考博英语写作词汇总结
一般来说博士的英语作文一般都是给阐述或陈述问题的文章写摘要，如“吃早餐有利于身体健康”、“吸烟有害健康”、“中国大学生越来越能接受心理咨询”、或“医疗体制的现状”等等这样文章，可使用以下的模版：
陈述问题型文章，分三种类型：
一、正面陈述问题
“吃早餐有利于身体健康”就是只从正面陈述问题；
二、负面陈述问题
如“吸烟有害健康”这样的文章，就是一般只说明吸烟是有害的，只说负面影响。
三、客观的陈述问题（正负面都有的）
如“医疗体制的现状”等问题，因为这样的文章有好也有坏的方面，也就是有正面也有负面的问题。又如04年的博士论文，就是对医院问题的陈述，文章分别从洋医院、民营医院和公立医院几个方面来阐述，分别说明这几种医院各自的优点和缺点，所以这样的文章就是典型的客观陈述事实的文章。
首先看看是什么样的文章，再确定用什么模版来套用。（各个类型我都做一套模版）
切记，不要觉得无所谓啊！！！！
应该是陈述性的词组，用“of” 、“and” 或“N 词组加介词短语”
(1) 如文章是陈述的一个事情或问题，那就用什么的什么（sth1 of sth2）如中国医疗体系的现状：The State of Arts of Chinese Medical Care System 或医疗制度的改革：Reform of Chinese Medical Care System
(2) 讲到一个负面的问题，一般都是和健康有关系的，就可以说sth1 and Health
如吸烟和健康，早餐和健康等等
（3）如果本文只讲到了一件事情，那么可以用介词短语
如A Blind Zone in Child-nutrition, (小孩营养问题的盲区) 等等
注意：1、第一个词和所有的实词大写，介词和冠词（The, a an）等虚词小写
2、最好要是陈述性的词组，除非原文的标题本来是疑问句
已经把条理给整理清楚了，那么基本可以确定大概的几条，在试卷上把重要的部分用笔划出来；还可以把序号打上，说明一共有几点。
注意：1、不用划记细节描写的语句，而用文章中陈述性的语句。一般来说主题句都是陈述性的语句。如讲到公费医疗体系的问题，你不要去划记那些中国的公立医院有多少，增长了多少的句子，而应该着重看陈述性的主题句是怎么说的，如果说有了大幅度的增长你就要知道这句话是最重要的句子。(切记：除非本文就是讲数据，而且目的在于测试考生们数据增长、减少等句型的话，那么就要用数据说明问题了)
文章的框架：
逻辑和结构很重要。
一、正面陈述问题
一、第一段的第一句，也就是全文的主题句（topic sentence of the whole summary）：用中文总结出来一句：本文揭示了/说明了一个问题。。。：
This article reveals that _____________ has become one of the prominent issueswhich are closely related with people’s health/ of the modern Chinese society/in the area of antibiotics alone. 如早餐问题已经成为了与人们健康息息相关的突出问题；或也可以说成了社会问题；也可以说成了某个领域的问题(抗生素领域)。Most people take it for granted that ____ should _____. However, it is not always the case. 很多人都想当然地认为什么应该怎么样。然而事实并非如此。（这几个句子要看情况，并不是都有用的，如果文章中出现了这样的句子“很多人都想当然觉得早餐不是那么重要- Most people take it for granted that breakfast is not significant”，但是实际上不是这样的，那么就可以用到这个句子）Scientists found that these problems are actually caused by _irrational diets and eating habits__. （科学家们发现这些问题是由什么引起的，如老年人的心脏血管等问题，然而实际上是因为不当饮食习惯造成的）This is indicated in a survey recently made in shanghai by who.（该观点由谁在上海做的一个调查报告中可以得出），也就是如果你这篇文章是由卫生部的报告（report）中得出的，或指出的，那么就可以这么写。如果并是的，那么这个句子可以不写。
二、第二段
Firstly, balanced /regular …. is especially good for the health of …首先，平衡什么的饮食尤其对什么好。
In addition, … should be suggested to… , largely because it helps people to …
此外，什么应该多选用于干什么，主要是因为它帮助人们什么。Furthermore, it is helpful to reduce the possibilities of being in the danger of suffering
from cardiovascular diseases.
再者，它能帮助减少患心血管疾病的危险的几率。
Finally, but not the least point is that fat and oily food usually attribute to cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it is better to take in light food instead of fat and oily food.
最后，但并非最后一点就是油腻的食物常导致心血管疾病，所以应该选用油份较少的食物而不是过分油腻的食物。
It commonly leads to cardiovascular diseases.
It usually attributes to cardiovascular diseases.
常常导致心血管疾病.
三、第三段
In general, a balanced diet, more vegetable food instead of fat food is of the first significance to the health of the aged and a long life.
总而言之，一个平衡的饮食，多吃蔬菜而少吃油腻的食物是对老人来说是保持健康长寿的最重要的因素。
In general, a regular habit of work and rest, more high-quality of sleeping instead of staying up late is of the first significance to the health of people and a long life.
总而言之，一个规律的作息，高质量的睡眠而少熬夜是对人们来说是保持健康长寿的最重要的因素。
二、负面陈述问题
一、第一段的第一句，也就是全文的主题句（topic sentence of the whole summary）：用中文总结出来一句：本文揭示了/说明了一个问题。。。：
This article reveals that _____________ has become one of the prominent problemswhich are threatening people’s health/ of the modern Chinese society/in the area of antibiotics alone. 如吸烟问题已经成了威胁人类健康的一个突出问题, 又如早餐问题等等；同样的，如果是现有的医疗制度之类的问题，那就可以统称说成为了（现代）（中国）社会的突出问题；或可以说成了某个领域的问题。Most people take it for granted that ____ should _____. However, it is not always the case. 很多人都想当然地认为什么应该怎么样。然而事实并非如此。（这几个句子要看情况，并不是都有用的，如果文章中出现了这样的句子“很多人都想当然觉得早餐不是那么重要- Most people take it for granted that breakfast is not significant”，但是实际上不是这样的，那么就可以用到这个句子）Scientists found that these problems are actually caused by _________. This is indicated in a survey recently made in shanghai by who.（该观点由谁在上海做的一个调查报告中可以得出），也就是如果你这篇文章是由卫生部的报告（report）中得出的，或指出的，那么就可以这么写。如果并是的，那么这个句子可以不写。
二、第二段（一般是由段落主题句+1-2个深入解释的句子就可，有时候句子太长，没必要解释也可以的）
What people do not know is that ... 。The second blind zone concerned with this issue
is that… 。In addition/ Additionally /Furthermore, the third misunderstanding is …. Finally, the last but not the least point is … (注意这些连接词，这些都可以任意使用的如可以先用了In addition/ Additionally 后，再后面那点用Furthermore, 或反之也可)。
三、第三段（对这些问题的解决办法的套语）
It is not easy to identify the solutions，for it involves several complicated factors. (要找到解决的办法不容易，因为有些复杂的因素--也不一定需要这个句子，如果文章中间没有很难的因素,那么就不需要说了。) Nevertheless, apparently the best way to solve the problem is to provide…（然而，很显然最好的解决办法就是。。。）如果是有很多的解决办法那么就Nevertheless, apparently the best way to solve the problem mainly lies on the following three aspects. 再用前面讲到的连接词，把文章中讲到的解决办法写上。
三、正负问题
其实你其他的类似的文章都可以这么写的。那么要注意的就是句型的使用。有些套话可以学习。
一、第一段
本文为我们展示了中国现代医院的几种模式，值得人们思考和老百姓去掂量。This article reveals that it has become a hot phenomenon currently that more and more people are concerned about how to select a proper hospital. 或者也可以说This article reveals that there are several models/types of Chinese modern hospitals which deserve people to distinguish and select properly.
There are mainly three types of modern hospitals in China, foreign hospitals, people-run hospitals and public hospitals, which have their own advantages and disadvantages respectively.
二、第二段
Overall speaking, its advantages overwhelm its disadvantages.
总的来说，它的优点比优缺点突出。
The biggest advantage lies on …
最大的优点在于什么方面。
Despite its advantages, it still has its shortcoming, that is, …
尽管有这些优点，但是仍然有它的缺点，在于什么方面。
Furthermore/in addition/ Additionally, it also has …
除此之外，它还有什么优点。
On the other hand, it …
而另外一方面，它却。。。
Identically, it has the same problem is that…
同样的是，它也有同样的问题是。。。
Compared with the former one, it has its unique merits which lie on …
和前者比较起来，它有其独特的优点就是。。。
Nevertheless, it has unavoidable demerit that …
然而，它却有不可避免的缺陷，就是。。。
三、第三段
可以给出一个总结性的句子，如果有必要，就是说在选择何种医院的时候要三思。In general, a second thought before the final decision of types of hospitals is of the first significance to the health and pursuing better services.
This article reveals that _____________ has become one of the prominent issueswhich are closely related with people’s health.
This article reveals that _____________ has become one of the prominent issues of the modern Chinese society.
This article reveals that _____________ has become one of the prominent issues in the area of antibiotics alone.
This article reveals that _____________ has become one of the prominent problemswhich are threatening people’s health/ of the modern Chinese society/in the area of antibiotics alone.
This article reveals that it has become a hot phenomenon currently that more and more people are concerned about how to select a proper hospital.
This article reveals that there are several models/types of Chinese modern hospitals which deserve people to distinguish and select properly.
There are mainly three types of modern hospitals in China, foreign hospitals, people-run hospitals and public hospitals, which have their own advantages and disadvantages respectively.
Most people take it for granted that ____ should _____. However, it is not always the case.
Most people take it for granted that breakfast is not significant.
This is indicated in a survey recently made in shanghai by_______.
Scientists found that these problems are actually caused by _irrational diets and eating habits__.
What people do not know is that ...
The second blind zone concerned with this issue is that…
In addition / Additionally /Furthermore, the third misund erstanding is ….
Finally, but not the least point is …
It is not easy to identify the solutions，for it involves several complicated factors. Nevertheless, apparently the best way to solve the problem is to provide…Nevertheless, apparently the best way to solve the problem mainly lies on the following three aspects.
Firstly, balanced /regular …. is especially good for the health of …首先，平衡什么的饮食尤其对什么好。
In addition, … should be suggested to… , largely because it helps people to …
此外，什么应该多选用于干什么，主要是因为它帮助人们什么。Furthermore, it is helpful to reduce the possibilities of being in the danger of suffering from cardiovascular diseases.
再者，它能帮助减少患心血管疾病的危险的几率。
Finally, but not the least point is that fat and oily food usually attribute to cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it is better to take in light food instead of fat and oily food.
最后，但并非最后一点就是油腻的食物常导致心血管疾病，所以应该选用油份较少的食物而不是过分油腻的食物。
It commonly leads to cardiovascular diseases.
It usually attributes to cardiovascular diseases.
常常导致心血管疾病.
18、In general, a balanced diet, more vegetable food instead of fat food is of the first significance to the health of the aged and a long life.
总而言之，一个平衡的饮食，多吃蔬菜而少吃油腻的食物是对老人来说是保持健康长寿的最重要的因素。
In general, a regular habit of work and rest, more high-quality of sleeping instead of staying up late is of the first significance to the health of people and a long life.
总而言之，一个规律的作息，高质量的睡眠而少熬夜是对人们来说是保持健康长寿的最重要的因素。
19、Overall speaking, its advantages overwhelm its disadvantages.
总的来说，它的优点比优缺点突出。
The biggest advantage lies on …
最大的优点在于什么方面。
Despite its advantages, it still has its shortcoming, that is, …
尽管有这些优点，但是仍然有它的缺点，在于什么方面。
Furthermore/in addition/ Additionally, it also has …
除此之外，它还有什么优点。
On the other hand, it …
而另外一方面，它却。。。
Identically, it has the same problem is that…
同样的是，它也有同样的问题是。。。
Compared with the former one, it has its unique merits which lie on …和前者比较起来，它有其独特的优点就是。。。Nevertheless, it has unavoidable demerit that …
然而，它却有不可避免的缺陷，就是。。。
医学考博英语写作总结
一、原则与要求：考博英语不直译原文，抓主要论点，果断舍弃次要内容，突出新点，论点清晰,主要写中长句子！！2－5个长句！不写或少写短句！！一般真题范例在10－15句左右。
二、现场写作技巧
①划线，划出实质性，实词性句子。②翻译标题，有标题就译，没有标题不能加。③末尾重复标题，首尾呼应。
精简医学考博写作常用核心词汇
1.下降、减少reduction，decrease，decline，diminution, drop，descend，go / come down，fall；上升、增加rise; go up; ascend；increase;
2.禽流感H1N1 flu bird flu/avian flu;食品安全food safety;
3.公共卫生突发事件public health emergencies; 应急反应immediate response to;
4.关注民生concern(focus on, pay attention to) people’s livelihood/well-being;
5.城乡卫生体系urban-rural medical and health system
6.预防保健Disease Prevention and Health care，服务体系service system；
7.讲究卫生pay attention to hygiene；个人和环境卫生personal and environmental hygiene
8.lite清淡的；protein-complemented diet蛋白添加饮食；
9.preventive initiatives=preventive measures预防的措施
10.人畜共患病zoonosis＝anthropozoonosis.人兽共患病，
11.虫媒insect pollination；虫媒传染病insect-borne /arthropod-borne infectious disease：
12.肾病综合征：nephrotic/renal syndrome；
13.epidemic hemorrhagic fever 流行性出血热；
14.爆发流行：break out, explode; an epidemic outbreak of,explosion
15.传染：infect/infection/infectious,communicate/communicable, contagion/ contagious, transmission/transmittable；
communicable可传达的, 会传染的, 爱说话的[医] 有传染性的;
communicative a. 健谈的, 爱说话的, 交际的
16.传播途径route of transmission, bird flu transmits by air/wind；person to person transmission
17.传播,散布：diffuse，prevalence，spread，transmit，disseminate，propagate/ propagation
18.污染pollution/ pollute，contamination/contaminate
19.福祉well-being, happiness；
20.衰老grow old；aging；consenescence；senility；senile
21.from bad to worse每况愈下；akin to=similar to 相似的；Purulent脓的,化脓的
22.脂肪肝fatty liver; 血压hypertension
23.肠癌Cancer of Rectum and Colon；亚健康sub-health
24.过劳死karoshi; death from overwork
25.长期以来for a long time ; over the years
26.养生preserve one's health; nourishing of life; keep in good health
27.分类be divided into＝fall into three categories＝be grouped according to their origin, into three classes.＝be categorized according to/be roughly classified into three kinds.
28.基本职责=basic/ fundamental/essential/elementary duties/responsibilities/ obligations；
基本原则fundamental principle/ rule,basic rule or principle;
29.morals,morality,ethics均含“道德”之意。morals多用于实践方面，指按习惯或社会公认的道德标准，尤指男女之间关系的道德。morality指符合道德标准的行为，或用道德标准衡量某事，既指社会的又指个人的道德。ethics多用于伦理方面，指符合于伦理学中所指的好的行为，常指公平正真地对人对事的品德。
30.民众the (general) public，the masses of the people，the common people；合作者co-worker; collaborator; copartner; coagent;
31.死亡人数death toll，deaths，the number of people killed in/dying from
The death toll is expected to rise. The death toll continues to rise.
There have been more deaths from drowning.
How much is the death toll? 死亡人数是多少？
32.归结为boil down to；come down to；
归因为/归功于be attributable to、be attributed to、ascribe or attribute… to、owe…to;
归咎于lay or put the blame on sb、blame…on、ascribe or attribute… to、impute… to。
33.大规模on a large scale，extensive，large-scale，massive；大规模流行large-scale transmission，become a pandemic，massive attack/outbreak
34.表面上on the surface, apparently, ostensibly, superficial, seemingly;
因果关系cause-and-effect relationship, causal relationship/relations;
孤立现象an isolated phenomenon；
复杂的complicated，complex，sophisticated，intricate；
极端复杂性extreme/ exceeding complexity/complicacy。
35.低保basic living allowances/subsistence allowances；
养老保险endowment insurance；
退休养老金retirement pension；Health Care Reform医疗改革
36.激烈运动strenuous exercise；vigorous activity；
37.月经期menstrual period
38.生活的节奏the tempo/the pace of life; a life of quick /fast pace
39.婴幼儿保健the infant health care
40.安乐死euthanasia；
41.得绝症的terminally ill；
42.临终关怀=Hospice Care=end-of-life care
濒临死亡的病人：dying patients，terminally ill patients，incurable patient
43.Secondhand Smoking ，also called “involuntary smoking” or “passive smoking”.
一、与医学相关的写作常用词汇分类
(一)医疗、医院、医生
1 、医生
① doctor，medical worker
② physician 内科医生
③ surgeon 外科医生
④ doctor in charge 主治医生
⑤ intern 实习医生
⑥ resident doctor 住院医生
2 、医院
① hospital
The specialized hospital 专科医院
The general hospital 普通医院
The community hospital 社区医院
The public hospital 公立医院
The private hospital 私立医院
② clinc 门诊
Conventional clinic treatment普通门诊
③ ward 病房
④ medical team 医疗队
3、医疗手段
(1) drug therapy 药物治疗
(2) medical treatment 医疗
(3) medical instruments 医疗器械
(4) diagnose (v) 诊断(n) diagnosis
(5) prevent (v) 预防
(6) sterilize (v) 消毒|
(7) administrate a drug 给药
(8) prevent and treat disease (v) 预防和治疗疾病
(9) TCM 中医r> (10) chemotherapy 化疗
(11) medical service 医疗服务
(12) complain of (v) 主述
(13) health checkup 健康普查
(14) diagnosing and treating 诊断和治疗
(15) consult the doctor(v) 咨询;
4 、医疗体制
(1 )healthcare system 医疗体制
(2 )medical disputes 医疗纠纷
(3 )medical accident 医疗事故
(4 )the relationship between doctors and patients 医患关系
(5 )medical insurance system 医疗保险体系
(6 )medical aid fund 医疗救助基金
5 、医德
(1 )medical ethics 医德
(2 )patient-oriented 以病人为核心
(3 )humanistic 人道主义的
(4 )compassionate 富于同情性的
(5 )considerate 体贴周到的
(6 )resolute 果断的
(7 )service quality 服务质量
(8 )to give top priority to the lives and health of people
6 、病人
(1 )patient
(2 )the sick
(3 )the invalid
(4) sufferer
(二)疾病
1 、患病的表达方式
⑴ suffer from (v )
(2) contract (v )
(3) people with some disease 患病人群
(4) the people susceptible to some disease 易感某种疾病的人
2 、必知疾病名称
heart disease 心脏病
hypertension 高血压
kidney problem 肾病
stroke 中风
shock 休克
the blood pressure 血压
diabetes 糖尿病
obesity 肥胖
terminal illness 绝症
incurable illness 不治之症
cancer 癌症
tumor 肿瘤
cancer of early stage 癌症晚期
emergency case 急症
serious illness 重症
the difficult and complicated cases 疑难病
short breath 短气
syndrome 综合症
complications 并发症
process 病程
bone loss 骨质疏松
short-sighted (adj)近视
3、传染病
(1) 感染源
virus 病毒bacteria 细菌pest 害虫channel and media 传染途径及媒介(2 )传染疾病
some disease epidemic 传染性疾病plague 鼠疫
influenza (简)flu 流感
infection contagion 传染病
infectious diseases 传染病
AIDS 艾滋病
SARS
(3) 传染
epidemic (a) 流行的，传染的
block the channel (v)
disseminate 传播
cross infection 交叉感染
5 、疾病、病痛
illness
sickness
disease
ailment
suffering
6 、疾病的转归
(1 )疾病的恢复
recover recovery
recuperate
resume
recruit
reinstate
(2) 疾病的恶化
deteriorate
aggravate
exasperate
make worse
worsen
7、其他相关词汇
outbreak and spending
break out (v) 疾病的爆发
spread (v) 疾病的扩散
the incidence of common diseases 常见病发生率taboo 禁忌
speed up blood circulation (v)
improve the cardiac functions (v)
side effects 副反应
complain of 主述
(三)药物
1 、药物名称
medicine
drug
remedy
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