最新职称英语考试必看
最新职称英语考试必看
阅读判断
What Is a Dream?
For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others，however，think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person?s mind and emotions.
Before modern times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.
The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud1，was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. In his famous book, The interpretation of Dreams (1900), Freud wrote that dreams are an expression of a person?s wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.
The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung2was once a student of Freud?s. Jung，however，had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For
example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.
Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz，believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person?s daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime.
Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop.
He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in men?s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women?s dreams.3 Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones.
Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldn?t panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It?s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.
词汇：
psychologist / sa??k?l?d??st / n．心理学家
psychiatrist /sai' kai?tr?st/ n．精神病
学家(医生)
Austrian / ??str??n / adj．奥地利的gender / ?d?end? / n．性别
注释：
1．Sigmund Freud西格蒙德?弗洛伊德（1856—1939)，犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。精神分析学派的创始人。他认为被压抑的欲望绝大部分是属于性的，性的扰乱是精神病的根本原因。著有《性学三论》《梦的释义》《图腾与禁忌》《日常生活的心理病理学》《精神分析引论》《精神分析引论新编》等。
2．Carl Jung：卡尔?荣格，瑞士著名精神分析专家，分析心理学的创始人。
3．For example, the people in men?s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of women?s dreams.例如，在男性梦境中出现的通常是其他男性，而且常与打斗有关，而女性的梦境则不是这样。
练习：
1．Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned 2．According to Freud, people dream about things that they cannot talk about.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned 3．Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned 4．In the past, people believed that dreams involved emotions.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned 5．According to Domhoff, babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned 6．Men and women dream about different things.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned 7．Scientists agree that dreams predict the future.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
答案与题解
1．A这句话恰好表达了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理学家认为，人脑睡眠中的活动没有特别意义；而有些人则认为，梦可以揭示人的思维和情感活动。
2．A第三段的最后一句讲的是弗洛伊德认为梦反映了人们在现实情况下害怕表达的情感、思维和恐惧。此句与本叙述一致。
3．B第四段的第二句和第三句：Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.（荣格认为，梦的用途是向做梦者传递一个信息）He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.（他认为人们通过思考所做的梦能够更好地了解自己）。他给出了两个例子来说明他的论点。4．C文中没有提及。
5．A依据第六段，Domhoff研究得出：孩子不像成人做那么多的梦，他认为做梦也是一项心智机能，需要随着年龄增长而发展。
6．A本文第七段讲述了做梦与性别的关系。第二句更指出男人和女人做的梦是不同的。
7．B最后一段的倒数第二句讲的是：梦可能会有意义，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。因而不能预测未来。
第十三篇Stage Fright1
Fall down as you come onstage. That?s a n odd trick. Not recommended. But it saved the pianist Vladimir Feltsman when he was a teenager back in Moscow. The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic,2Mr. Feltsman said, “ All my fright was go ne. I already fell. What else could happen?”
Today, music schools are addressing the problem of anxiety in classes that deal with performance techniques and career preparation. There are a variety of strategies that musicians can learn to fight stage fright and its symptoms: icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, blank mind.3
Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces inside out,4to mental discipline, such as visualizing a performance and taking steps to relax. Don?t deny that you?re jittery，they urge; some excitement is natural, even necessary for dynamic playing. And play in public often, simply for the experience.
Psychotherapist Diane Nichols suggests some strategies for the moments
before performance, “Take two deep abdominal breaths, op en up your shoulders, then smile,?? she says. “And not one of these …please don?t kill me? smiles. Then choose three friendly faces in the audience, people you would communicate with and make music to, and make eye contact with them.”She doesn?t want perfo rmers to think of the audience as a judge.
Extreme demands by mentors or parents are often at the root of stage fright，says Dorothy Delay, a well-known violin teacher. She tells other teachers to demand only what their students are able to achieve.
When Lynn Harrell was 20，he became the principal cellist of the Cleverland Orchestra, and he suffered extreme stage fright. “There were times when I got so nervous I was sure the audience could see my chest responding to the throbbing. It was just total panic. I came to a point where I thought,… If I have to go through this to play music, I think I?m going to look for another jo b.”5Recovery, he said, involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible，and that an imperfect concert was not a disaster.6
It is not only young artists who suffer, of course. The legendary pianist Vladimir Horowitz?s nerves were famous. The great tenor Franco Corelli is another example. “They had to push him on stage,”Soprano Renata Scotto recalled.
Actually，success can make things worse. “In the beginning of your career, when you?re scared to death, nobody knows who you are, and they don?t have any expectations,”Soprano June Anderson said. “There?s less to lose. Later
on, whe n you?re known, people are coming to see you, and they have certain expectations. You have a lot to lose.”
Anderson added，“I never stop being nervous until I?ve sung my last note.”
词汇：
veteran / ?vet?r?n / adj．经验丰富的jittery / ?d??t?ri / adj．紧张不安的mentor / ?men?t?: / n．指导者soprano / s??prprɑ:n?? / n．女高音；
女高音歌手cellist/ ?t?el?st / n．大提琴演奏家abdominal / ?b?d?m?n?l / adj．腹部的
fallible/ ?f?l?b?l / adj．易犯错误的tenor /'ten?/ n．男高音
注释：
1．Stage Fright：舞台恐惧
2．The veteran cellist Mstislav Rostropovich tripped him purposely to cure him of pre-performance panic…资深大提琴家米提斯拉夫 罗斯特罗波维奇故意把他绊倒，因而治愈了他的上台前的恐惧症……cure somebody of illness (problem)：医治好病（解决问题）
3．… its symptoms：icy fingers, shaky limbs, racing heart, blank mind…：……舞台恐惧的症状有：手指冰凉、四肢颤抖、心跳加快和大脑一片空白……
4．Teachers and psychologists offer wide-ranging advice, from basics like learning pieces inside out…：老师和心理学家给出了方方面面的建议，从基础的做法，比如详细地学习曲目……inside out：in great
detail详细地，从里到外地
5．I came to a point where I thought，‘If I have to go through this to play music, I think I?m going to look for another job’.：我曾经一度认为，如果演奏音乐就必须过怯场这一关的话，那我可能得换其他工作了。
6．Recovery, he said, involved developing humility-recognizing that whatever his talent, he was fallible, and that an imperfect concert was not
a disaster.：他后来说，要克服恐惧重要的是学会谦逊，即认识到不
论自己多有才，总有可能会失误，一个有瑕疵的音乐会绝对不是世界末日。
练习：
1．Falling down onstage was not a good way for Vladimir Feltsman to deal with his stage fright.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned 2．There are many signs of stage fright.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned 3．Teachers and psychologists cannot help people with extreme -stage fright.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned 4．To perform well on stage, you need to have some feelings of excitement.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned 5．If you have stage fright, it's helpful to have friendly audience.
A Right
B Wrong
C Not mentioned
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