专业英语复习资料

advanced materials新型材料amorphous materials 无定形材料

ceramic-matrix composite陶瓷基复合材料composite materials复合材料

hydrophilic polymer亲水性聚合物materials science材料科学

mechanical strength机械强度melting point 熔点

monomer identity单体属性nanostructured materials纳米结构材料natural polymer materials天然聚合物材料phase transformation temperatures相转变温度polymer synthesis聚合物合成stiffnesses刚度

the meatal-matrix composite金属基复合材料thermoplastic materials热塑性材料

“Materials science” involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast ,”materials engineering “is ,on the basis of there structure property correlations ,designing or engineering the structure of a material that produce a predetermined set of properties。，

“材料科学”涉及到研究材料的结构与性能的关系。相反，材料工程是根据材料的结构与性质的关系来涉及或操控材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质

Metals are extremely good conductor of electricity and hear, and are not transparent to visible light：a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance金属是电和热很好的导体，在可见光下不透明；擦亮的金属表面有金属光泽。

Ceramic are typically insulative to the passage of electricity and heat, and are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers.陶瓷是典型的导热导电的绝缘体，并且比金属和聚合物具有更高的耐热温度和耐恶劣环境性能。

An element’s atomic number indicate the number of positively charged protons in the numcleus .The atomic weight of an atom indicate how many protons and neutrons in the nucleus

元素的原子序数表明该元素的原子核内带正电的质子数。而原子的原子量则表明该原子核中质子数与中子数。

With impending and burgeoning societal issues affecting the human condition on our plant，the MSE community has a responsibility and an opportunity to truly make a difference by addressing the needs of the word of tomorrow ——needs in energy，transportation，housing，food，recycling，and health

随着影响我们星球上人类生存条件的社会问题的即将出现，材料科学与工程界有责任和机遇通过解决未来世界的需求—在能量、交通、住房、饮食、回收和健康方面的需求来改变世界

Polymer synthesis is the process of combining many small molecules known as monomers into a covalently bonded chain.

聚合物合成是一个把叫做单体的小分子通过共价键的结合形成链的过程

A great many of these synthetic polymers have a backbone of carbon-carbon bonds because carbon atoms have an exceptional ability to form strong stable bonds with one another.

大量合成的聚合物具有碳-碳骨架，这是因为碳原子具有与其它原子形成更强更稳定的键的优异性能

Rather than exhibiting a well-defined crystalline phase with a sharp melting point ,they soften over a range of temperatures.

它们在一定范围内软化，这与完好晶体相具有非常明确的熔点不同

Goodyear accidentally discovered that adding sulfur to rubber and then heating the mixture makes the rubber harder and reduces its susceptibility to oxidation or other chemical attack.

Goodyear 很偶然的发现了在橡胶中加入硫磺并加热这个混合物能使橡胶变硬，对氧化和化学进攻能力的敏感性降低。

The use of long-lasting polymers as packaging materials for short application is not justified ,also because physical recycling of these materals is often impractical because food contamination.

用持久耐用的聚合物做短期使用的包装材料并不合理，另外也是因为包装材料被食物污染后再进行物理回收是不切合实际的。

Most commonly,composite materials have a bulk phase ,which is continuous, called the matrix, and materials together. 最常见的是，复合材料有一个连续的叫基体的本体相，还有一个分散的非连续的叫增强相的相

If the composite is designed and fabricated correctly,it combines the strength of the reinforcement with the toughness of the matrix to achieve a combination of desirable proper-ties not available in any single conventional materials.

如果复合材料设计和制备合理的话，复合材料就既具有增强相的强度又具有基体的韧性从而得到了性能的理想组合，这是任何一种组分单独存在时所具备的性能。

This has a considerable influence of the optical properties of nanoparticles ,as the ab-sorption shifts from the infrared to the visible range.

纳米材料的光学特性有一个重要的影响，随着吸收从红外线到可见光的转变

玻璃转变温度glass transition temperature 材料科学与工程Materials science and engineering 材料加工materials processing 复合材料Composite materials

宏观结构macrostructure 化学结构chemical structure

基质材料matrix materials 聚合反应polymerization

纳米技术Nanotechnology 热固性塑料Thermosetting plastic

微观结构microstructure 原子量Atomic weight

It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationship between the structural elements of materials and their properties.

直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系

Many of polymers are organic compounds, and they have very large molecular structure.

许多聚合物材料是有机化合物，并具有大的分子结构

1 Which material does not occur in nature? Pottery

2 According to the author,which of the following properties are important for solid material?

(A)mechanical and deteriorative (B)electric and magnetic

(C)thermal and optical (D)A, B and C

3 According to the interrelationship of processing , structure, properties,and performance of solid materials indicated in the text. Which of the following statements is true?

Ultimately, the processing of a solid material determines its structure, properties, and performance

4 Why are metals extremely good conductors of electricity?

Because the electrons of meals are bound to particular atoms.

5 All statements about ceramics are the true except ?

Ceramics are less resistant to harsh environments than metals and polymers..

6 An element's atomic number indicates the number of in the nucleus. Positively charged protons

7 Some common units used for expressing density are the following except

Kilograms/square meter

8 What are homopolymers? Polymers contain only a single type of monomer

9 About branched polymer, all the followings are true except ?

A branched polymer contains a side chain that has the same composition or configuration than the main chain

10 What is an ionomer ?

A subclass of polyelectrolyte with a low fraction of ionizable subunit

11 About plastics, which is true？

Materials that can be formed into various shapes, usually by the application of heat and pressure

12 In the polymerization reaction of the polyethylene formation, the double bond in each ethylene molecule " opens up " and two of the electrons originally in this bond are used to form

With two other ethylene molecules. New C-C single bonds

13 Because of the distribution in molecular weights, polymers are largely materials amorphous

14 Plastics are compounds based on polymers and several other chemicals like etc. Which quantity and type change from a polymer to another. Both A and B

15 Which of the followings INCORRECT?

Composite materials have two phases and both of them are continuous

16 Which one of the following materials is the composite? A, B and C

17 Dislocation movement and slip are the mechanism of dispersion strengthened composites

18 Nanotechnology deals with materials with dimensions in 1---100nm

1 what is materials science?what is materials engineering?

"materials science"involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials.in contrast ,

"materials engineering"is on the basis of these structure property correlations,designing or engineering the structure of a material that produce a predetermined set of properties.

2 give the basis classfications of materials based onchemical makeup and ato structure.

Solid materials have been conviently grouped into three basic classifications :metals, ceremics, and polymers.

3 what are the three most common major classifications of structural materials?

atomic structure ,microstructure, macrostructare

4 which phases can matter exist in?

solid ,liquid,gas,plasma

5 what is a polymer?

a polymer is a large molecule composedof repeating structual units connected by covalent chemical bonds.

6 how many categories will be in laboratory synthetic methods?what are they?

laboratory synthetic methods are generally divided into two categories:condensation polymerization and addition polymerization.

7 what is a homopolymer?

polymers that contain only a single type of monomer are known as homopolymers.

8 why do some synthetic polymers have a backbone of C-C bonds?

because carbonatoms have on exceptional ability to form strong stable bonds with one another.

9 what is the main difference between thermoplastic and thermosetting materials? thermoplastic materials can be reshaped,a thermosetting plastic is shaped through irreversible chemical processes and therefore cannot be reshaped readily

10 which two phases do the composite materials have?

they are matrix and reinforcement.

11 .which three categories can the composite materials beseparated in accordance with the strengthening mechanism?

these categories are dispersion strengthened ,particle ,reinforced and fiber reinforced.

12what is nanotechnology ?what are nanostructured materials?

nanotechnology deals with materials with dimensions of nanometers only, i.e.,nanostructured materials.

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陶瓷ceramics 合成纤维synthetic fibre 电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion 车架automotive chassis 悬架suspension 转向器redirector 变速器speed changer 板料冲压sheet metal parts 孔加工spot facing machining 车间workshop 工程技术人员engineer 气动夹紧pneuma lock 数学模型mathematical model 画法几何descriptive geometry 机械制图Mechanical drawing 投影projection 视图view 剖视图profile chart 标准件standard component 零件图part drawing 装配图assembly drawing 尺寸标注size marking 技术要求technical requirements 刚度rigidity 内力internal force 位移displacement 截面section 疲劳极限fatigue limit 断裂fracture 塑性变形plastic distortion 脆性材料brittleness material 刚度准则rigidity criterion 垫圈washer 垫片spacer 直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear 斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear 直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear 运动简图kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条pinion and rack 蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear 虚约束passive constraint 曲柄crank 摇杆racker 凸轮cams

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金属切削 metal cutting 机床 machine tool 金属工艺学 technology of me tals 刀具 cotter 摩擦 friction 联结 link 传动 drive/transmission 轴 shaft 弹性 elasticity 频率特性 frequency characte ristic 误差 error 响应 response 定位 allocation

机床夹具 jig 动力学 dynamic 运动学 kinematics 静力学 static 分析力学 analyze mechanics 拉伸 pulling 压缩 hitting 剪切 shear 扭转 twist 弯曲应力 bending stress 强度 intensity 三相交流电 three-phase AC 磁路 magnetic circles 变压器 transformer 异步电动机 asynchronous mot

or 几何形状 geometrical 精度 precision 正弦形的 sinusoid 交流电路 AC circuit 机械加工余量 machining allo wance 变形力 deforming force 变形 deformation 应力 stress 硬度 rigidity 热处理 heat treatment 退火 anneal 正火 normalizing 脱碳 decarburization

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