专八语言学
03年
1.The term transformational-generative grammar was introduced into linguistic in the
mid-1950s by
A.Leonard Bloomfield
B. Edward Sapir
C. Noam Johnson
D. Michael Halliday
（C）解析：转换生成语法（transformational-generative grammar）这个术语是Noam Chomsky(乔姆斯基)在20世界50年代中期引入语言学的。他是美国语言学家，在《句法结构》（1957）----书中所阐述的关于生成语法的理论使语言学研究发生突破性进展。
2.In term of opposite of meaning, _____is a pair of conversives
A.“long” and “short”
B. “present” and “absent”
C. “sell” and “buy”
D. “dead” and “alive”(C ) 解析：从意义的对立（oppositeness of meaning）来看，C的sell and buy 属于换位反义词（conversives）。换位反义词也称为关系反义词。换位反义词的两个词语之间语义相互依赖。
3.The word” marshal” used to mean “ a horse tender”; now it means” an officer of the highest
rank”. The word has undergone a sort of semantic change called
A.Elevation
B. degeneration
C. extensive
D. restriction
（A）解析：marshal 以前表示“马夫”，现在表示“元帅”。这属于词义的升格（elevation）
04年
1.The _____view of language acquisition holds that children are born with an innate ability to
acquire languages of a specific type
A.Behaviourist
B. nativist
C. structuralist
D. psycholiguist
(B)解析：认为小孩生来就具有习得某种语言的天生能力（innate ability）是语言习得（language acquisition）的nativist天生主义者。
2.The basic part of the lexical meaning of a word is often termed its____meaning.
A.Social
B. stylistic
C. connotative
D. denotative
（D）解析：一个词的词汇意义（lexical meaning）的基本部分通常称为词汇意义外延（denotative）方面的意义。词的外延意义又称概念意义，是指词义中表达概念的部分，是客观事物经过人脑的概括并反映在语言中的意义，是词义最基本的核心部分。
3._____first proposed the speech Act Theory
A.Searle
B. Austin
C. Grice
D. Halliday
（B）解析：Speech Act Theory(言语行为理论)的创始人是英国哲学家J.Austin. Searle(赛尔)发展了言语行为理论；美国哲学家Grice提出会话的合作原则（Cooperative Principle）;Halliday 是功能语法的创始人。
05年
1.Syntax is the study of
A. language functions.
B. sentence structures.
C. textual organization.
D. word
formation.
(B)解析：句法学（Syntax）研究的是符号与符号的结合，也就是句子是如何构成的。具体的说，句法是研究词与词之间如何搭配才能构造出形式上合乎句法规则的句子的问题。
2. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?
A. Arbitrariness.
B. Productivity.
C. Cultural transmission.
D. Finiteness.
（D）解析：任意性，多产性，文化传递性都是语言的区别特征，只有D不是。
3. The speech act theory was first put forward by
A. John Searle.
B. John Austin.
C. Noam Chomsky.
D. M.A.K. Halliday.
（B）解析：言语行为的理论最早由约翰奥斯丁提出。
2006年英语专八人文知识真题答案
38. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of
A. reference
B. meaning
C. antonymy
D. context
39. The words "kid, child, offspring" are examples of
A. dialectal synonyms
B. stylistic synonyms
C. emotive synonyms
D. collocational synonyms
40. The distinction between parole and langue was made by
A. Holliday
B. Chomsky
C. Bloomfield
D. Saussure
38.语境把语义学和语用学区分开来。
39.kid，child，offspring是语体风格不同的同义词，语体上有口语，常用语和书面语之称。
40.索绪尔把language和parole区分开来的。乔姆斯基区分的是语言能力和语言运用。2007年英语专八人文知识真题及答案
38. _______ refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation.
A. Phonology
B. Morphology√
C. Semantics
D. Sociolinguistics
39. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPT
A. lexical
B. syntactic
C. phonological
D. psycholinguistic
40. The word tail once referred to “the tail of a horse”, but now it is u sed to mean “the tail of any animal.” This is an example of
A. widening of meaning
B. narrowing of meaning
C. meaning shift
D. loss of meaning
38.形态学研究词的内在结构以及构词规则。
39.psycholinguistic不是言语变体的区分特征。
40.单词tail开始意指马的尾巴，但是现在该词指所有动物的尾巴，这是词义的扩大。narrowing of meaning:词义的缩小。Meaning of shift 词义的迁移。
2008年英语专业八级考试人文知识测试及答案
38. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language?
A. Arbitrariness.
B. Displacement.
C. Duality.
D. Diachronicity.
39. What type of sentence is “Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry.”?
A. A simple sentence.
B. A coordinate sentence.
C. A complex sentence.
D. None of the above.
40. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called
A. hyponymy.
B. synonymy.
C. polysemy.
D. homonymy.
38 选D 历时性(diachronicity) 这个不是语言学的特性
39选 B 并列句 but连接的两个分句
40选D homonymy指的是语汇中一对对或是一组组的单词，虽然意思不同，但是发音相同，或拼写相同，又或者是发音和拼写都相同。这些一对对一组组的单词我们称之为homonym(同形同音异义词、同形异义词、同音异义词)。
2009
1 The study of the mental processes of language comprehension and production is
A corpus linguistics
B sociolinguistics
C theoretical linguistics
D phycholinguistics
选D
Psycholinguistics（心理语言学）是探究人类大脑语言理解，产出和习得认知过程的研究，是语言学的一个重要分支。
Corpus linguistics（语料库语言学）指利用语料库对语言的各个方面进行研究。Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）是指运用语言学和社会学等学科的理论和方法，从不同的社会科学角度去研究语言的社会本质和差异。
Theoretical linguistics（理论语言学）是注重考察人类语言的共同规律和普通特征，侧重理论探讨的语言学研究。
2 A special language variety that mixes languages and is used by speakers of different languages for purposes of trading is called
A dialect
B idiolect
C pidgin
D register
选C
Pidgin（洋泾滨语）由几种不同语言因经商，贸易或者传教等特定原因而形成的一种特殊的语言变体，这种语言通常是由讲不同语言的人群为了实现交际目的而创造的。
Dialect （方言）是语言的一种变体，可根据不同因素分为地域方言，社会方言，种族方言等。
Idiolect（个人语言）是个体言者的个人方言，通常是地域，社会，年龄等各类变体成分的综合体。
Register（语域）是指语言使用的场合或领域的总称，它包括语场（field），语旨（tenor）和语式（mode）三个社会变量。
3 When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking ,such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing
A an illocutionary act
B a perlocutionary act
C a locutionary act
D none of the above
选A
Illocutionary act（言外行为）是指说话者通过言语而表达某种意图的行为。
Lutionary act（言内行为）是指言语者发出言语，传递字面意义的行为动作，即言说某事的行为。
Perlocutionary act（言后行为）指言语者通过言说某事而实施或执行相关的动作行为
2010
4 ____ refers to the learning and development of a language.
A Language acquisition
B Language comprehension
C Language production
D Language instruction
选A
Language acquisition（语言习得）是指人类学习和发展语言的过程。
Language comprehension(语言理解)
Language production（语言产出）
Language instruction（语言教学）
5 The word “Motel” comes from “motel+hotel” . This is an example of ___in morphology.
A backformation
B conversion
C blending
D acronym
选C
Blending（混成词）将俩个词中第一个词的词首部分与第二个词的词尾部分结合，或是将俩个词的词首部分相结合。
Backformation（逆构词法），例如editor-edit ,hawker-hawk。
Acronym（首字母缩写）
Conversion（转类法），不改变词的形态，只是使词从一种词类转化为另一种词类，从而使该词具有新的意义和作用，成为一个新词。
6 Language is a tool of communication. The symbol “Highway closed” on a highway serves
A an expression function
B an informative function
C a performative function
D a persuative function
选B
An expressive function（表情功能）
An informative function（信息功能）
A performative function（施为功能）
A persuasive function（说服功能）
2011
7___is defined as the study of the relationship between language and mind.
A Semantics
B Pragmatics
C Cognitive linguistics
D sociolinguistics
选C
Cognitive linguistics （认知语言学）研究语言与心智之间的关系。
Semantics （语义学）研究语言的意义。
Pragmatics（语用学）研究语言的使用。
Sociolinguistics（社会语言学）研究社会与语言之间的关系。
8A vowel is different from a consonant in English because of
A absence of obstruction
B presence of obstruction
C manner of articulation
D place of articulation
选A
英语原音与辅音最大的区别是发原音时，气流没有受到任何阻碍。
Presence of obstruction 指有气流阻碍，发的是辅音。
Manner of articulation（发音方式）指发辅音时气流的阻碍程度。
Place of articulation （发音部位）指发辅音时造成气流阻碍的发音器官。
9 The definition “the act of using, or promoting the use of, several languages, either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers” refers to
A Pidgin
B Creole
C Multilingualism
D Bilingualism
选C
Multilingualism（多语）指同时使用多种语言的行为，观念或政策。
Pidgin（混杂语）在不同语种的人们之间交际使用，有简单的语法和有限混杂的词汇。Creole（克里奥尔语）由多种语言共同使用而产生并在特定地区通用。
Bilingualism（双语）指同时使用俩种语言的行为，观念或政策。
2012
10 “The lettuce was lonely without tomatoes and cucumbers for company” is an example of
A Exaggeration
B Personification
C Understatement
D Synecdoche
选B
Personification（拟人）是用人类的特点，特性来描述人类以外的事物，使之人格化的修辞方法。
Exaggeration（夸张）是对事物的性质，特征等故意进行夸张。
Understatement（含蓄陈述）是故意用低调和弱化语言来表示强调。
Synecdoche（提喻）指以部分代替整体或者以整体代替部分的修辞方法。
11 In English if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], then the next sound must be a vowel, this is a
A Sequential rule
B Grammar rule
C Deletion rule
D Assimilation rule
选A
Sequential rule（序列规则）是音的组合排列顺序规则。
Grammar rule（语法规则）主要是指组词造句的规则。
Deletion rule（省略规则）指在特定语音环境里删除拼写上表现出来的音这样的发音规则。Assimilation rule（同化规则）是指相邻俩个音相互同化的发音规则。
12Which of the following is an example of clipping?
A APEC
B Motel
C Disco
D Xerox
选C
Clipping（截断法）也叫abbreviation（缩短法），指通过去掉词的一部分将词缩短，同时保持原义的构词法。
13 The type of language which is selected as appropriate to a particular type of situation is called
A Variety
B Dialect
C Slang
D Coinage
Coinage（造词法）根据实际需要创造出来的词。
Variety（变体）是一种语言因使用者或使用语境不同而出现的不同形式。
Slang（俚语）指特定人群使用的某一种语言的非标准变体。
专八翻译及人文知识语言学
TEM-8翻译必备，英语专业的顶起来哦~作者：邱妍 （1）把握大局：grasp the overall situation (2) 摆谱儿：put on airs;keep up appearances(3)白手起家:start from scratc h (4)拜年：pay New Year call (5)班门弄斧：teach one's grand ma to suck eggs (5)保质期：guarantee period(6)报销：apply for reimbursement(7)爆冷门：produce an unexpected answer(8)曝光：make public(9)奔小康：strive for a relatively comforta ble life(10)闭门羹：given cold-shoulder（11）比上不足，比下有余：fall short of the best,but be better than the best(12)逼上梁山：be driven to drastic alternatives(13)变相涨价：dis guised inflation(14)边远贫困地区：outlying poverty-stricken areas(15)边缘知识人：Marginal intellectuals(16)表面文章：Lip service;surface formality(17) 博导：Ph.D supervisor(18)补 发拖欠的养脑筋：Clear up pension payments in arrears(19)不眠之夜：white night(20)菜鸟：green hand(21)产品科技含量techn oligical element of a product(22)长江三角洲：Yangtze River de lta(23)长江中下游：the middle and lower reaches of Changjian g River(24)超前消费:pre-mature consumption(25)城镇居民最低 生活保障：a minimum standard of living for residents(26)城镇职工医疗保险制度：the system of medical insurance for urban w orkers(27)重复建设：buiding redundant project;duplication of similar projects(28)充值卡：rechargeable card(29)春运：pas senger transport around the Chinese lunar new year(30)打破僵局：break the deadlock/stalemate(31)电脑盲：computer illiter ate(32)点球：penalty kick(33)电视会议：video conference(34)电视直销：TV home shopping(35)定向培训：training for specifi c posts(36)动感电影：multidimensional movie(37)豆腐渣工程：jerry-built projects(38)对...毫无顾忌：make no bones abou t(39)夺冠：take the crown(40)政治多元化：political pluralis m(41)服务行业：catering industry(42)复合型人才：inter-disci plinary talent(43)岗位培训：on-the-job training（44）高等教育自学考试：self-study higher education examination(45)高新技术产业开发区：high and new technological industrial develop ment zone(46)各大菜系：major styles of cooking(47)各行各 业：every walk of life(48)功夫不负有心人：Everything comes t o him who waits(49)各尽其能：let each person do his best(50)公益活动：public welfare activities(51)工薪阶层：state emplo yee;salaried person(52)过犹不及：going too far ia as bad as
英语语言学讲解
《英语语言学概论》课程教学大纲 一、课程说明: 《语言学概论》课程是英语专业本科阶段的一门必修课。 《语言学概论》研究始于20 世纪初，其目的是揭示人类深层结构，对语言和语言交际作出客观、科学描述。现已形成了语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学等一系分支学科。语言学研究社会学等人文学科的结合逐步形成了社会语言学这样的交叉学科。 对于主修语言学的学生来说，了解语言学的知识和语言理论是完全必要和有益的。 本课程的对象是英语专业高年级学生，在本科阶段第6学期和第7 学期开设。其中第一、二、三、四、五、七、八、十一章为必修，其余章节为选修。 二、教学目的及要求: 本课程的具体要求是：比较全面，系统地了解《语言学概论》这一领域的研究成果，以及一些最主要、最有影响的语言理论和原则，从而加深对人类语言这一人类社会普遍现象的理性认识，并具备一定的运用语言学理论解释语言现象、解决具体语言问题的能力。 本课程是一门知识性比较强的课程。在教学过程中，应重点讲授主要理论、原则、和研究方法，使学生着重掌握基本概念和基本理论，在理解消化的基础上记忆。 本课程的对象是英语专业学生，在讲解过程中原则上采用英语范例，但不排除一些有助于学习者理解的、针对性强的汉语例子。应鼓 励学生结合自己的语言实践提供更多的例子来解释相关理论，以达到理论和实践相结合的目的。
三、教学重点与难点: 本课程的教学重点是语言学的基本知识和基本理论，语音学、词汇学、句法学、语义学和语用学这些语言学的核心内容。 本课程的教学难点是音韵学理论、句法结构和各个语言学流派的理论观点及其局限性。 四、与其它课程的关系: 本课程是一门主干性课程。与其相关的课程，如语法学、词汇学和语体学等都是语言学的分支，属于选修课程。 五、学时与学分: 学时：72学时 学分：4学分 六、教学内容： 第一章绪论 本章主要教学内容: 1．语言学习的意义 2．语言的定义。 3．语言的定义特征 4．语言的起源。 5．语言的功能。 6．语言学的定义。 7．语言学的核心内容。 8．宏观语言学的定义及分支。
英语专业八级语言学辅导材料
英语专业八级语言学辅导材料 Section 1 What is Linguistics? https://www.360docs.net/doc/8810158475.html,nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal sysmbols used for human _____. A. contact B. communication C. relation D. community 2. Language is _______. A. instinctive B. non-instincitve C. static D. genetically transmitted 3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as ______. A. unnatural B. something to be feared C. natural D. abnormal 4. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang 5. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ____. A. interrogative B. directive C. informative D. performative 6. _____ is a grammatical description of a language specially designed as an aid to teaching that language to native or foreign learners. A. Descriptive grammar B. Prescriptive grammar C. Pedagogical grammar D. Universal grammar 7. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every year be sage and happy) as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform? A. Interpersonal. B. Emotive. C. Performative. D. Recreatioal. 8. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barrirs caused by time and place, due to this featue of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? A. Transferability. B. Duality. C. Displacement. D. Arbitrariness. 9. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play accoridng to the functiona of language? —A nice day, isn’t it? —Right! I really enjoy the sunlight. A. Emotive. B. Phatic. C. Performative. D. Interpersonal. 10. Which branch of lingusitcs studies the similarities and differences among languages? A. Diachronic linguistics. B. Synchronic linguistics. C. Prescriptive linguistics. D. comparative linguistics. 11. _____ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the
(完整版)英语专八语言学测试题
英语专八人文语言学测试题 1. Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language? A language is a system B language is symbolic C Animal also have language D language is arbitrary 2. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human loanguage is __________. A arbitrary B non-arbitrary C logical D non-productive 3. Which of the foloowing terms best describes the “-ate” in the word “affectionate”? A derivational morpheme B infectional morpheme C free morpheme D prefix 4. Which of the foloowing terms best describes the pair of words kill and dill? A minimal pair B phonemic contrast C closed class words D bound morphemes 5. What is the basic lexical relation between piece and peace? A synonymy B antonymy C homonymy D polysemy 6. /p/ is different from /b/ in ______. A the manner of articulation B the shape of the lips C the vibration of the vocal cords D the place of articulation 7. Of all the speech organs, the ____ is / are the most flexible. A mouth B lips C tongue D vocal cords 8. The phonological features of the consonant /t/ are ______. A voiced stop B voiceless stop C voiced fricative D voiceless fricative 9. The branch of linguistics that studies show context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ________. A semantics B pragmatics C sociaolinguistics D psycholinguistics 10. The utterance “We’ve already eaten ten tons.” Obviously violates the maxim of ______. A quality B quantity C relation D manner 11. All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded-lips, i.e. rounded, except _____. A // 12. The semantic relationship between the two sentences “Mary’s son is an engineer.” And “Mary has a son.” is _______. A entailment B presupposition C synonymy D inconsistency 13. Which of the following sentences is a commissive? A The eqarth is round. B I now prinounce you husband and wife. C I’m really sorry! D I’ll be here tomorrow 14. Semantic feature analysis attempts to account for the _____ of a word according to the presence or abence of a specific semantic feature in the word. A conceptual meaning B social meaning C connotative meaning D affective meaning 15. ____ act is the extra meaning of the utterance produced on the basis of its literal meaning. A Speech B Locutionary C Illocutionary D Perlocutionary 16. _____is a group of people using a given language or dialect. They use the same kind of language or dialect which is highly strtified in terms of social division. A Speech community B Individual dialect C Regional dialect D Social dialect 17. The situation where two very different varieties of the same language are used side by side for two different sets of functions is termed as _______.
专八语言学必背
专八语言学必背 1. What is Language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 2. What is Linguistics(语言学)?Linguistics is the scientific study of language. 3.Some Basic Distinctions(区分) in Linguistics 3.1 Speech and Writing One general principle(原则) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and uses that speech does not have. 3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(说明性) A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior. 3.3 Synchronic(共时) and Diachronic(历时) Studies The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. 3.4 Langue(语言) and Parole(言语) This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索绪尔）early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or realization of langue. 3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行为) Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(发声). 4.The Scope of Linguistics General linguistics is the study of language as a whole. Phonetics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. Phonology(音韵学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages. Morphology(词法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words. Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences. Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language. Applied linguistics(应用语言学) is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages. Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind. Historical Linguistics(历史语言学) is the study of language changes. Anthropological linguistics(人文语言学) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man. Neurolinguistics(神经语言学) studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings. Mathematical linguistics(数学语言学) studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics. Computational linguistics(计算语言学) is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical techniques and concepts(概念) are applied, often with the aid of a computer II. Phonetics(语音学） 1. scope of phonetics Speech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics: Articulatory phonetics(发音语音学）we may examine the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate(协调）in the process. Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学）we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated(调节）by the ear, the auditory nerve(神经）and the brain. Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学）we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted（传送）between mouth and ear.
英语语言学框架知识中文版
一、绪论 语言学的定义 语言学的研究范畴 几对基本概念 语言的定义 语言的甄别特征 What is linguistics 什么是语言学 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 语言学是对语言科学地进行研究的学科。语言学所要研究的不是某一种特定的语言，而是人类所有语言的特性。 The scope of linguistics 语言学研究的范畴 Phonetics语音学\Phonology音系学\Morphology形态学\Syntax句法学\Semantics语义学 \Pragmatics语用学\Sociolinguistics社会语言学\Psycholinguistics心理语言学\Applied linguistics应用语言学 Prescriptive vs. descriptive 规定性与描述性 Descriptive：a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. Prescriptive: it aims lay down rules for "correct" behavior. Modern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic, and mainly spoken data. Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on "high" written language Synchronic vs. diachronic 共时性与历史性 The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study. Speech and writing 口头语与书面语 Speech enjoys priority over writing in modern linguistics study for the following reasons: （1） speech precedes writing in terms of evolution （2） a large amount of communication is carried out in speech tan in writing （3） speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language Language and parole 语言与言语 Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community Parole refers to the realization of language in actual use Competence and performance 能力与运用 Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users' knowledge of the rules of his language Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication What is language 什么是语言 Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication Characteristics of language: 语言的特性 Language is a rule-governed system Language is basically vocal Language is arbitrary （the fact different languages have different words for the same
语言学重点知识点整理
1._Phonetics_ studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech, etc. 2._Phonology_ studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. 3.Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of _words_. It studies the minimal units of meaning — morphemes and word-formation 4.Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct _sentences_ 5.Semantics examines how _meaning_ is encoded in a language. 6._Pragmatics_ is the study of meaning in context. 7._Sociolinguistics_ is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact and change within a speech community. 8.In contrast with other linguists, then, _anthropological_ linguists are interested primarily in the history and structure of formerly unwritten languages. 9.Psycholinguistics investigates the interrelation of language and _mind_, for example, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition. 10.In a narrow sense, _applied_ linguistics refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching to foreign and second languages. 11. 1. Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds. 12.[d] _voiced stops, alveolar_; [θ] _voiceless fricatives, dent al_; 13.[?] _front, open, low, unrounded_; [i:] _front, close, high, unrounded_; 14. 15. 2. Write the word indicated by each transcription. 16.[itɑr] _guitar_ [tuzdei] _Tuesday_ [twuθbr??] _toothbrush_ 17.[?ph?intm?nt] _appointment_ [p??keik] _pancake_ 18. 19. https://www.360docs.net/doc/8810158475.html,paring [ɡwo?t] and[??ɡ?r], _goat_ and _anger_ are two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /g/. Such variants of a phoneme are called _allophones_ of the same phoneme. In this case, they are said to be in _complementary distribution_. 20. 21. 4.Transcribe the following set of words and mark primary and secondary stress with super- and sub-ticks. 22.repeat _[ri’pit]_, repetitive _[ri’petitiv]_, repetition _[?r?p??t???n]_. 23. 24. 5. Please identify the stressed word, and intonation pattern of the following sentences.
专八语言学模拟题
1. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true? A．Language is a system B．Language is symbolic C．Animals also have language D．Language is arbitrary 2. Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language? A．Symbolic B．Dual C．Productive D．Arbitrary 3. What is the most important function of language? A．Interpersonal B．Phatic C．Informative D．Metalingual 4. Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole? A．Saussure B．Chomsky C．Halliday D．Anonymous 5. According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language? A．competence B．parole C．performance D．langue 6. The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is ． A．informative B．phatic C．directive D．performative 7. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies ___________． A．the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech B．the perception of sounds C．the combination of sounds D．the production of sounds 8. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in ___________． A．the place of articulation B．the obstruction of airstream C．the position of the tongue D．the shape of the lips 9. Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech
新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总
新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总1 Introduction What is linguistics? Scientific study of language. Interpretation: ①try to answer the basic questions and probe into various problems related to language; ②linguistics studies not any particular language but language in general; ③scientific study because based on systematic investigation of linguistic data. The scope of linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistic.
Some important distinctions in linguistics
What is language Definitions of language
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Characteristics: ①language is system,elements of language are combined according to the rules; ②language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what it stands for, A rose by any other name would smell as well; ③language is vocal because the primary medium for all language is sound; ④language is human -specific,different from animal communication. Design features of language Proposed by American linguist Charles Hockett:comparing the animal & human communication are five major design features of human language: ①arbitrariness No logical connection between meaning and sounds(except onomatopoetic and compound words) ②productivity It makes to possible to construction and interpretation of new signal by its users. ③duality
英语语言学复习资料.(XC)
英语语言学复习资料 一：名词解释 1. Language (语言) is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 2. Linguistics(语言学)is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 3. General linguistics(普通/一般语言学) The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. 4. Phonetics(语音学) the study of sounds used in linguistic communication led to the establishment of phonetics. 5. Phonology(语音体系) how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication. 6. Morphology(形态学) these symbols are arranged and combined to form words has constituted the branch of study called morphology. 7. Syntax(句法学) then the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in languages is governed by rules. The s tudy of these rules constitutes a major branch of linguistic studies called syntax. 8. Semantics(语意学) the study of meaning is known as semantics. 9. Pragmatics(语用学) when the study of meaning is conducted, not in isolation, but in the context of language use, it becomes another branch of linguistic study called pragmatics. 10. Phone(音素) is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. 11. Phoneme(音位)is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. 12. Allophones(音位变体) the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones. 13. IPA(International Phonetic Alphabet国际音标) It’s a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter selected from major European languages to represent one speech sound. 14. Diacritics(变音符) it is a set of symbols which are added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions. 15.broad transcription(宽式标音) one is the transcription with letter-symbols only. 16.narrow transcription(严式标音) the other is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.