under the Convention by all Parties;
(d) Inviting developing country Parties that have not submitted their first biennial
update reports to do so as soon as possible;
(e) Urging all Parties to participate in the existing measurement, reporting and
verification processes under the Cancun Agreements, in a timely manner, with a view to
demonstrating progress made in the implementation of their mitigation pledges;
107. Encourages Parties to promote the voluntary cancellation by Party and non-Party
stakeholders, without double counting of units issued under the Kyoto Protocol, including
certified emission reductions that are valid for the second commitment period;
108. Urges host and purchasing Parties to report transparently on internationally
transferred mitigation outcomes, including outcomes used to meet international pledges,
and emission units issued under the Kyoto Protocol with a view to promoting
environmental integrity and avoiding double counting;
109. Recognizes the social, economic and environmental value of voluntary mitigation
actions and their co-benefits for adaptation, health and sustainable development;
110. Resolves to strengthen, in the period 2016–2020, the existing technical examination
process on mitigation as defined in decision 1/CP.19, paragraph 5(a), and decision 1/CP.20,
paragraph 19, taking into account the latest scientific knowledge, including by:
(a) Encouraging Parties, Convention bodies and international organizations to
engage in this process, including, as appropriate, in cooperation with relevant non-Party
stakeholders, to share their experiences and suggestions, including from regional events,
and to cooperate in facilitating the implementation of policies, practices and actions
identified during this process in accordance with national sustainable development
priorities;
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16
(b) Striving to improve, in consultation with Parties, access to and participation in this process by developing country Party and non-Party experts;
(c) Requesting the Technology Executive Committee and the Climate Technology Centre and Network in accordance with their respective mandates:
(i) To engage in the technical expert meetings and enhance their efforts
to facilitate and support Parties in scaling up the implementation of policies,
practices and actions identified during this process;
(ii) To provide regular updates during the technical expert meetings on the
progress made in facilitating the implementation of policies, practices and
actions previously identified during this process;
(iii) To include information on their activities under this process in their
joint annual report to the Conference of the Parties;
(d) Encouraging Parties to make effective use of the Climate Technology Centre and Network to obtain assistance to develop economically, environmentally and socially viable project proposals in the high mitigation potential areas identified in this process; 111. Encourages the operating entities of the Financial Mechanism of the Convention to engage in the technical expert meetings and to inform participants of their contribution to facilitating progress in the implementation of policies, practices and actions identified during the technical examination process;
112. Requests the secretariat to organize the process referred to in paragraph 110 above and disseminate its results, including by:
(a) Organizing, in consultation with the Technology Executive Committee and relevant expert organizations, regular technical expert meetings focusing on specific policies, practices and actions representing best practices and with the potential to be scalable and replicable;
(b) Updating, on an annual basis, following the meetings referred to in paragraph 112(a) above and in time to serve as input to the summary for policymakers referred to in paragraph 112(c) below, a technical paper on the mitigation benefits and co-benefits of policies, practices and actions for enhancing mitigation ambition, as well as on options for supporting their implementation, information on which should be made available in a user-friendly online format;
(c) Preparing, in consultation with the champions referred to in paragraph 122 below, a summary for policymakers, with information on specific policies, practices and actions representing best practices and with the potential to be scalable and replicable, and on options to support their implementation, as well as on relevant collaborative initiatives, and publishing the summary at least two months in advance of each session of the Conference of the Parties as input for the high-level event referred to in paragraph 121 below;
113. Decides that the process referred to in paragraph 110 above should be organized jointly by the Subsidiary Body for Implementation and the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and should take place on an ongoing basis until 2020;
114. Also decides to conduct in 2017 an assessment of the process referred to in paragraph 110 above so as to improve its effectiveness;
115. Resolves to enhance the provision of urgent and adequate finance, technology and capacity-building support by developed country Parties in order to enhance the level of ambition of pre-2020 action by Parties, and in this regard strongly urges developed country Parties to scale up their level of financial support, with a concrete roadmap to achieve the
FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1 goal of jointly providing USD 100 billion annually by 2020 for mitigation and adaptation
while significantly increasing adaptation finance from current levels and to further provide appropriate technology and capacity-building support;
116. Decides to conduct a facilitative dialogue in conjunction with the twenty-second
session of the Conference of the Parties to assess the progress in implementing decision
1/CP.19, paragraphs 3 and 4, and identify relevant opportunities to enhance the provision of
financial resources, including for technology development and transfer and capacity-
building support, with a view to identifying ways to enhance the ambition of mitigation
efforts by all Parties, including identifying relevant opportunities to enhance the provision
and mobilization of support and enabling environments;
117. Acknowledges with appreciation the results of the Lima-Paris Action Agenda, which
build on the climate summit convened on 23 September 2014 by the Secretary-General of
the United Nations;
118. Welcomes the efforts of non-Party stakeholders to scale up their climate actions, and encourages the registration of those actions in the Non-State Actor Zone for Climate
Action platform;3
119. Encourages Parties to work closely with non-Party stakeholders to catalyse efforts
to strengthen mitigation and adaptation action;
120. Also encourages non-Party stakeholders to increase their engagement in the
processes referred to in paragraph 110 above and paragraph 125 below;
121. Agrees to convene, pursuant to decision 1/CP.20, paragraph 21, building on the
Lima-Paris Action Agenda and in conjunction with each session of the Conference of the
Parties during the period 2016–2020, a high-level event that:
(a) Further strengthens high-level engagement on the implementation of policy
options and actions arising from the processes referred to in paragraph 110 above and
paragraph 125 below, drawing on the summary for policymakers referred to in paragraph
112(c) above;
(b) Provides an opportunity for announcing new or strengthened voluntary
efforts, initiatives and coalitions, including the implementation of policies, practices and
actions arising from the processes referred to in paragraph 110 above and paragraph 125
below and presented in the summary for policymakers referred to in paragraph 112(c)
above;
(c) Takes stock of related progress and recognizes new or strengthened voluntary
efforts, initiatives and coalitions;
(d) Provides meaningful and regular opportunities for the effective high-level engagement of dignitaries of Parties, international organizations, international cooperative
initiatives and non-Party stakeholders;
122. Decides that two high-level champions shall be appointed to act on behalf of the
President of the Conference of the Parties to facilitate through strengthened high-level engagement in the period 2016–2020 the successful execution of existing efforts and the
scaling-up and introduction of new or strengthened voluntary efforts, initiatives and coalitions, including by:
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18
(a) Working with the Executive Secretary and the current and incoming Presidents of the Conference of the Parties to coordinate the annual high-level event referred to in paragraph 121 above;
(b) Engaging with interested Parties and non-Party stakeholders, including to further the voluntary initiatives of the Lima-Paris Action Agenda;
(c) Providing guidance to the secretariat on the organization of technical expert meetings referred to in paragraph 112(a) above and paragraph 130(a) below;
123. Also decides that the high-level champions referred to in paragraph 122 above should normally serve for a term of two years, with their terms overlapping for a full year to ensure continuity, such that:
(a) The President of the Conference of the Parties of the twenty-first session should appoint one champion, who should serve for one year from the date of the appointment until the last day of the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-second session;
(b) The President of the Conference of the Parties of the twenty-second session should appoint one champion who should serve for two years from the date of the appointment until the last day of the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-third session (November 2017);
(c) Thereafter, each subsequent President of the Conference of the Parties should appoint one champion who should serve for two years and succeed the previously appointed champion whose term has ended;
124. Invites all interested Parties and relevant organizations to provide support for the work of the champions referred to in paragraph 122 above;
125. Decides to launch, in the period 2016 2020, a technical examination process on adaptation;
126. Also decides that the technical examination process on adaptation referred to in paragraph 125 above will endeavour to identify concrete opportunities for strengthening resilience, reducing vulnerabilities and increasing the understanding and implementation of adaptation actions;
127. Further decides that the technical examination process referred to in paragraph 125 above should be organized jointly by the Subsidiary Body for Implementation and the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, and conducted by the Adaptation Committee;
128. Decides that the process referred to in paragraph 125 above will be pursued by:
(a) Facilitating the sharing of good practices, experiences and lessons learned;
(b) Identifying actions that could significantly enhance the implementation of adaptation actions, including actions that could enhance economic diversification and have mitigation co-benefits;
(c) Promoting cooperative action on adaptation;
(d) Identifying opportunities to strengthen enabling environments and enhance the provision of support for adaptation in the context of specific policies, practices and actions;
129. Also decides that the technical examination process on adaptation referred to in paragraph 125 above will take into account the process, modalities, outputs, outcomes and lessons learned from the technical examination process on mitigation referred to in paragraph 110 above;
FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1 130. Requests the secretariat to support the technical examination process referred to in
paragraph 125 above by:
(a) Organizing regular technical expert meetings focusing on specific policies,
strategies and actions;
(b) Preparing annually, on the basis of the meetings referred to in paragraph
130(a) above and in time to serve as an input to the summary for policymakers referred to
in paragraph 112(c) above, a technical paper on opportunities to enhance adaptation action,
as well as options to support their implementation, information on which should be made
available in a user-friendly online format;
131. Decides that in conducting the process referred to in paragraph 125 above, the
Adaptation Committee will engage with and explore ways to take into account, synergize
with and build on the existing arrangements for adaptation-related work programmes,
bodies and institutions under the Convention so as to ensure coherence and maximum
value;
132. Also decides to conduct, in conjunction with the assessment referred to in paragraph
120 above, an assessment of the process referred to in paragraph 125 above, so as to
improve its effectiveness;
133. Invites Parties and observer organizations to submit information on the opportunities
referred to in paragraph 126 above by 3 February 2016;
V. NON-PARTY STAKEHOLDERS
134.Welcomes the efforts of all non-Party stakeholders to address and respond to climate
change, including those of civil society, the private sector, financial institutions, cities and
other subnational authorities;
135.Invites the non-Party stakeholders referred to in paragraph 134 above to scale up
their efforts and support actions to reduce emissions and/or to build resilience and decrease
vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate change and demonstrate these efforts via the
Non-State Actor Zone for Climate Action platform4 referred to in paragraph 118 above;
136. Recognizes the need to strengthen knowledge, technologies, practices and efforts of
local communities and indigenous peoples related to addressing and responding to climate
change, and establishes a platform for the exchange of experiences and sharing of best
practices on mitigation and adaptation in a holistic and integrated manner;
137. Also recognizes the important role of providing incentives for emission reduction
activities, including tools such as domestic policies and carbon pricing;
VI. ADMINISTRATIVE AND BUDGETARY MATTERS
138. Takes note of the estimated budgetary implications of the activities to be undertaken
by the secretariat referred to in this decision and requests that the actions of the secretariat
called for in this decision be undertaken subject to the availability of financial resources;
139. Emphasizes the urgency of making additional resources available for the
implementation of the relevant actions, including actions referred to in this decision, and
the implementation of the work programme referred to in paragraph 9 above;
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20140. Urges Parties to make voluntary contributions for the timely implementation of this decision.
巴黎气候协议最终草案
巴黎气候协议最终草案 巴黎气候变化大会当地时间5日中午提交了巴黎气候协议最终草案。这份草案是下周各国部长级官员进一步磋商的基础。 从草案内容看,巴黎气候变化大会的成果将由一份“核心协议”和一些“大会决议”组成。巴黎气候协议将包括各国2020年后应对气候变化行动的相关原则、框架和规则,而大会决议则包括落实相关协议的一些细节安排。 这份协议草案共21页,包括目标、减缓、适应、损失损害、技术发展与转让、能力建设、透明度等26个大条目。与今年年初在瑞士日内瓦形成的近100页谈判案文相比,这份草案的整体结构和语言更加清晰、不同议题的选项更加明确。
中国气候谈判首席代表苏伟说,经过长时间努力,各国最终形成这样一份草案“可喜可贺”,但目前还有若干分歧需要弥合。这份草案为下一周各国部长级官员磋商提供了坚实基础,其中的分歧需要各方继续共同努力,尽快寻找解决方案。 目前,各方的主要分歧包括如何在协议各要素中落实“共同但有区别的责任”原则,发达国家在2020年后如何继续向发展中国家提供支持等。在减排行动长期目标、各国自主行动计划提交周期、盘点机制等细节安排上,各方也有不同立场。 巴黎气候协议应是《联合国气候变化框架公约》下第二份有法律约束力的文件。与该《公约》下第一份法律文件《京都议定书》相比,巴黎气候协议在行动机制上有所创新,将以“自下而上”的“自主贡献”为主。各方期望这样的安排能够鼓励更多国家参与,提高全球应对气候变化行动的力度。
为解决“自主贡献”不足以在本世纪末将全球气温升幅控制在2摄氏度以内的问题,巴黎气候协议将设定一项逐渐提高力度的机制,通过定期盘点和更新“自主贡献”的方式逐步引导全球向低碳、绿色发展方向转变。 在大会开幕后的第一周谈判中,各方尚未就主要分歧作出让步,很多问题将由部长级官员于下周在政治层面推动解决。 苏伟说,首周的谈判进展虽仍旧艰难,但总体来讲效果不错。下一周,各方应在此基础上进一步协商沟通,相向而行,尽快找到解决方案。 巴黎气候变化大会预计本月11日闭幕。法国外交部长、大会主席法比尤斯在多个场合表示,希望各方能以建设性态度推进谈判,在11日按时达成一项新的全球气候协议。
联合国气候变化框架公约
GE. 04-60818 (C) 080404 130404 联合国 气候变化框架公 约 附属履行机构 第二十届会议 2004年6月16日至25日,波恩 临时议程项目8(b) 执行《公约》第四条第8款和第9款 与最不发达国家有关的问题 最不发达国家专家组的进展报告 秘书处的说明 概 要 最不发达国家专家组第五次会议于2004年3月22日至24日在莫桑比克马普托举行。这是专家组第二任期的第一次会议,主要讨论如何制订2004-2005两年期综合工作计划。
FCCC/SBI/2004/3 page 2 目 录 段 次 页 次 一、导 言............................................................................. 1 - 4 3 A. 任 务...................................................................... 1 - 3 3 B. 本说明的范围 (4) 3 二、业务问题 (5) 3 三、最不发达国家专家组2004-2005年工作计划................... 6 - 27 4 A. 能力建设需要........................................................... 8 - 16 4 B. 促进多边环境协定之间的协同合作 (17) 5 C. 促进区域协同合作.................................................... 18 - 20 6 D. 国家适应行动方案的执行战略................................. 21 - 23 6 E. 附加说明的最不发达国家专家组指南............................24 - 25 7 F. 推广和提高意识活动................................................ 26 - 27 7 附 件 最不发达国家专家组的组成 (8)
联合国气候变化框架公约历次会议介绍.
《联合国气候变化框架公约》会议 《联合国气候变化框架公约》(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,简称《框架公约》,英文缩写UNFCCC 是1992年5月22日联合国政府间谈判委员会就气候变化问题达成的公约,于1992年6月4日在巴西里约热内卢举行的联合国环发大会(地球首脑会议)上通过。 《联合国气候变化框架公约》是世界上第一个为全面控制二氧化碳等温室气体排放,以应对全球气候变暖给人类经济和社会带来不利影响的国际公约,也是国际社会在对付全球气候变化问题上进行国际合作的一个基本框架。 公约于1994年3月21日正式生效。截至2004年5月,公约已拥有189个缔约方。 公约由序言及26条正文组成。这是一个有法律约束力的公约,旨在控制大气中二氧化碳、甲烷和其他造成“温室效应”的气体的排放,将温室气体的浓度稳定在使气候系统免遭破坏的水平上。 公约对发达国家和发展中国家规定的义务以及履行义务的程序有所区别。公约要求发达国家作为温室气体的排放大户,采取具体措施限制温室气体的排放,并向发展中国家提供资金以支付他们履行公约义务所需的费用。而发展中国家只承担提供温室气体源与温室气体汇的国家清单的义务,制订并执行含有关于温室气体源与汇方面措施的方案,不承担有法律约束力的限控义务。公约建立了一个向发展中国家提供资金和技术,使其能够履行公约义务的资金机制。 1995年联合国气候变化框架公约第1次缔约方大会 1995年4月7日,为期11天的联合国《气候变化框架公约》缔约方第一届会议在德国柏林国际会议中心闭幕,会议通过了《柏林授权书》等文件。文件认为,现有《气候变化框架公约》所规定的义务是不充分的,同意立即开始谈判,就2000年后应该采取何种适当的行动来保护气候进行磋商,以期最迟于1997年签订
联合国气候变化框架公约
《联合国气候变化框架公约》(英语:U nited N ations F ramework C onvention on C limate C hange,UNFCCC或FCCC)是一个国际公约,于1992年5月在纽约联合国总部通过,1992年6月在巴西里约热内卢召开的有世界各国政府首脑参加的联合国环境与发展会议期间开放签署。1994年3月21日,该公约生效。 该公约缔约方自1995年起每年召开缔约方会议(Conferences of the Parties,COP)以评估应对气候变化的进展。1997年,《京都议定书》达成,使温室气体减排成为发达国家的法律义务。按照2007年通过的《巴厘路线图》的规定,2009年在哥本哈根召开的缔约方会议第十五届会议将诞生一份新的《哥本哈根议定书》,以取代2012年到期的《京都议定书》。 气候变化谈判,走过风云变幻20年 气候变化谈判历程和南非德班气候大会展望 气候变化是人类面临的严峻挑战,必须各国共同应对。自1992年《联合国气候变化框架公约》诞生以来,各国围绕应对气候变化进行了一系列谈判,这些谈判表面上是为了应对气候变暖,本质上还是各国经济利益和发展空间的角逐。 政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)评估结果表明:全球气候正在变暖,而导致变暖的原因主要是人类燃烧化石能源和毁林开荒等行为向大气排放大量温室气体,导致大气温室气体浓度升高,加剧温室效应的结果。据美国国家大气和海洋管理局(NOAA)最新报告,全球大气中二氧化碳平均浓度已由工业革命前的280ppm(ppm:百万分之一)左右升高到了2010年的389ppm。 政府间气候变化专门委员会历次评估报告还在不断地警醒国际社会,应当尽快大幅减少温室气体排放。否则,全球气温升高将导致海平面上升、粮食减产、传染病增加、水资源短缺、濒危物种灭绝等严重后果,对自然生态系统和人类社会产生相当不利的影响。因此,必须积极行动起来,应对气候变暖。 气候谈判走过风云变幻20年 从1992年启动气候谈判以来,气候谈判总体呈现发达国家和发展中国家两大阵营对立的格局,这种格局目前尚未发生重大变化。但与此同时,全球温室气体排放格局却发生了相当大的变化。根据国际能源署的相关报告,1990年全球化石能源总排放约为201亿吨二氧化碳当量,其中,发达国家占68%,发展中国家占32%;2008年全球化石能源总排放为284亿吨二氧化碳当量,其中,发达国家占51%,发展中国家占49%。从国别看,到2000年,25个主要排放国排放量约占全球总排放量的83%,其中,美国、中国、欧盟、印度、俄罗斯合计约占全球总排放量的60%。中国在1992年的排放量约占全球的11%,2008年则占全球的23%,位居世界第一。从排放趋势看,发达国家历史排放量多,当前和未来排放量总体呈下降趋势;发展中国家历史排放量少、当前和未来呈增加趋势。全球排放格局的变化,在很大程度上导致了发达国家和发展中国家在谁先减排、减多少、怎样减,以及如何提供资金、提供气候友好型技术支持发展中国家减缓等问题上,展开了激烈争论,短期内很难达成一致,并进一步导致了发达国家和发展中国家两大阵营内部谈判力量的分化组合。 1992年《联合国气候变化框架公约》诞生 为了促使各国共同应对气候变暖,在1990年IPCC发布了第一次气候变化评估报告后不久,1990年12月21日,第45届联合国大会通过第212号决议,决定设立气候变化框架公约政府间谈判委员会。这个委员会成立后共举行了6次谈判,1992年5月9日在纽约通过了《联合国气候变化框架公约》(简称《公约》),同年6月在巴西里约热内卢召开的首届联合国环境与发展大会上,提交参会各国签署。1994年3月21日《公约》正式生效。 《公约》的主要目标是控制大气温室气体浓度升高,防止由此导致的对自然和人类生态系统带来的不利影响。《公约》还根据大气中温室气体浓度升高主要是发达国家早先排放的结果这一事实,明确规定了
历届巴黎气候大会主要内容有哪些
历届巴黎气候大会主要内容有哪些 按照气候谈判的计划,巴黎气候大会是继2009年后又一重要时 间节点,将完成2020年后国际气候机制的谈判,制定出一份新的全 球气候协议,以确保强有力的全球减排行动。因此,巴黎大会也是 近几年来最为重要的一次。 与6年前相比,最大的不同在于气候谈判模式已发生根本性转变:自上而下“摊牌式”的强制减排已被自下而上的“国家自主贡献” 所取代。目前,全球已经有160个国家向联合国气候变化框架公约 秘书处提交了“国家自主减排贡献”文件,这些国家碳排放量达到 全球排放量的90%。此举让各国在减排承诺方面握有自主权和灵活性,谈判压力骤然减小。其次,大国合作意愿更为强烈。中国与美国、欧盟、巴西、印度等已就气候变化签署了多项双边声明,提前 化解了此前纠缠谈判进展的诸多分歧。中美之间还总结了2009年哥 本哈根大会上公开争论影响谈判气氛的教训,通过双边对话增加理解,避免在谈判场合相互指责。再者,气候科学认知更深入。联合 国在2013—2014年发布了第五次气候变化科学评估报告,对全球变 暖受到人类活动影响的可能性由上次报告的“非常高”(概率在90% 以上)调高至“极高”(概率在95%以上)。最后,主办国和国际社会 都在思考哥本哈根的教训,对谈判的期望值更趋理性务实。 来自195个国家以及欧盟的代表将出席此次大会,各方的代表团人数总计将达到1万人。全球近2000个非政府组织也将参加巴黎气 候大会,非政府组织的代表人数将达1.4万人。 大会注册记者数量已超过3000人。 预计巴黎气候大会举办期间,巴黎的公交和地铁客流量每天将增加7万人次。 1992年的里约会议,全名里约联合国环境与发展大会,也叫地 球首脑会议,于1992年6月在巴西里约热内卢举行。
2、《联合国气候变化框架公约》
蓝体字是必看内容,红字是强调的内容。红色加粗的字体,是重中之重。请各位同学仔细看。在10.10之前看完就可以。至少要把11页开始的《气候变化框架公约》的概述看完。 《联合国气候变化框架公约》原文 本公约各缔约方, 承认地球气候的变化及其不利影响是人类共同关心的问题, 感到忧虑的是,人类活动已大幅增加大气中温室气体的浓度,这种增加增强了自然温室效应,平均而言将引起地球表面和大气进一步增温,并可能对自然生态系统和人类产生不利影响,注意到历史上和目前全球温室气体排放的最大部分源自发达国家;发展中国家的人均排放仍相对较低;发展中国家在全球排放中所占的份额将会增加,以满足其社会和发展需要, 意识到陆地和海洋生态系统中温室气体汇和库的作用和重要性, 注意到在气候变化的预测中,特别是在其时间、幅度和区域格局方面,有许多不确定性, 承认气候变化的全球性,要求所有国家根据其共同但有区别的责任和各自的能力及其社会和经济条件,尽可能开展最广泛的合作,并参与有效和适当的国际应对行动, 回顾1972年6月16日于斯德哥尔摩通过的《联合国人类环境会议宣言》的有关规定, 又回顾各国根据《联合国宪章》和国际法原则,拥有主权权利按自己的环境和发展政策开发自己的资源,也有责任确保在其管辖或按制范围内的活动不对其他国家的环境或国家管辖范围以外地区的环境造成损害, 重申在应付气候变化的国际合作中的国家主权原则, 认识到各国应当制定有效的立法;各种环境方面的标准、管理目标和优先顺序应当反映其所适用的环境和发展方面情况;并且有些国家所实行的标准对其他国家特别是发展中国家可能是不恰当的,并可能会使之承担不应有的经济和社会代价, 回顾联合国大会关于联合国环境与发展会议的1989年12月22日第44/228号决议的决定,以及关于为人类当代和后代保护全球气候的1988年12月6日第43/53号、1989年12月22日第44/207号、1990年12月21日第45/212号和1991年12月19日第46/169号决议, 又回顾联合国大会关于海平面上升对鸟屿和沿海地区特别是低洼沿海地区可能产生的不利影响的1989年12月22日第44/206号决议各项规定,以及联合国大会关于防治沙漠化行动计划实施情况的1989年12月19日第44/172号决议的有关规定, 并回顾1985年《保护臭氧层维也纳公约》和于1990年6月29日调整和修正的1987年《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》, 注意到1990年11月7日通过的第二次世界气候大会部长宣言, 意识到许多国家就气候变化所进行的有价值的分析工作,以及世界气象组织、联合国环境规划署和联合国系统的其他机关、组织和机构及其他国际和政府间机构对交换科学研究成果和协调研究工作所作的重要贡献, 认识到了解和应付气候变化所需的步骤只有基于有关的科学、技术和经济方面的考虑,并根据这些领域的新发现不断加以重新评价,才能在环境、社会和经济方面最为有效, 认识到应付气候变化的各种行动本身在经济上就能够是合理的,而且还能有助于解决其他环境问题, 又认识到发达国家有必要根据明确的优先顺序,立即灵活地采取行动,以作为形成考虑到所有温室气体并适当考虑它们对增强温室效应的相对作用的全球、国家和可能议定的区域性综合应对战略的第一步,
联合国气候变化框架公约
《联合国气候变化框架公约》京都议定书全文内容 联合国气候变化框架公约第三次缔约国会议于1997年12月10目在京都通过。 中国常驻联合国代表秦华孙代表中国政府。于1998年5月29日农联合国秘书处签署了该议定书。 本议定书缔约方, 作为《联合国气候变化框架公约》一以下简称《公约》一缔约方, 根据《公约》第二条所申明的最终目标, 忆及《公约》的规定, 在《公约》第三条的指导下, 按照《公约》缔约方会议第一届会议在第l/CP.l号决定中通过的“柏林授权”兹协议如下: 第一条 为本议定书之目的,应适用《公约》第一条中所载定义。此外: 1.“缔约方会议”指《公约》缔约方会议。 2.《公约》指1992年5月9日在纽约通过的《联合国气候变化框架公约》。 3.“政府间气候变化专门委员会”指世界气象组织和联合国环境规划署1988年联合设立的政府间气候变化专门委员会。 4.“蒙特利尔议定书”指1987年9月16日在蒙特利尔通过的、后来经调整和修订的《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》。 5.“出席并参加表决的缔约方”指出席会议并投票赞成或反对的缔约方。 6.“缔约方”指本议定书缔约方,除非案文中另有说明。
7.“附件一所列缔约方”指《公约》附件一所列缔约方。其中所列缔约方可由《公约》缔约方会议随后作出修正,或指根据《公约》第四条第2款(g)项作出通知的缔约方。 第二条 1.附件一所列每一缔约方,为履行第三条中关于排放量限制和削减指标的承诺以促进可持续发展,均应: (a) 根据本国情况执行和/或进一步精心制订政策和措施,诸如: 1.增强国家经济有关部门的能源效率; 2.保护和增强《蒙特利尔议定书》未予管制的温室气体的汇和库。同时考虑到其依有关 的国际环境协议作出的承诺;促进可持续森林管理做法、造林和重新造林; 3.在考虑到气候变化的情况下促进可持续农业形式; 4.促进、研究、发展和增加使用可再生能源、二氧化碳螯合技术和对环境无害的先进新 技术; 5.逐渐减少或逐步消除市场缺点、对违反《公约》目标和采用市场手段的所有温窒气体 排放部门的财政鼓励、免税攒施和补贴; 6.鼓励在有关部门作出适当改革,旨在促进用以限制或削减《蒙特利尔议定书》未予管 制的温室气体的排放的政策和做法; 7.采取措施在运输部门限制和/或削减《蒙特利尔议定书》未予管制的温室气体排放 8.在废物管理部门以及在能源的生产、运输和销售方面藉回收和使用以减少甲烷的排放; (b) 根据《公约》第四条第2款(e)项第(一)目,同其他这类缔约方合作增强它们依本条通过的政策和措施的个别和合并成效。为此目的。这些缔约方应采取步骤分享它们关于这些政策和措施的经验并交流信息。包括设法改进这些政策和措施的可比性、透明度和成效,作为本议定书缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议应在第一届会议上或在此后一旦实际可行时审议便利这种合作的方法,同时考虑到所有相关情况。 2.附件一所列缔约方应分别同国际民用航空组织和国际海事组织一起谋求限制或削减飞机和船舶用燃油产生的《蒙特利尔议定书》未予管制的温室气体的排放;
巴黎气候大会通过协议:控制温度升高在2度之内
看上去,这次人类抓住了“拯救自己的最后一次机会”,原定日程12天的巴黎气候变化大会(COP21)在“加时”1天后终于达成了具有法律约束力的全球性协议。当地时间12月12日,在巴黎北部市郊的布尔歇展览中心,法国外长、巴黎气候大会主席法比尤斯(左三)在大会上落锤,《联合国气候变化框架公约》近200个缔约方通过了新的全球气候协议,协定将为2020年后全球应对气候变化行动作出安排。 12月12日,在巴黎北部市郊的布尔歇展览中心,法国外交部长、巴黎气候变化大会主席法比尤斯(左三)在巴黎气候变化大会上落锤,标志着巴黎气候协议的达成。当日,《联合国气候变化框架公约》近200个缔约方在巴黎达成新的全球气候协议。 当晚,《联合国气候变化框架公约》(以下简称《公约》)196个缔约方一致同意通过《巴黎协定》。协定共29条,包括目标、减缓、适应、损失损害、资金、技术、能力建设、透明度、全球盘点等内容。 《巴黎协定》最关键的内容是,缔约各方将加强对气候变化威胁的全球应对,到2100年,把全球平均气温较工业化前水平升高控制在2摄氏度之内,并为把升温控制在1.5摄氏度之内而努力。全球将尽快实现温室气体排放达到峰值,并且在2050年到2100年之间实现人类活动排放与自然吸收之间的平衡。也就是说,在考虑到海洋和森林有能力吸收温室气体的情况下,本世纪下半页让地球的新温室气体排放总量为零。 上述目标意味着,从现在开始到2100年的全球气温上升将不得再超过1摄氏度。 在决议通过之前的最后一刻,许多与会国要求将气温升高的上限定在1.5摄氏度。因为如果气温上升2摄氏度,许多直接受到全球气温变暖影响的小岛屿国家就将被海水覆盖,或变得不宜居住。但相关国家的诉求最终未被采纳。气候保护协议的最终目标被定在1.5度到2度之间。 根据协定,各方将以“自主贡献”的方式参与全球应对气候变化行动。发达国家将继续带头减排,并加强对发展中国家的资金、技术和能力建设支持,帮助后者减缓和适应气候变化。发达国家承诺从2020年开始每年为此提供1000亿美元的拨款。在2025年之前,还会提高这笔拨款的额度。 协议还规定,从2023年开始,每5年将对全球行动总体进展进行一次盘点审查,以帮助各国提高力度、加强国际合作,实现全球应对气候变化长期目标。 协议规定,缔约各方有义务尽快减少温室气体的排放量,但也给予发展中国家更多的时间来实现这一目标。
联合国气候变化框架公约-unfccc
GE. 02-65241 (C) 120203 140203 联合国 Distr. GENERAL FCCC/SBSTA/2003/6 24 December 2002 CHINESE Original: ENGLISH 气候变化框架公约附属科学技术咨询机构 第十八届会议 2003年6月2日至13日,波恩 临时议程项目4 (d) 方 法 问 题 土地使用、土地使用的变化和林业:为了按照 《京都议定书》第十二条将造林和再造林活动 纳入第一承诺期拟订定义和模式 有关处理基准、额外性和渗漏问题的模式的备选办法文件 秘书处的说明 目 录 段 次 页 次 一、导 言………………......................................................... 1 - 6 3 A. 任 务…………………………................................... 1 - 3 3 B. 本说明的范围…………............................................. 4 - 5 4 C. 科技咨询机构可采取的行动 (6) 4
FCCC/SBSTA/2003/6 page 2 目录(续) 段次页次 16 4 - 二、与基准相关的问题 (7) 10 4 - A. 基准的范围 (7) B. 基准的方法…………................................................. 11 - 12 7 C. 基准的计算……………………………........................ 13 - 16 8 三、额外性……………………………………………................. 17 - 22 9 A. 额外性的定义…………………………………............. 17 - 18 9 B. 固碳量的计算………………………………................. 19 - 20 10 C. 固碳量的核查………………………………................. 21 - 22 11 四、渗漏……………………………………………..................... 23 - 30 12 A. 项目边界的定义………………………………............. 23 - 24 12 B. 渗漏的定义....................………………………………. 25 - 26 13 C. 渗漏的调整……………………………………............. 27 - 28 13 D. 渗漏的监测…………………………………................. 29 - 30 14 五、交叉的问题…………………………………………............. 31 - 38 15 A. 监测计划………………………………........................ 31 - 32 15 B. 监测计划的审定和实施………………………............. 33 - 34 16 C. 入计期……………………………................................ 35 - 38 17
联合国气候变化框架公约
联合国气候变化框架公约 】 【《公约》的制定】《联合国气候 变化框架公约》(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,简称《公约》)是1992年 5月在联合国纽约总部通过的,同年6月在巴西里约热内卢举行的联合国环境与发展大会期间正式开放签署。《公约》的最终目标是“将大气中温室气体的浓度稳定在防止气候系统受到危险的人为干扰的水平上”。 《公约》说:“感到忧虑的是,人类活动已大幅增加大气中温室气体的浓度,这种增加增强了自然温室效应,平均而言将引起地球表面和大气进一步增温,并可能对自然生态系统和人类产生不利影响。” 《公约》是世界上第一个为全面控制二氧化碳等温室气体排放,应对全球气候变暖给人类经济和社会带来不利影响的国际公约,也是国际社会在应对全球气候变化问题上进行国际合作的一个基本框架。目前已有192个国家批准了《公约》,这些国家被称为《公约》缔约方。此外,欧盟作为一个整体也是《公约》的一个缔约方。 《公约》缔约方作出了许多旨在解决气候变化问题的承诺。每个缔约方都必须定期提交专项报告,其内容必须包含该缔约方的温室气体排放信息,并说明为实施《公约》所执行的计划及具体措施。
《公约》于1994年3月生效,奠定了应对气候变化国际合作的法律基础,是具有权威性、普遍性、全面性的国际框架。 《公约》由序言及26条正文组成。它指出,历史上和目前全球温室气体排放的最大部分源自发达国家,发展中国家的人均排放仍相对较低,因此应对气候变化应遵循“共同但有区别的责任”原则。根据这个原则,发达国家应率先采取措施限制温室气体的排放,并向发展中国家提供有关资金和技术;而发展中国家在得到发达国家技术和资金支持下,采取措施减缓或适应气候变化。 【《公约》缔约方大会】 自1995年以来,《公约》缔约方大会每年召开一次。 第2至第6次缔约方大会分别在日内瓦、京都、布宜诺斯艾利斯、波恩和海牙举行。1997年12月,第3次缔约方大会在日本京都举行,会议通过了《京都议定书》,对2012年前主要发达国家减排温室气体的种类、减排时间表和额度等作出了具体规定。《京都议定书》于2005年开始生效。根据这份议定书,从2008年到2012年间,主要工业发达国家的温室气体排放量要在1990年的基础上平均减少5.2%,其中欧盟将6种温室气体的排放量削减8%,美国削减7%,日本削减6%。八国集团就长期减排目标达成一致 2000年11月份在海牙召开的第6次缔约方大会期间,世界上最大的温室气体排放国美国坚持要大幅度折扣它的减排指标,因而使会议陷入僵局,大会主办者不得不宣布休会,将会议延期到2001年7月在波恩继续举行。 2001年10月,第7次缔约方大会在摩洛哥马拉喀什举行。
中美联合声明 带头承诺签署巴黎气候协议
中美联合声明带头承诺签署巴黎气候协议 Obama and President Xi of China Vow to Sign Paris Climate Accord Promptly 中美联合声明,带头承诺签署巴黎气候协议 WASHINGTON — President Obama and President Xi Jinping of China said Thursday that they would sign the Paris Agreement on climate change on April 22, the first day the United Nations accord will be open for government signatures. 华盛顿——奥巴马总统和习近平主席周四表示,他们将于4月22日签署有关气候变化的《巴黎协议》(Paris Agreement)。当天是该联合国协议开放给各国政府签署的第一天。 Officials cast the announcement as a statement of joint resolve by the world’s two largest greenhouse gas polluters, even though there are doubts about whether the United States can meet its obligations under the agreement. 官员们表示,这个声明展示了世界上最大的两个温室气体排放国的共同决心,不过有些人怀疑,美国是否能承担起这个协议带来的义务。 In February, the Supreme Court temporarily blocked an Obama administration regulation to curb greenhouse gas pollution from power plants, the centerpiece of Mr. Obama’s climate change policy and the major way for the administration to meet its targets under the Paris accord. 今年2月,美国最高法院(Supreme Court)暂时阻止了奥巴马政府遏制发电厂排放温室气体的行政监管行动,那是奥巴马气候变化政策的核心,也是达成《巴黎协议》目标的主要方式。
联合国气候变化框架公约
联合国气候变化框架公约 本公约各缔约方, 承认地球气候的变化及其不利影响是人类共同关心的问题, 感到忧虑的是,人类活动已大幅增加大气中温室气体的浓度,这种增加增强了自然温室效应,平均而言将引起地球表面和大气进一步增温,并可能对自然生态系统和人类产生不利影响, 注意到历史上和目前全球温室气体排放的最大部分源自发达国家;发展中国家的人均排放仍相对较低;发展中国家在全球排放中所占的份额将会增加,以满足其社会和发展需要, 意识到陆地和海洋生态系统中温室气体汇和库的作用和重要性, 注意到在气候变化的预测中,特别是在其时间、幅度和区域格局方面,有许多不确定性, 承认气候变化的全球性,要求所有国家根据其共同但有区别的责任和各自的能力及其社会和经济条件,尽可能开展最广泛的合作,并参与有效和适当的国际应对行动, 回顾1972年6月16日于斯德哥尔摩通过的《联合国人类环境会议宣言》的有关规定, 又回顾各国根据《联合国宪章》和国际法原则,拥有主权权利按自己的环境和发展政策开发自己的资源,也有责任确保在其管辖或按制范围内的活动不对其他国家的环境或国家管辖范围以外地区的环境造成损害,重申在应付气候变化的国际合作中的国家主权原则, 认识到各国应当制定有效的立法;各种环境方面的标准、管理目标和优先顺序应当反映其所适用的环境和发展方面情况;并且有些国家所实行的标准对其他国家特别是发展中国家可能是不恰当的,并可能会使之承担不应有的经济和社会代价, 回顾联合国大会关于联合国环境与发展会议的1989年12月22日第 44/228号决议的决定,以及关于为人类当代和后代保护全球气候的1988年12月6日第43/53号、1989年12月22日第44/207号、1990年12月21日第45/212号和1991年12月19日第46/169号决议, 又回顾联合国大会关于海平面上升对鸟屿和沿海地区特别是低洼沿海地区可能产生的不利影响的1989年12月22日第44/206号决议各项规定,以及联合国大会关于防治沙漠化行动计划实施情况的1989年12月19日第44/172号决议的有关规定, 并回顾1985年《保护臭氧层维也纳公约》和于1990年6月29日调整和修正的1987年《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》,
莱昂纳多在联合国气候峰会的演讲(中英对照)
莱昂纳多在联合国气候峰会的演讲 Thank you, Mr. Secretary General, for the honor to address this body once more. And thanks to the distinguished climate leaders assembled here today who are ready to take action. 秘书长先生再次给我机会让我站在这里发言,各位卓越的气候领导人今天在联合国大会汇聚一堂准备开始采取行动。 body:团体;组织 President Abraham Lincoln was also thinking of bold action 150 years ago when he said: “The dogmas of the quiet past are inadequate to the stormy present…As our case is new, so we must think anew and act anew. We must disenthrall ourselves, and then w e shall save our country.” 150年前,亚伯拉罕·林肯总统也曾考虑过采取大胆的行动,他说:“那些属于宁静往日的教条已不足以应付风雨飘摇的现在,由于我们面临新的问题,我们要有新的思维、新的行动,我们必须打破自身的枷锁,才能拯救我们的国家。” dogma ['d?gm?] :教条,教理 disenthrall [,disin'θr?:l]:释放;解放 He was speaking before the U.S. Congress to confront the defining issue of his time – slavery. Everyone knew it had to end, but no one
巴黎协议2015.12 英文版(联合国气候框架公约FCCC)
GE.15-21932(E) *1521932* Conference of the Parties Twenty-first session Paris, 30 November to 11 December 2015 Agenda item 4(b) Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (decision 1/CP.17) Adoption of a protocol, another legal instrument, or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention applicable to all Parties ADOPTION OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT Proposal by the President Draft decision -/CP.21 The Conference of the Parties, Recalling decision 1/CP.17 on the establishment of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action, Also recalling Articles 2, 3 and 4 of the Convention, Further recalling relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties, including decisions 1/CP.16, 2/CP.18, 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20, Welcoming the adoption of United Nations General Assembly resolution A/RES/70/1, “Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustaina ble Development”, in particular its goal 13, and the adoption of the Addis Ababa Action Agenda of the third International Conference on Financing for Development and the adoption of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, Recognizing that climate change represents an urgent and potentially irreversible threat to human societies and the planet and thus requires the widest possible cooperation by all countries, and their participation in an effective and appropriate international response, with a view to accelerating the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions, Also recognizing that deep reductions in global emissions will be required in order to achieve the ultimate objective of the Convention and emphasizing the need for urgency in addressing climate change, Acknowledging that climate change is a common concern of humankind, Parties should, when taking action to address climate change, respect, promote and consider their respective obligations on human rights, the right to health, the rights of indigenous peoples, + United Nations FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1 Distr.: Limited 12 December 2015 Original: English
联合国气候变化框架公约京都议定书
标题:《联合国气候变化框架公约》京都议定书 【颁布日期】:1997-12-11 全文 本议定书各缔约方, 作为《联合国气候变化框架公约》(以下简称《公约》)缔约方, 为实现《公约》第二条所述的最终目标, 忆及《公约》的各项规定, 在《公约》第三条的指导下, 按照《公约》缔约方会议第一届会议在第1/CP.1号决定中通过的“柏林授权”,兹协议如下: 第一条为本议定书的目的,《公约》第一条所载定义应予适用。此外: 1.“缔约方会议”指《公约》缔约方会议。 2.“公约”指1992年5月9日在纽约通过的《联合国气候变化框架公约》。 3.“政府间气候变化专门委员会”指世界气象组织和联合国环境规划署1998年联合设立的政府间气候变化专门委员会。 4.“蒙特利尔议定书”指1987年9月16日在蒙特利尔通过、后经调整和修正的《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》。 5.“出席并参加表决的缔约方”指出席会议并投赞成票或反对票的缔约方。 6.“缔约方”指本议定书缔约方,除非文中另有说明。 7.“附件一所列缔约方”指《公约》附件一所列缔约方,包括可能作出的修正,或指根据《公约》第四条第2款(g)项作出通知的缔约方。 第二条1.附件一所列每一缔约方,在实现第三条所述关于其量化的限制和减少排放的承诺时,为促进可持续发展,应: (a)根据本国情况执行和/或进一步制订政策和措施,诸如: (一)增强本国经济有关部门的能源效率; (二)保护和增强《蒙特利尔议定书》未予管制的温室气体的汇和库,同时考虑到其依有关的国际环境协议作出的承诺;促进可持续森林管理的做法、造林和再造林; (三)在考虑到气候变化的情况下促进可持续农业方式; (四)研究、促进、开发和增加使用新能源和可再生的能源、二氧化碳固碳技术和有益于环境的先进的创新技术; (五)逐步减少或逐步消除所有的温室气体排放部门违背《公约》目标的市场缺陷、财政激励、税收和关税免除及补贴,并采用市场手段; (六)鼓励有关部门的适当改革,旨在促进用以限制或减少《蒙特利尔议定书》未予管制的温室气体的排放的政策和措施; (七)采取措施在运输部门限制和/或减少《蒙特利尔议定书》未予管制的温室气体排放;(八)通过废物管理及能源的生产、运输和分配中的回收和利用限制和/或减少甲烷排放;(b)根据《公约》第四条第2款(e)项第(一)目,同其它此类缔约方合作,以增强它们依本条通过的政策和措施的个别和合并的有效性。为此目的,这些缔约方应采取步骤分享它们关于这些政策和措施的经验并交流信息,包括设法改进这些政策和措施的可比性、透明度和有效性。作为本议定书缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议,应在第一届会议上或在此后一旦实际可行时,审议便利这种合作的方法,同时考虑到所有相关信息。 2.附件一所列缔约方应分别通过国际民用航空组织和国际海事组织作出努力,谋求限制或减少航空和航海舱载燃料产生的《蒙特利尔议定书》未予管制的温室气体的排放。 3.附件一所列缔约方应以下述方式努力履行本条中所指政策和措施,即最大限度地减少各种不利影响,包括对气候变化的不利影响、对国际贸易的影响,以及对其它缔约方??尤其是发展中国家缔约方和《公约》第四条第8款和第9款中所特别指明的那些缔约方的社会、环境和经济影响,同时考虑到《公约》第三条。作为本议定书缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议可以酌情采取进一步行动促进本款规定的实施。 4.作为本议定书缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议如断定就上述第1款(a)项中所指任何政策和措施进行协调是有益的,同时考虑到不同的国情和潜在影响,应就阐明协调这些政策和措施的方式和方法进行审议。 第三条1.附件一所列缔约方应个别地或共同地确保其在附件A中所列温室气体的人为二氧化碳当量排放总量不超过按照附件B中所载其量化的限制和减少排放的承诺和根据本条的规定
历年气候大会
1992年的里约会议,全名里约联合国环境与发展大会,也叫地球首脑会议,于 1992年6月在巴西里约热内卢举行。这次会议取得了一系列重要成果,其中一项便是通过了《气候变化框架公约》。该公约是1992年5月22日联合国政府间谈判委员会达成的,是世界上第一个应对全球气候变暖的国际公约,也是国际社会在应对全球气候变化问题上进行国际合作的一个基本框架。简单来说,以后召开的气候变化大会谈论的气候问题,都是以这个公约为基础的,而且该公约具有法律效力。该公约于1994年3月21日正式生效。截至2004年5月,公约已拥有189个缔约方。 1995年,第一次缔约方大会在德国柏林举行,之后缔约方每年都召开会议。1997年,第三次缔约方会议,举办地日本京都。会议通过《京都议定书》。 2001年10月,第七次缔约方会议,举办地摩洛哥马拉喀什。会议通过《马拉喀什协定》。 2005年,第11次缔约方会议,举办地加拿大蒙特利尔,会议通过《蒙特利尔路线图》。 2007年,第13次缔约方会议,举办地印度尼西亚巴厘岛,会议通过《巴厘岛路线图》。2008年联合国气候变化大会(2008年12月1日─12月12日)在波兰波兹南 举行,地点在波兹南国际会展中心,与会者有来自逾180个国家的代表与政府间和非政府组织的观察员,是《联合国气候变化纲要公约》缔约国的第14次会议,也是《京都议定书》缔约国的第4次会议。各与会国媒体多有发表对于此次会议的不同意见。此次会议主要关注下次会议(2009年哥本哈根会议)的目标,会后各国代表同意在2009年2月中旬递出至2020年国内的减量计划与措施,会中关于如何推广环境友善科技至开发中国家也有进展,得到了减少森林开伐的必要性已到了紧急程度之共识。 2009年,哥本哈根会议成果寥寥,最后只达成了无法律约束力的《哥本哈根协议》。2011年,第17次缔约方会议,举办地南非德班,会议就第二承诺期存续问题达成一致。 与会方同意延长5年《京都议定书》的法律效力(原议定书于2012年失效),就实施《京都议定书》第二承诺期并启动绿色气候基金达成一致。大会同时决定建立德班增强行动平台特设工作组,即"德班平台",在2015年前负责制定一个适用于所有《公约》缔约方的法律工具或法律成果。 2012年,第18次缔约方会议,举办地卡塔尔多哈,会议通过了对《京都议定书》的《多哈修正》,最终就2013年起执行《京都议定书》第二承诺期及第二承诺期以8年为期限达成一致。大会还通过了有关长期气候资金、联合国《气候变化框架公约》长期合作工作组成果、