翻译(打印版)

状语从句的翻译

状语从句包括时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句。

英语状语从句的翻译并不是什么难点，因此不作详细讲解。本部分讲解的重点在于时间状语从句中的连接词“when”并不一定总表示时间；而地点状语从句中的连接词“where”并不一定总表示地点。在有些情况下，两者可表示“如果”，相当于“ if”。Examples:

When the molecules of a solid move fast enough, the solid melts and becomes a liquid. 如果固体内的分子运动得足够快，固体就融化为液体。When information exists in digital form or is transferred into digital form it is digitized.

如果信息以数字形式存在，或被转化成数字形式，便是被数字化了。

No relief valve is required where two pressure reducing valves are installed.

如果装上两个减压阀，就不需要安全阀。

名词性从句的翻译

Substantive Clause Translation

包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句及同位语从句四类。重点讲解同位语从句的翻译。尤其是避免“即”、“：”、“——”之类的译法。

主语从句及翻译

（一）以what, who, whether, that, where, why, how, when等代词引导的主语从句翻译时一般可按照原文顺序翻译。例如：Why metals can conduct electricity is an interesting problem.

金属为什么能导电是一个有趣的问题。

That energy can be neither created nor destroyed is a very important law in physical science.

能量既不能创造也不能消灭是物理学的一条很重要的定律。Whether an organism is a plant or an animal sometimes taxes the brains of a biologist.

一种生物是植物还是动物，有时使生物学家很伤脑筋。

When it was first invented is not known.

它最初是什么时候发明的，现在还不知道。

Where the water has gone can easily be answered.

水到哪里去了，这很容易回答。

（二）形式主语it +谓语+ that (whether)引导的从句，汉译时一般先译从句再译主句。例如：

It is a matter of common experience that bodies are lighter in water than they are in air.

众所周知，物体在水中比在空气中轻。

It is no longer a question whether man can fly to the moon. 人能否飞上月球，现在已不再是什么问题了。

It is certain that we shall produce this kind of engine.

毫无疑问，我们将生产这种发动机。

表语从句及翻译

表语从句位于主句的连系动词之后，引导表语从句的从属连词和引导主语从句的从属连词相同。汉译时，顺序不变。例如：The question is how the people can find an effective way to store the sun’s heat. 问题在于人们怎样才能找到一种有效的方式来储藏太阳热。This is what the equation means.

这就是此方程式的含义。

That’s why the plants absorb water from the soil.

这就是植物从土壤中吸收水分的原因。

宾语从句及翻译

宾语从句既可以是动词的宾语，也可以是某些形容词或介词的宾语。宾语从句也可以出现在由it作形式宾语的句子中，汉译时，顺序一般不变。例如：

Scientists have long predicated that computers would one day help speed up the arduous task of translating texts.

科学家们早已预言，总有一天计算机将帮助我们加快艰巨的文字翻译工作。

We all know that cigarette smoking is hazardous to health and that alcohol abuse can kill.

我们都知道吸烟对健康有害，我们也知道酗酒会危害人的生命。Nutritional experiments have made it evident that vitamins are indispensable for one’s health and growth.

营养实验证明，维生素对人们的健康和生长是不可缺少的。

同位语从句及翻译

英语中的同位语从句是用来说明它前面的某个名词的从句，它与其所修饰的名词在地位上是同等的。同位语从句常用that, whether 或if引导，它们在从句中不充当任何句子成分。汉译时可灵活处理，根据具体情况可采用合译、分译或转换等多种方法。例如：

The suggestion that we should develop the natural resources in this region has been discussed.

关于我们应该开发本地区自然资源的建议已经被讨论过了。There is no possibility that human beings will ever be controlled by robots.

人类不可能受机器人控制。

There is general acknowledgment that characteristics of an individual are a result of an interaction of genetics and environment.

众所周知，某一个体的特性是遗传和环境相互作用的结果。There is no doubt that animal viruses can jump into humans. 毫无疑问，动物病毒能进入人体。

So far there is no proof that UFOs or spaceships from other planets do exist.

究竟有没有不明飞行物或来自其他行星的宇宙飞船，迄今为止尚无法证实。经常与同位语从句连用的单词或短语包括：idea, fact, news, rumor, hope, belief, thought, doubt, proposition, suggestion, advice, agreement, message, probability, certainty, likelihood, evidence, on condition, on the supposition, on the ground(s), on the understanding, with the exception, in spite of the fact等。

定语从句的翻译

自由式定语从句

自由式定语从句是指一个句子中两个或两个以上不同成分带定语从句的情况。这种从句的先行词没有固定模式，在句中充当不同的句子成分，故该结构中的定语从句称为自由式定语从句。它们拆开来看，其实就是一个一个简单的定语从句，因此，其翻译也和简单的定语从句相同。

Examples:

Thus the Arab Umayyed Dynasty of caliphs, which had moved the capital from Medina to Damascus in 661, came to be regarded with much justification as a parasitic clique that had outlived its usefulness once the conquests were completed.

Chinese Translation No. 1:

人们开始理由充分地认为，阿拉伯麦伍德哈里发王朝阿拉伯伍麦叶里发王朝是征服战争完成后毫无作用的一个寄生集团；该王朝曾于661年从麦地那迁都大马士革。

Chinese Translation No. 2:

阿拉伯麦伍德王朝的统治者们征服了……，于661年将首都从麦地那迁往大马士革，但此后他们便成了不折不扣的寄生虫。

嵌套式定语从句

嵌套式定语从句是指一个句子中定语从句套定语从句的情况。这种结构中的定语从句其实和自由式定语从句基本相似，拆开来也是一个独立的定语从句，只不过一个定语从句在另一个定语从句之中而已。

Examples:

Likewise in the east were the Seljuk Turks who had infiltrated from their Central Asian homeland into the Islamic Empire where they were employed as mercenaries by the Baghdad caliphs.

Chinese Translation No. 1:

同样，在东方是塞尔柱突厥人，他们从家乡中亚进入伊斯兰教帝国；在那里被巴格达哈里发雇为雇佣军。

Chinese Translation No. 2:

东边也是塞尔柱突厥人。他们从自己的家乡中亚地区来到伊斯兰教帝国，充当了巴格达哈里发的雇佣军。

并列式定语从句

并列式定语从句是并列成分中的定语从句的简称，指一个句子中两个或两个以上并列成分均带定语从句的情况。Examples:

This was a defensive pact, designed to protect Germany against the French, who aspired to recover the

alsace-Lorraine provinces lost in 1871, and also to protect Austria-hungary against the Russians, with whom they continually clashed in the Balkans.

这是一个防御性的盟约，旨在保护德国人免受法国人的攻击，保护奥匈帝国免受俄国人的攻击；因为法国人想收复1871年失去的阿尔萨斯-洛林地区，而俄国人则在巴尔干半岛同奥匈帝国接连不断地发生冲突。

一主二仆式定语从句

Examples:

The old ways of earning a living was rivaled by new agricultural techniques, by commerce with hitherto unknown parts of the globe, and by new crafts with strange machines that saved labor and that ran without the traditional human or animal power.

古老的谋生之道正受到新农业技术、新贸易和新行业的挑战。其中，这些新兴的行业使用一些奇怪的机器。这些机器无需传统的人力和畜力，非常节省劳动力。

And it helps to explain why so many inventions t h a t w e r e o f C h i n e s e o r i g i n o r t h a t h a d b e e n k n o w n t o t h e G r e c o-R o m a n s, were fully developed and exploited ony by the Western Europeans.

它有助于说明，为什么发源于中国的许多发明和希腊罗马人所知道的许多发明，只是在西欧人手中才得到全面发展和充分利用。Consequently the manor was a self-sufficient village that was worked by serfs w h o w e r e n o t f r e e t o l e a v e,a n d w h o

w i t h t h e i r l a b o r s u p p o r t e d a h i e r a r c h y o f l a y a n d c l e r i c a l

l o r d s.

因而，采邑是靠农奴经营的自给自足的村庄；农奴不能随便离开，并以其劳动养活教俗封建集团。

Not Surprisingly, the most complex political structures appeared in the Sudan, where long distance trade was most highly developed and where Islamic influence was the strongest.

Chinese Translation No. 1:

毫不奇怪，苏丹出现了最复杂的政治组织，在那里，长途贸易发展得最快，伊斯兰教的影响最为强烈。

Chinese Translation No. 2:

苏丹的长途贸易发展得最快，伊斯兰教的影响也最大。在那里出现最为复杂的政治组织是毫不奇怪的。

Our aim is to establish in Ghana a strong and progressive society ... w h e r e p o v e r t y a n d i l l i t e r a c y n o l o n g e r e x i s t a n d

d i s

e a s e i s b r o u g h t u n d e r c o n t r o l; and where our educational facilities provide all the children o

f Ghana with the best possible opportunities for the development of their potentialities.

我们的目标是要在加纳建立一个强大、进步的社会......在这里，贫困和文盲不再存在，疾病得到控制；在这里，我们的教育机构为加纳所有的孩子提供发展他们的潜力的最好机会。

Even so the Lisbon government admitted in MARCH 1970 that a major attack had been launched by guerrillas w h o

w e r e a r m e d w i t h m o r t a r s a n d a u t o m a t i c w e a p o n s a n d w h o

i n f l i c t e d"m a n y"P o r t u g u e s e c a s u a l t i e s.

即使如此，里斯本政府仍于1970年3月承认，配备迫击炮和自动武器的游击队已发动了一次大规模的进攻，使葡萄牙人蒙受"重大"伤亡。

At one extreme are Hawaii and Brazil, w h e r e r a c i a l

i n t e r m i x t u r e i s e x t e n s i v e a n d c o n t i n u i n g,a n d w h e r e r a c i a l

d i s c r i m i n a t i o n i s r

e l a t i v e l y m i n o r.

Chinese Translation No.1:

处于一个极端的是夏威夷和巴西，在那里，种族混合十分广泛，而且正在继续进行，因此，种族歧视较少。

Chinese Translation No.2:

最为典型的则要数夏威夷和巴西了。在这两个地方，种族混合非常普遍，而且将会有增无减；而相对来说，种族歧视问题就不怎么严重了。

He was also an old-line Stalinist w h o h a d s p e n t16y e a r s i n

H u n g a r i a n j a i l s i n t h e i n t e r w a r p e r i o d a n d w h o w a s n o w

u n w i l l i n g t o s h a r e a u t h o r i t y w i t h t h e"n a t i o n a l i s t“H u n g a r i a n C o m m u n i s t s.他还是一位老牌的斯大林主义者，曾在两次世界大战之间的时期

内在匈牙利监狱呆了16年，因而这时不愿与"民族主义的"匈牙

利共产党人分享权力。

Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised i n an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些

因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发

展到较高的水平。

Prior to the twentieth century, women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.

在20世纪以前, 小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何

特点, 因而无法成为具有个性的人; 他们还要屈从于由男性主宰

的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。

Although perhaps only 1 per cent of the life that has started somewhere will develop into highly complex and intelligent patterns, so vast is the number of planets that intelligent life is bound to be a natural part of the universe. 虽然在某处已经开始的生命中可能仅有百分之一会发展成高度

复杂、有智慧的型式, 但是行星的数目如此之多, 以致有智慧的

生命一定是宇宙的一个天然组成部分。

Taking his cue from Ibsen’s A Doll’s House, in which the heroine, Nora, leaves home because she resents her husband’s treating her like a child, the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself; she must have economic rights to survive.

易卜生的剧作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉离家出走, 因为她

憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示,

从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己, 她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。