呼吸内科常用英语全

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询问病史 12case history

You need to get a detailed history including the timing and acuity of onset, exacerbating and alleviating factors and environment triggers to help you confirm a diagnosis or discard other diseases /develop a differential diagnosis. Ask your patient whether there is a history of tobacco use, or other toxic and environmental exposures and his occupational history.

General/biographical[,baiu'ɡrfik,-kl] data传记,marital婚姻 status, nativity出生, occupation, informant提供消息的人, time of admission and record, chief complaint, history of present illness, previous health status(well, ordinary or bad), any infectious diseases, allergic history, history of trauma or surgery, smoking (about how many years, average how many pieces per day, ceased for how many years), alcohol intake(occasional or

frequent),spouse’s[spaus] 配偶 health status, menorrhea[,men'ri:]月经 (menarche[me'nɑ:ki:, m-] 初潮 age , cycle lasting for how many days, menstrual cycle, last menstruation period or age of menopause, any menstrual['menstrul]月经周期 pain or irregular cycle), childbearing or pregnancy( times , natural labor, abortions流产 ,premature[,prem'tju, ,pri:-] delivery早产, stillbirths死产, difficult labor, family history (any congenital先天性 diseases, father and mother: still alive, illness ,or cause of death, siblings兄弟姐妹 and children) 常用的症状 symptoms

fever

Cough 咳嗽

Sputum (dry, purulent['pjurjulnt]脓性的, copious['kupis] green sputum大量绿色痰，tenacious[ti'neis, t-] yellow sputum 黄粘痰，frothy white sputum白色泡沫痰，rusty sputum 铁锈色痰

wheezing

Dyspnea during exertion[iɡ'z:n] or at rest 呼吸困难

Orthopnea[:'θpni]端坐呼吸

Paroxysmal[,prk'sizml] nocturnal[nk't:nl] dyspnea 夜间阵发性呼吸困难

Shortness of breath （SOB）

Chest tightness 胸部紧迫感

Exercise intolerance

pleuritic chest pain 胸膜型胸痛

Pharyngalgia[frin'gldi] ; pharyngodynia[,fri'ɡdini]咽痛

Hemoptysis 咯血

Bucking 呛咳

Sneeze喷嚏

snore 打鼾

malaise [m'leiz]不舒服

myalgia[mai'ldi] 肌痛

insomnia [in'smni]失眠

hoarseness声嘶

dysphonia [dis'funi]发声困难

常见的体征 physical signs

clubbed fingers杵状指 : increased longitudinal [,lndi'tju:dinl] and transverse横向curvature ['k:vt]弯曲 ,loss of concave [ 'knkeiv]凹面的 nail fold angle, bogginess of nail bed and increased soft tissue bulk of distal phalanx ['flks, 'fei-]趾骨,指骨, drumstick- like nicotine staining

cyanosis [,sai'nusis]发绀:blue discolouration of mucosal membranes and skin ,caused when mean capillary concentration of deoxyhemoglobin [di:,ksi'hemu,ɡlubin]去氧血红蛋白more than 5g/dl, O2 saturation less than 85%,PaO2 less than 8KPa

peripheral [p'rifrl]外围的,次要的 cyanosis: cold blue peripheries, . nail beds due to cold

exposures

central cyanosis: warm peripheries, blue tongue or lips

hand flap: due to CO2 retention潴留

asterixis 扑翼样震颤

papilloedema 视乳头水肿

chemosis球结膜水肿

enlarged supraclavicula锁骨上的r [kl'vikjul] and axillary [k'silri]腋窝 lymph nodes

increased respiratory rate

tachycardia 心动过速

pulsus paradoxus: >10 mmHg ↓on inspiration (seen in severe asthma)

barrel chest

hyperexpanded, decreased expansion

kyphosis [kai'fusis]驼背，脊柱后凸

Inspection:

tachypnea [,tkip'ni:]呼吸急促

accessory muscles of respiration[,resp'rein]: sternocleidomastoid['st:nu,klaid'mstid] 胸锁乳突肌muscle, arm support, alae flaring

wide or narrow intercostal[,int'kstl] 肋间的 space

tactile触觉的 vocal声音的 fremitus震颤触觉语颤

subcutaneous crepitus 皮下捻发感

Percussion:

resonance清音

dullness浊音

flatness实音

hyperresonance过清音

tympany/timp2ni/鼓音

lower borders: scapular['skpjul]肩胛的 line X left/right intercostal[,int'kstl] 肋间的 space

range of mobility[mu'bilti]移动

Auscultation[,:skl'tein]:听诊

vocal resonance 语音共振

ronchi: wheeze , stridor['straid] 喘鸣 , crackles['krkl]发出细碎的爆裂声, Velcro-like soundes

moist rales : coarse粗的, medium中等的, fine好的, crepitus捻发音

pleural friction rubs

complete absence of breath sounds

ankle edema

weight loss，cachexia[k'keksi]恶病质，cachectic[k'kektik]恶病质的

decreased food appetite, loss of appetite, anorexia[,n'reksi]食欲减退

常做的检查 examinations or laboratory findings

(to take ,undergo, perform ,receive or have)

temperature charts 体温图(take one’s body temperature)

sputum pot 痰盂

Blood/urine/stool routine, occult['klt/ blood test潜隐血试验

Blood biochemistry

Sputum /blood culture and drug sensitivity test

sputum cytology[sai'tldi]细胞学

Pulse oximeter[k'simit]脉氧计：continuous monitoring of blood oxygen saturation

Arterial blood gas analysis(ABG): arterial blood sampling , radial/ femoral['femrl]股骨的artery puncture穿刺

PaCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood hypercarbia

PaO2: partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood hypoxemia[,haipk'si:mi]血氧不足respiratory failure:

type 1: decreased O2 supply, PaO2＜60 mmHg(millimeters of mercury['m:kjuri]汞)

due to diffusion failure or V/Q dismatch (ventilation-perfusion(quotient)ratio)

pulmonary edema, pneumonia, infarction, fibrosis,or pulmonary embolism，pulmonary hypertension, shunt

type 2: decreased CO2 removal, PaCO2＞50 mmHg(millimeters of mercury)

due to alveolar ventilation failure

obstructive: COPD, asthma, bronchiectasis

restrictive: neuromuscular[,njuru'mskjul]神经肌肉 (sedatives['sdtiv]镇静剂myasthenia[,mais'θi:ni]肌无力), structural['strktrl]结构的 (ankylosing

spondylitis[,ki'luzi,spndi'laitis]强直性脊柱炎), pleural diseases ,obesity

Chest X-ray/radiograph:

reticulo-nodular shadowing (reticular[ri'tikjul]网状的, linear['lini]线状的, military nodules粟粒样结节)

coin lesions 硬币样

cavities空腔：amphoric['mfrik]空翁音的(breathing like blowing over a bottle top)

opacification[u,psifi'kein]浑浊：consolidation (air space infiltrate):

confluent['knflunt]支流的,汇合的 shadowing and air bronchogramf支气管造影

collapse: lobar(upper, middle/lingual, lower)

segmental atelactasis肺不张

pleural effusion

mediastinal[,mi:dis'tainl]纵隔 mass: thyroid ,thymoma[θai'mum]胸腺瘤, teratoma[,ter'tum]畸胎瘤, TB lymph nodes,

terrible diagnoses including lymphoma[lim'fum]淋巴瘤 and aneurysm动脉瘤

Chest CT scan( computed tomography)

Head MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)

PET-CT of the whole body(positron-emission tomography) ['pzitrn]正电子

Abdominal ultrasound['ltrsaund]超声

skin prick test 皮肤点刺试验（dust mites尘螨，pollen花粉，cockroach蟑螂）

tuberculin skin test (purified protein derivative[di'rivtiv]纯蛋白衍生物(of tuberculin)

test, PPD test)

Pulmonary function test : Spirometry [spai'rmitri]呼吸量测定法，肺量测定法

obstructive lung diseases: airflow limitation

FEV1/FVC FVC RV and TLC KCO

< ↓ ↑ ↓

restrictive lung diseases: decreased lung compliance and small lung volumes

intraparenchymal > ↓↓ ↓ ↓

extraparenchymal variable ↓↓ ↓ normal

FEV1: forced expiratory[iks'pairtri/ volume in 1 second

FVC: force vital capacity

TLC: total lung capacity

RV: residual volume

KCO: transfer factor ( diffusion rate)

PEFR: peak expiratory flow rate

flow-volume loop ( inspiration and expiration[,ekspi'rein])

bronchoprovocation/challenge test[,prv'kein] 支气管激发试验：

histamine['histmmin]组胺or methacholine乙酰甲胆碱-inhalation[,inh'lein]

bronchodilatation[,dail'tein]支气管舒张试验: salbutamol沙丁胺醇[sl'bju:tm(:)l]

fiberoptic bronchoscopy[br'kskpi]: biopsy['bai,psi]活组织检查 bronchial brush

samples for pathological examation, bronchial washings)

bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)

protected specimen brush (PS

transthoracic[,trnsθ'rsik,]经胸廓的 percutaneous needle aspiration[,sp'rein]吸引术

percutanous needle biopsy under CT guidance ( for peripheral tumours)

video-assisted thoracoscopic-guided[θ'rkskup] 胸腔镜 lung biopsy

open lung biopsy

pleural biopsy

biopsy of enlarged lymph nodes

D-Dimers

electrocardiogram (ECG)心电图

echocardiogram心动图

V/Q isotope['aisutup] 同位素 scan ( ventilation/perfusion scanning)

spiral螺旋 CT/MRA (Magnetic Resonance Angiography[,ndi'ɡrfi]血管造影术)

pulmonary angiography

Doppler['dpl] 多普勒 USS thigh[θai]大腿 and pelvis['pelvis] 骨盆 (USS: ultrasound

scanning)

cardiac monitor

PSG( polysommography)

常见的病名 diseases

acute upper respiratory tract infection 急性上呼吸道感染

common cold 普通感冒

influenza 流感[,influ'enz]

pharynigitis 咽炎pharyngalgia[frin'gldi]咽痛

acute broncho-bronchitis 急性气管-支气管炎

pneumonia 肺炎

community acquired pneumonia (CAP) 社区获得性肺炎

hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP) 医院获得性肺炎

nosocomical pneumonia (NP) 医院内肺炎

bronchiectasis 支气管扩张

chornic bronchitis 慢性支气管炎

pulmonary emphysema 肺气肿

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (acute exacerbating) AECOPD COPD急性发作

bronchial asthma 支气管哮喘

allergic rhinitis[rai'naitis]过敏性鼻炎

respiratory failure 呼吸衰竭

lung abscess 肺脓肿

pulmonary tuberculosis 肺结核病

lung cancer: 肺癌

primary bronchogenic carcinoma 原发性支气管肺癌

squamous['skweims] cell carcinoma 鳞癌

adenocarcinoma 腺癌['dnu,kɑ:si'num]

bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma 支气管肺泡细胞癌

small cell lung carcinoma （SCLC）小细胞肺癌

pulmonary metastasis 肺转移瘤[m'tstsis]

pulmonary embolism （PE）肺栓塞

pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) 肺血栓栓塞症[,θrmbu'emb lizm] pulmonary infarction 肺梗死

deep venous thrombosis ,DVT 深静脉血栓形成

empyema 脓胸[,empai'i:m]

pneumothorax气胸

pyopneumothorax 脓气胸['paiu,nju:mu'θ:rks]

chronic suppurative disease 慢性化脓性疾病['spjurtiv, -reitiv] congenital cyanotic disease 先天性紫绀性心脏病[,sai'ntik]

cor pulmonale 肺源性心脏病['k:,pum'nli]

pulmonary hypertension 肺动脉高压

pulmonary encephalopathy 肺性脑病[en,sef'lpθi]

right heart failure; right-sided heart failure 右心衰竭

pulmonary vascular diseases 肺血管疾病

interstitial lung disease, ILD 弥漫性间质性肺疾病

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF 特发性肺纤维化[,idi'pθik]

cryptogenic[,kriptu'denik] 隐源性的 fibrosing alveolitis, CFA 隐源性纤维化性肺泡炎

connective tissue related lung diseases 结缔组织相关性肺疾病

systemic lupus['lju:ps]狼疮 erythematosus, SLE 系统性红斑狼疮

rheumatoid arthritis, RA 类风湿性关节炎

systemic sclerosis, SSc 系统性硬化

scleroderma 硬皮病

sjoren’s syndrome 感知综合征

polymyositis 多发性肌炎

dermatomyositis 皮肌炎

sarcoidosis 结节病[,sɑ:ki'dusis]

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis[,prutii'nusis], PAP 肺泡蛋白沉积症

Idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis ['hi:mu,sid'rusis, ,hem-]特发性肺含铁血黄素沉着病

Langerhans cell granulomatosis 朗格汉斯细胞肉芽肿病['ɡrnju,lum'tusis]

Eosinophilic granuloma 嗜酸性肉芽肿[,i:sin'filik]

Histiocytosis X 组织细胞增多症X

Wegener granulomatosis Wegener肉芽肿

extrinsic allergic alveolitis 外源性过敏性肺泡炎

pneumoconiosis 尘肺['nju:m,kuni'usis]

drug-induced lung disease 药物性肺病

aspergillosis[,sp:di'lusis]曲菌病：allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) pleural disease 胸膜疾病

broncho-pleural fistula 支气管胸膜瘘['fistjul]

oral candidiasis 口腔念珠菌病，鹅口疮[,kndi'daisis]

osteoporotic bone change 骨质疏松样改变

glaucoma 青光眼

cataract白内障

acute lung injury ，ALI 急性肺损伤

acute respiratory distress syndrome , ARDS 急性呼吸窘迫综合征

urticaria 荨麻疹

eczema 湿疹

hypertension 高血压

diabetes 糖尿病

常用的药物 drugs or agents

be administered, treat sb. with

empirical 经验性的, prophylactic[,prfi'lktik, ,pru-]预防性, remedial[ri'mi:dil]治疗性Expectorant 祛痰药[eks'pektrnt]

Mucolytics 粘液溶解剂[,mju:ku'litik]

bronchodilator支气管扩张剂[,brkudai'leit]

B2-agonists['ɡnist]兴奋剂: short-acting :salbutamol沙丁胺醇[sl'bju:tm(:)l]

long-acting: salmeterol 沙美特罗

muscarinic[,msk'rinik] 毒蕈碱样的 antagonists[n'tɡnist]对抗剂: ipratropium bromide['brumaid] 异丙托溴胺

aminophylline 氨茶碱[,mi:nu'fili:n]

steroids['stirid]类固醇inhaled: budesonide 布地奈德，

beclomethasone[,beklu'meθsun]倍氯米松，fluticasone氟替卡松

systemic: prednisolone['pred'nislun] 强的松po(per os).,

hydrocortisone[,haidru'k:tizun]氢化可的松iv.

mast cell stabilizers: cromoglycate sodium色甘酸钠

leukotriene[,lju:ku'train]白三烯 receptor antagonists: montelukast孟鲁司特

respiratory stimulants:

lobeline

nikethamide[ni'keθmaid, -mid]尼可刹米

cardiac tonic 强心剂

diuretics 利尿剂[,daiju'retik]

albumin 白蛋白['lbjumin]

antitussive agents 镇咳药[,nti'tsiv]

ammonium chloride 氯化铵['munjm]铵['kl:raid]氯化物

ambroxol 氨溴索（mucosolvan 沐舒坦）

Pantoloc潘妥洛克

常用的治疗措施

low or high flow oxygen: nasal cannulae['knjuli:]鼻导管， Venturi[ven'tjuri]文里氏face-mask nebulizer['nebjulaiz]喷雾器: finer particle size (3 to 20um) allows tracheobronchial deposition

metered dose inhaler (MDI)定量雾化吸入器

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)-tight-fitting mask (non-invasive)

intermittent positive-pressure ventilation ( IPPV)

non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV)

mechanical ventilation: non-invasive or invasive

(via intubation[,intju:'bein]插管，tracheostomy [,trki'stmi, ,trei-]气管造口术，tracheotomy[,trki'tmi, ,trei-]气管切开术)

synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, SIMV 同步间歇指令通气

pressure support ventilation, PSV 压力支持通气

thoracocentesis 胸腔穿刺术[,θ:rksen't esis]

chest drain/drainage 引流术

chemotherapy 化疗

radiation therapy 放疗

pneumonectomy 肺切除术[,nju:mu'nektmi]

lobectomy of lung，pulmonary lobectomy肺叶切除术[lu'bektmi]叶切除术

thoracotomy 开胸术，胸廓切开术[,θ:r'ktmi]

pleurodesis胸膜剥脱术

pleurectomy 胸膜切除术

pleural adhesion 胸膜粘连术

thromboendarterectomy血栓动脉内膜切除术

inferior vena cava filter 下腔静脉过滤器

常见的疾病

chornic bronchitis: procuctive cough, most days of 3 months of the year, for at least 2 consecutive years, cough with white or purulent sputum

bronchiectasis:

cystic['sistik]囊性的/varicose['vrikus]曲张样/cyclindrical柱状-tram-tracks轨道样

hemoptysis

physiotherapy: chest wall percussion wirh head-down postural['pstrl] drainage

long term oxygen inhalation : to prevent cor pulmonale

medical: bronchodilators, mucolytics, rotating courses of antibiotics

surgical: resection, artery embolization for hemoptysis

lung abscess

usually on right side, as right bronchus is shorter and more vertical;

in the supine [ 'sju:pain]仰卧patient , abscess develops in apical lower lobe or

posterial upper lobe.

pneumothorax

accumulation of air in pleural space, with secondary partial collapse of subpleural胸膜下的 bleb [bleb]大疱 rupture ['rpt]破裂

lactrogenic: positive pressure ventilation, bronchoscopy [br'kskpi]支气管镜检

查 ,esp. biopsy

types: closed, open, tension

mediastinal deviation :trachea and apex ['eipeks]尖端 shift contralaterally对立的旁边

CXR: translucency [trnz'lju:snsi]半透明+collapse倒塌: visible rim边缘 between lung and chest wall＞2 cm(centimeter) =＞50% lung volume loss

aspiration [,sp'rein]吸引术，intercostal drain

refractory or recurrent周期性的: pleurodesis胸膜固定术, pleurectomy[plu'rektmi]胸膜切除术, bulla['bul] 大疱 stapling装订 or lasering激光

pleural effusion

chest pain and progressively worsening of shortness of breath

Transudate[,trnsju'deit]漏出液：redistribution of Starling forces across microcirculation, diuretics[,daiju'retik]利尿剂 can result in rapid resolution, protein

<30g/L(gram/litre['li:t]) or pleura: serum['sirm]血清 protein <1/2 or pleura: serum LDH<2/3;

often seen in cardiac failure, hypoalbuminemia[,haipul,bju:m'ni:mi]低蛋白血症, embolism, superior or inferior vena cava obstruction, hypothyroidism .[,haipu'θairidizm]甲状腺功能低下

Exudate['eksjudeit]渗出液：capillary permeability[,p:mi'biliti] 渗透 increases or lymph drainage decreases

often seen in infection ,neoplasia[,ni:u'pleizi, -i]瘤形成, surgery or trauma.

CXR: meniscus[mi'nisks]弯液面-shaped,rises towards axilla[k'sil]腋温

Appearance: clear ,straw淡黄色的-coloured: suggests transduate

turbid['t:bid]浑浊的, green: indicates exudates(pus[ps]脓cells) or

empyema[,empai'i:m]积脓症 (bacterial infection)

bloody( haemothorax[,hi:mu'θ:rks]血胸): tumor ,pulmonary embolism, acute pancreatitis['pnkri'taitis]胰腺炎, trauma

white( chylothorax[,kailu'θ:rks]乳糜胸)：lymph ,blocked thoracic[θ:'rsik,] duct胸导管, usually due to tumour

Therapy: transudate: diuretics

exudates: repeated drainage (thoracocentesis)

intrathoracic[,intrθ'rsik]胸廓内的 streptokinase[,streptu'kaineis]链球菌激酶via chest drain: to lyse[lais]溶解 fibrinous['faibrins] 纤维蛋白的 adhesions[d'hi:n]粘合pleural adhesion: tetracycline[,tetr'saiklain]四环素. bleomycin[,bli:u'maisin]博莱霉素

lung cancer

hoarseness: due to left recurrent屡发的 laryngeal[,lrin'di:l] 喉的 nerve palsy['p:lzi]麻痹

dysphagia[dis'feidi,-di]吞咽困难

pancoast tumor infiltrates T1 stellate ['stelit, -leit] 星形的ganglion['ɡɡlin]神经节resulting in Horner syndrome

hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy[,stiuɑ:'θrupθi]骨关节病

superior vena cava obstruction (SVCO): headache, shortness of breath; conjunctival

e dema, [,kndk'taiv]结膜plethora['pleθr], vein dilation, pericardial tamponade[,tmp'neid]心包填塞( JVP↑,ABP↓,quiet HS

paraneoplastic syndromes: endocrine( ACTH: Cushing’s; B-HCG:gynaecomastia and body hair loss; PTH: hypercalcaemia especially squamous cell carcinoma),

skin（dermatomyositis）

immunocompromised . shingles 带状疱疹

squamous cell carcinoma: 30% of all primary lung tumours, but decreasing incidence ,relatively good prognosis if localized, squamous metaplasia with keratin whorls, central location, clubbing, hypercalcemia( PTH-rp secretion)

adenocarcinoma: 30%,increasing incidence, esp. women, less association with smoking, poor prognosis, metastasis early, gland-like and mucin-secretion, peripheral location, pleural effusions, hypercoagulable state

small cell carcinoma:20%,poor prognosis, metastasis occur early, small AUPD cells with neurosecretory granules, central location, paraneoplastic syndromes common bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma: variant of adenocarcinoma that is associated with chronic lung inflammation , . fibrosing , copious clear mucoid sputum

NSCLC: surgical resection possible at first, adjuvant chemotherapy

SCLC: radiotherapy + chemotherapy ( etoposide + cisplatin)

secondary lung cancer: breast, oesophago/gastric/head-neck(+colon if liver metastasis), melanoma, bone (sarcoma), thyroid, renal, prostate, ovary, choriocarcinoma, testes etc.

obstructive sleep apnoea

obstruction of upper airway occurs at night with loss of muscle tone in sleep, snoring, sleepiness during day, aponeic spells (O2↓,patient awakes from sleep), awakening with nocturia, daytime somnolence, decreased memory and attention, increased accident risk, polycythaemia, systemic hypertension and pulmonary hypertension

Causes: central obesity( fat deposition around upper airway leads to airway narrowing, abdominal fat elevates diaphragm),structural features of upper airway (nasal obstruction: rhinitis,polyps, deviated sputum; adenotonsillar hypertrophy, micrognathia; macroglossia due to hypothyrodism/amyloid/Down’s; cervical masses: goiter,laryngeal stenosis), smoking( exacerabates hypoxia), alcohol (acts as a sedative thereby reducing upper airway tone),neuromuscular or CNS diseases

PSG( polysommography): overnight sleep study

Therapy: conservative: weight loss, avoid alcohol /smoking/sedatives, avoid supine position

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

mandibular advancement device (MAD)

adenoidectomy （curative in children）

uvulopalatopharyngoplasty悬雍垂-腭-咽成形术

maxillomandibular osteotomy

obesity-hypoventilation syndrome: collapse of alveoli at end-expiration, decreased compliance due to weight of abdomen and chest wall, central respiratory drive↓

常用的化疗药

cisplatin 顺铂

Gemcitabine吉西他滨：Gemzar (盐酸吉西他滨注射剂)

paclitaxel; taxinol紫杉醇（Taxol泰素）

docetaxel多西他赛（泰素帝）

常见的抗生素

beta-lactam antibiotics: inhibit cell wall synthesis

penicillin skin test

amoxicillin 阿莫西林

piperacillin/tazobactam sodium 哌拉西林/他唑巴坦钠

ticarcillin/ clavulanate potassium 替卡西林/克拉维酸钾

cephamycin 头孢菌素类

cefradine 头孢拉啶

cefaclor 头孢克洛

cefoperazone/sulbactam 头孢哌酮/舒巴坦

ceftriaxone 头孢曲松

cefpiramide 头孢吡啶

ceftazidime 头孢他定

ceftizoxime 头孢唑污

carbopenems 碳青霉烯类

azactam 氨曲南

meropenem 美罗培南

imipenem and sodium cilastatin 亚胺培南/西司他丁钠（泰能 tienam）Glycopeptides 糖肽类 inhibit cell wall assembly

vancomycin 万古霉素

norvancomycin 去甲万古霉素

teicoplanin 替考拉林

Macrolides大环内酯类： inhibit protein synthesis

roxithromycin 罗红霉素

clarithromycin 克拉霉素

azithromycin 阿奇霉素

erythromycin 红霉素

Aminoglycoside antibiotics: 氨基糖苷类reno- and ototoxic

inhibit initiation and elongation process during protein synthesis amikacin 阿米卡星（丁胺卡那）

gentamicin 庆大霉素

streptomycin 链霉素

Sulfamido 磺胺类

sulfamethoxazole compound

Quinolones 喹诺酮类： inhibit DNA gyrase

norfloxacin 诺氟沙星

ofloxacin 氧氟沙星