文献综述-精密和超精密加工

文献综述-精密和超精密加工
文献综述-精密和超精密加工

精密和超精密加工

一、精密和超精密加工的概念与范畴

通常,按加工精度划分,机械加工可分为一般加工、精密加工、超精密加工三个阶段。目前,精密加工是指加工精度为1~0.1?;m,表面粗糙度为Ra0.1~0.01?;m的加工技术,但这个界限是随着加工技术的进步不断变化的,今天的精密加工可能就是明天的一般加工。精密加工所要解决的问题,一是加工精度,包括形位公差、尺寸精度及表面状况;二是加工效率,有些加工可以取得较好的加工精度,却难以取得高的加工效率。精密加工包括微细加工和超微细加工、光整加工等加工技术。传统的精密加工方法有砂带磨削、精密切削、珩磨、精密研磨与抛光等。

a.砂带磨削是用粘有磨料的混纺布为磨具对工件进行加工,属于涂附磨具磨削加工的范畴,有生产率高、表面质量好、使用范围广等特点。

b.精密切削,也称金刚石刀具切削(SPDT),用高精密的机床和单晶金刚石刀具进行切削加工,主要用于铜、铝等不宜磨削加工的软金属的精密加工,如计算机用的磁鼓、磁盘及大功率激光用的金属反光镜等,比一般切削加工精度要高1~2个等级。

c.珩磨,用油石砂条组成的珩磨头,在一定压力下沿工件表面往复运动,加工后的表面粗糙度可达Ra0.4~0.1?;m,最好可到Ra0.025?;m,主要用来加工铸铁及钢,不宜用来加工硬度小、韧性好的有色金属。

d.精密研磨与抛光通过介于工件和工具间的磨料及加工液,工件及研具作相互机械摩擦,使工件达到所要求的尺寸与精度的加工方法。精密研磨与抛光对于金属和非金属工件都可以达到其他加工方法所不能达到的精度和表面粗糙度,被研磨表面的粗糙度Ra≤0.025?;m加工变质层很小,表面质量高,精密研磨的设备简单,

主要用于平面、圆柱面、齿轮齿面及有密封要求的配偶件的加工,也可用于量规、量块、喷油嘴、阀体与阀芯的光整加工。

e.抛光是利用机械、化学、电化学的方法对工件表面进行的一种微细加工,主要用来降低工件表面粗糙度,常用的方法有:手工或机械抛光、超声波抛光、化学抛光、电化学抛光及电化学机械复合加工等。手工或机械抛光加工后工件表面粗糙度Ra≤0.05?;m,可用于平面、柱面、曲面及模具型腔的抛光加工。超声波抛光加工精度 0.01~0.02?;m,表面粗糙度Ra0.1?;m。化学抛光加工的表面粗糙度一般为Ra≤0.2?;m。电化学抛光可提高到Ra0.1~0.08?m。

超精密加工就是在超精密机床设备上,利用零件与刀具之间产生的具有严格约束的相对运动,对材料进行微量切削,以获得极高形状精度和表面光洁度的加工过程。当前的超精密加工是指被加工零件的尺寸精度高于0.1μm,表面粗糙度Ra小于0.025μm,以及所用机床定位精度的分辨率和重复性高于0.01μm的加工技术,亦称之为亚微米级加工技术,且正在向纳米级加工技术发展。

超精密加工包括微细加工、超微细加工、光整加工、精整加工等加工技术。微细加工技术是指制造微小尺寸零件的加工技术;超微细加工技术是指制造超微小尺寸零件的加工技术,它们是针对集成电路的制造要求而提出的,由于尺寸微小,其精度是用切除尺寸的绝对值来表示,而不是用所加工尺寸与尺寸误差的比值来表示。光整加工一般是指降低表面粗糙度和提高表面层力学机械性质的加工方法,不着重于提高加工精度,其典型加工方法有珩磨、研磨、超精加工及无屑加工等。实际上,这些加工方法不仅能提高表面质量,而且可以提高加工精度。精整加工是近年来提出的一个新的名词术语,它与光整加工是对应的,是指既要降低表面粗糙度和提高表面层力学机械性质,又要提高加工精度(包括尺寸、形状、位置精度)的加

工方法。

二、精密加工的发展现状与应用

1.精密成型加工的发展现状与应用

精密铸造成形、精密模压成形、塑性加工、薄板精密成形技术在工业发达国家受到高度重视,并投入大量资金优先发展。70年代美国空军主持制订“锻造工艺现代化计划”,目的是使锻造这一重要工艺实现现代化,更多地使用CAD/CAM,使新锻件的制造周期减少75%。1992年,美国国防部提出了“军用关键技术清单”,其中包含了等压成型工艺、数控计算机控制旋压、塑变和剪切成形机械、超塑成型/扩散连接工艺、液压延伸成型工艺等精密塑性成型工艺。国外近年来还发展了以航空航天产品为应用对象的“大型模锻件的锻造及叶片精锻工艺”、“快速凝固粉末层压工艺”、“大型复杂结构件强力旋压成型工艺”、“难变形材料超塑成形工艺”、“先进材料(如金属基复合材料、陶瓷基复合材料等)成形工艺”等。我国的超塑成形技术在航天航空及机械行业也有应用,如航天工业中的卫星部件、导弹和火箭气瓶等,采用超塑成形法制造侦察卫星的钦合金回收舱。与此同时,还基本上掌握了锌、铜、铝、钦合金的超塑成形工艺,最小成形厚度可达0.3mm,形状也较复杂。此外,国外已广泛应用精密模压成形技术制造武器。常用的精密模压成形技术,如闭塞式锻造、采用分流原理的精密成形及等温成形等国外已用于军工生产。目前,精密模压技术在我国应用还较少,精度也较差,国外精度为±0.05—0.10mm,我国为±0.1—0.25mm。

2.孔加工技术的发展现状及应用

近年来,汽车、模具零部件、金属加工大都采用以CNC机床为中心的生产形态,进行孔加工时,也大都采用加工中心、CNC电加工机床等先进设备,高速、高

精度钻削加工已提上议事日程。无论哪个领域的孔加工,实现高精度和高速化都是取得用户订单的重要竞争手段。

近年来,随着高速铣削的出现,以铣削刀具为中心的切削加工正在进入高速高精度化的加工时期。在孔加工作业中,目前仍大量使用高速钢麻花钻,但各企业之间在孔加工精度和加工效率方面已逐渐拉开了差距。高速切削钻头的材料以陶瓷涂层硬质合金为主,如MAZAK公司和森精机制作所在加工铸铁时,即采用了陶瓷涂层钻头。在加工铝合金等有色材料时,可采用金刚石涂层硬质合金钻头、DLC涂层硬质合金钻头或带金刚石烧结体刀齿的钻头。高速高精度孔加工除采用CNC切削方式对孔进行精密加工外,还可采用镗削和铰削等方式对孔进行高精度加工。随着加工中心主轴的高速化,已可采用镗削工具对孔进行高速精密加工。

随着IT相关产业的发展,近年来,光学和电子工业所用装置的零部件产品的需求急速增长,这种增长刺激了微细形状及高精度加工技术的迅速发展。其中,微细孔加工技术的开发应用尤其引人注目。微细孔加工早已在印刷电路板等加工中加以应用,包括钢材在内的多种被加工材料,均可用钻头进行小直径加工。目前,小直径孔加工中,利用钻头切削的直径最小可至φ50μm左右。小于φ50μm的孔则多采用电加工来完成。为了抑制毛刺的产生,许多研究者提出可采用超声波振动切削的方式。目前,正在探索一种应用范围广而且工艺合理的超声波振动切削模式,其中包括研究机床的适应特性等内容。随着这些问题的顺利解决,今后可望更好地实现直径更小的微小深孔加工,加工精度会更高。

3.特种热处理的发展现状与应用

特种热处理工艺是国防工业系统关键制造技术之一。真空热处理以其特有的无污梁、无氧化、工件变形小和适用范围广等优点,广泛用于航空航天结构件处理,

如齿轮结构件表面渗碳或渗氮,导弹和航天器各种合金或钢件的去应力、增强或增韧处理等。典型结构如:仪表零件、传动结构、燃料贮箱、发动机壳体等;美国热处理炉约有50%以上为真空热处理炉。真空热处理炉已广泛采用了计算机控制,目前已发展到真空化学热处理和真空气淬热处理,包括高压真空气淬、高流率真空气淬和高压高流率真空气淬技术等。另外,激光热处理技术在国外已广泛用于航空、航天、电子、仪表等领域,如各种复杂表面件、微型构件、需局部强化处理构件、微型电子器件、大规模集成电路的生产和修补、精密光学元件、精密测量元件等。

4.数控电火花加工新工艺的应用

a.标准化夹具

数控电火花加工为保证极高的重复定位精度且不降低加工效率,采用快速装夹的标准化夹具。标准化夹具,是一种快速精密定位的工艺方法,它的使用大大减少了数控电火花加工过程中的装夹定位时间,有效地提升了企业的竞争力。目前有瑞士的EROWA和瑞典的3R装置可实现快速精密定位。

b.混粉加工方法

在放电加工液内混入粉末添加剂,以高速获得光泽面的加工方法称之为混粉加工。该方法主要应用于复杂模具型腔,尤其是不便于进行抛光作业的复杂曲面的精密加工。可降低零件表面粗糙度值,省去手工抛光工序,提高零件的使用性能(如寿命、耐磨性、耐腐蚀性、脱模性等)。混粉加工技术的发展,使精密型腔模具镜面加工成为现实。

c.摇动加工方法

电火花加工复杂型腔时,可根据被加工部位的摇动图形、摇动量的形状及精度的要求,选用电极不断摇动的方法,获得侧面与底面更均匀的表面粗糙度,更容易

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forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.

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超精密加工技术简介论文 学校:XXXXX 学院:XXXX 班级:XXXXX 专业:XXXXX 姓名:XXXX 学号:XXXX 指导教师:XXX

目录 目录 .......................................................................................................................................... - 2 - 一、概述................................................................................................................... - 1 - 1、超精密加工的内涵...................................................................................... - 1 - 2.、发展超精密加工技术的重要性................................................................. - 1 - 二、超精密加工所涉及的技术范围....................................................................... - 2 - 三、超精密切削加工............................................................................................... - 3 - 1、超精密切削对刀具的要求.......................................................................... - 3 - 2、金刚石刀具的性能特征.............................................................................. - 3 - 3、超精密切削时的最小切削厚度.................................................................. - 3 - 四、超精密磨削加工............................................................................................... - 4 - 1、超精密磨削砂轮.......................................................................................... - 4 - 2、超精密磨削砂轮的修整.............................................................................. - 4 - 3、磨削速度和磨削液...................................................................................... - 5 - 五、超精密加工的设备........................................................................................... - 5 - 六、超精密加工的支撑环境................................................................................... - 6 - 1、净化的空气环境.......................................................................................... - 6 - 2、恒定的温度环境.......................................................................................... - 6 - 3、较好的抗振动干扰环境.............................................................................. - 7 - 七、超精密加工的运用领域................................................................................... - 7 - 八、超精密加工的现状及未来发展....................................................................... - 7 - 1、超精密加工的现状...................................................................................... - 7 - 2、超精密加工的发展前景.............................................................................. - 8 - 总结:....................................................................................................................... - 9 - 参考文献:.....................................................................................错误!未定义书签。

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