2. According to the Ricardian model, it is precisely because the relative wage is between the relative productivities that each country ends up with a cost advantage in one good.The good for which *Li a/Li a>w/*w will be produced in Foreign. ( F )
3. It is precisely because the relative wage is between the relative productivities that each country ends up with a cost advantage in one good. ( T )
4.Long-run convergence(长期收敛) in productivity（生产力）produces long-run convergence in
wages. ( T )
5. “Korean workers earn only $2.50 an hour; if we allow Korea to export as much as it likes to the United States, our workers will be forced down to the same level. You can’t import a $5 shirt without importing the $2.50 wage that goes with it.” (F )
6.The proposition that trade is beneficial is unqualified(不合格). That is, there is no requirement that a country be “competitive” or that the trade be “fair”. ( T)
7. Free trade is beneficial only if your country is strong enough to stand up to foreign
competition. ( F )
8. Foreign competition is unfair and hurts other countries when it is based on low wages. （F）
9. Trade exploits a country and make it worse off if its workers receive much lower wage than workers in other nations. (F )
10.The Ricardian Model predicts an extreme degree(预测一个极端的程度) of specialization(专业化). ( T )
11.The Ricardian Model neglects(忽略) the effects on income distribution. (T )
12. The basic prediction of the Ricardian model has been strongly confirmed by a number of studies over years. ( T )
13. The Ricardian Model predicts that countries tend to export those goods in which their productivity is relative high. ( T )
14. We can think of factor specificity as a matter of time. ( T )
15.The opportunity cost of manufacture in terms of food is denoted by(表示) MPL M /MPL F. ( F )
16.A equal proportional change in price have no real effects on the real wage, real income
of capital owner and land owner. ( T )
17. Trade benefits the factor that is specific to the import-competing sectors of each country but hurts the factor to the export sectors, with ambiguous effects on mobile factors. ( F ) 18.It is possible in principle for a country’s government to use taxes and subsidies(补贴) to redistribute（重新分配）income to give each individual more of both goods. ( T )
19. Although international trade has strong effects on income distribution, there are still possible in principle to make each individual better off. ( T )
20. Typically, those who gain from trade in any particular product are a much more concentrated, informed, and organized group than those who lose. ( F )
21. Conflicts of interest(利益冲突) within nations are usually more important in determining trade policy than conflicts of interest between nations. ( T )
22. Generally, economists do not regard the income distribution effects of trade as a good reason to limit trade. ( T )
23.The formulation of trade policy(贸易政策的制定) is a kind of political process(政治进程). ( T )
24. “The world’s poorest countries can’t find anything to export. There is no resource that is abundant—certainly not capital or land, and in small poor nations not even labor is abundant.” ( F )
25. Wage inequality in U.S. increased between the late 1970s and the early 1990s, economists attribute the change to the growing exports of manufactured goods from NIEs. ( T )
26. If the factor-proportion theory was right, a country would always export factors for which the income share exceeded the factor share, import factors for which it was less. ( F )
27.The H-O model can predict not only the direction but the volume of trade(贸易量). ( T )
28.Factor trade in general turns out to be much smaller than the H-O model predicts. ( T )
29. According to an influential recent paper, the H-O model can predict not only the direction but the volume of trade. Factor trade in general turn out to be t he same a s the H-O model predicts. ( F )
30. Only by dropping the Heckscher-Ohlin assumption that technologies are the same across the countries can the overall pattern of international trade be well predicted by the H-O model. ( T )
31.If a country want to maximize its national welfare, the consumption point is where the highest isovalue line is tangent to the highest reachable indifference curve. ( T )
32.A rise i n the terms of trade increases a country’s welfare, while a decline in the terms of trade reduces its welfare. ( T )
33.Export-biased growth tends to improve the growing country’s terms of trade at the rest of the world’s expense.( F )
34.If the two countries allocate(分配) their change in spending in the same proportions, there will not be a terms of trade effect. ( T )
35. If the country receiving a transfer spends a higher proportion of an increase income on its export good than the giver, a tra nsfer raises world relative demand for the recipient’s export good and thus improve its terms of trade. ( T )
36.A transfer worsens the donor’s terms of trade if the donor has a higher mariginal propensity to spend on its export good than the recipient(受体). ( T )
37.A transfer improves the donor’s terms of trade, worsens recipient’s terms of trade.( F )
38.A transfer of income——say foreign aid——could conceivably leave the recipient worse off. ( T )
39.A tariff improves Home’s terms of trade and worsens Foreign’s, while a Home export subsidy worsens Home’s terms of trade and improve Foreign’s.( T )
40. Where there is economies of scale, there is imperfectly competitive market structure.
( F )
41.If intraindustry trade is the dominant source of gains from trade, everyone gains from trade. ( T )
42.Effect on the distribution of income within countries often weight more heavily on policy than terms of trade concerns. ( T )
43.The usual market structure in industries characterized by internal economies of scale is monopolistic competition. ( F )
44.Today, antidumping(反倾销) may be a device of protectionism. ( T )
45.Reciprocal(相互) dumping tends to increase the volume of trade in goods that are quite identical（一致）. ( F )
46.It is possible that reciprocal dumping increase national welfare. ( T )
47.Strong external(外部) economies tend to “locked in” the existing patterns of interindustry trade, even if the patterns are run counter to(背道而驰) comparative advantage. ( T )
48.A trading country can conceivably lose from trade is potentially justify protectionism. ( T )
49.Like static external economies, dynamic external economies can lock in an initial advantage in an industry. ( T )
50.The s tratigic trade policy is related to the model of “Monopolistic competition, differentiate products and intraindustry trade”. ( F )
51.The model “Oligopoly, homogeneous products and intraindustry trade” is first developed by Krugman and Helpman . ( F )
52.Trade in factors is very much like trade in goods, it occurs for much the same reasons and produces similar results. ( T )
53.Trade in factors is an alternative(替代) to trade in goods for the allocation of resources. ( T )
54.When a country borrows, it’s intertemporal PPF is biased toward Q P.( F )
55.The relative price of future consumption goods Q P is (1+r). ( T )
56.The dynamic path of TNC s’ enter foreign market：FDI→Export→Licence. (F )
57.Tariffs may have very different effects on different stages of production of a good. ( T )
58.Nominal(名义)tariff reflects the effective rate of protection(有效保护率). (F)
59.The costs and benefits analysis of a tariff is correct if only the direct gains to producers and consumers in a given market accurately measure the social gains. ( T )
60.The costs and benefits analysis of a tariff is correct if only a dollar’s worth of benefits to each group is the same. ( T )
61.A VER is exactly like an import quota which the license are assigned to foreign government. ( T )
62.VER S are much more costly than tariffs. ( T )
63.Local content laws have been widely used by developing countries trying to shift their manufacturing from assembly back into intermediate goods. ( T )
64. A political argument for free trade reflects the fact that a political commitment to free trade may be a good idea in practice even though there may be better policies in principle. ( T )
65.Deviations from free trade can sometimes increase national welfare. (T )
66.For a sufficiently small tariff the terms of trade gain of small country must outweigh the
efficiency loss.
( F )
67.The domestic market failure argument against free trade is intellectually impeccable but of doubtful usefulness. (F )
68. “U.S. farm exports don’t just mean higher incomes for farmers — they mean higher income for everyone who sell goods and services to the U.S. farm sector”. This remark is a potential valid argument for export subsidy. ( T )
69.Most deviations from free trade are adopted not because their benefit exceed their costs but because the public fails to understand their true costs. ( T )
70.If there is marginal social costs rather than marginal social benefits, domestic market failure reinforce the case for free trade. ( T )
71.The electoral competition model believes political competition will drive both parties to propose tariffs close to t M, the tariff preferred by the medium voter. ( T )
72.The problem of collective action can best be overcome when a group is large and/or well organized. （F ）
73.Trade policy that produce more costs than benefits, hurt more consumers than producers can’t be adopted.( F )
74. As a violation of the MFN(“most favored nation”) principle, the WTO forbids preferentia l trading agreements in general, but allows them if they lead to free trade between the agreeing countries. ( T )
75.The infant industry argument violates (违背)the principle of comparative advantage ( T )
76.Import substituting industrialization(进口替代工业化) violates the principle of comparative
advantage.
( T )
77. “Import quotas on capital-intensive industrial goods and subsidies for the import of capital equipment were meant to create manufacturing jobs in many developing countries. Unfortunately, they have probably helped create the urban unemployment problem.”
( T )
78.The East Asian Miracle proved that industrialization and development must be based on import substitution. ( F )
79.It is impossible for country to make itself worse off by joining accustoms union(联盟). ( F ) PartⅢ. Choose the ONLY one collect answer in each question.
1. An important insight（启示）of international trade theory is that when countries exchange goods and services one with the other it
A.is always beneficial to both countries.
B.is usually beneficial to both countries.
C.is typically beneficial only to the low wage trade partner country .
D.is typically harmful to the technologically lagging country.
E.tends to create unemployment in both countries.
2. If there are large disparities（差距）in wage levels between countries, then
A. trade is likely to be harmful to both countries.
B. trade is likely to be harmful to the country with the high wages.
C. trade is likely to be harmful to the country with the low wages.
D. trade is likely to be harmful to neither country.
E. trade is likely to have no effect on either country.
3.Cost-benefit analysis of international trade（成本收益分析）
A.is basically useless.
B.is empirically intractable.
C.focuses attention on conflicts of interest within countries.
D.focuses attention on conflicts of interests between countries.
E.None of the above.
4. A primary reason why nations conduct international trade is because of differences in
A.historical perspective.
B.location.
C.resource availabilities.
D.tastes.
E.incomes.
5. Arguments for free trade are sometimes disregarded（忽视）by the political process because
A.economists tend to favor highly protected domestic markets.
B.economists have a universally accepted decisive power over the political decision mechanism.
C.maximizing consumer welfare may not be a chief priority（优先）for politicians. 扩大消费者福利不是最主要的
D.the gains of trade are of paramount concern to typical consumers.
E.None of the above.
6.Proponents（支持）of free trade claim all of the following as advantages except＿＿A. relatively high wage levels for all domestic workers.
B. a wider selection of products for
consumers
C. increased competition for world producers.
D. the utilization of the most efficient production processes.
E. None of the above.
In order to know whether a country has a comparative advantage in the production of one particular product we need information on at least ____unit labor requirements
A.one
B.two
C.three
D four
E five
7. A country engaging in trade according to the principles of comparative advantage gains from trade because it
D.is producing exports indirectly more efficiently than it could alternatively.
E.is producing imports indirectly more efficiently than it could domestically.
F.is producing exports using fewer labor units.
G.is producing imports indirectly using fewer labor units.
H.None of the above.
8. A nation engaging in trade according to the Ricardian model will find its consumption bundle（消费约束）
A.inside its production possibilities frontier.
B.on its production possibilities frontier.
C.outside its production possibilities frontier（生产可能性边界）.
D.inside its trade-partner's production possibilities frontier.
E.on its trade-partner's production possibilities frontier.
9.If a very small country trades with a very large country according to the Ricardian model, then
A.the small country will suffer a decrease in economic welfare.
B.the large country will suffer a decrease in economic welfare.
C.the small country will enjoy gains from trade.
D.the large country will enjoy gains from trade.
E.None of the above.
10.If the world terms of trade for a country are somewhere between the domestic cost ratio of H and that of F, then
A.country H but not country F will gain from trade.
B.country H and country F will both gain from trade.
C.neither country H nor F will gain from trade.
D.only the country whose government subsidizes its exports will gain.
E.None of the above.
11.If a production possibilities frontier is bowed out (concave to the origin) )(上凸，凹面向原点), then production occurs under conditions of
A.constant opportunity costs.
B.increasing opportunity costs.
C.decreasing opportunity costs.
D.infinite opportunity costs.
E.None of the above.
12.If two countries have identical production possibility frontiers, then trade between them is not likely if
A.their supply curves are identical.
B.their cost functions are identical.
C.their demand conditions identical.
D.their incomes are identical.
E.None of the above.
13.Assume that labor is the only factor of production and that wages in the United States equal $20 per hour while wages in Japan are $10 per hour. Production costs would be lower in the United States as compared to Japan if
A.U.S. labor productivity equaled 40 units per hour and Japan's 15 units per hour.
B.U.S. productivity equaled 30 units per hour whereas Japan's was 20.
C.U.S. labor productivity equaled 20 and Japan's 30.
D.U.S. labor productivity equaled 15 and Japan's 25 units per hour.
E.None of the above.
14.International trade has strong effects on income distributions. Therefore, international trade
A.is beneficial to everyone in both trading countries.
B.will tend to hurt one trading country.
C.will tend to hurt some groups in each trading country.
D.will tend to hurt everyone in both
countries.
E.will be beneficial to all those engaged in international trade.
15.If the price of the capital intensive product rises, wages will
A.rise but by less than the price of the capital-intensive product.（工资刚性，变动较慢）
B.rise by more than the rise in the price of the capital-intensive product.
C.remain proportionally equal to the price of the capital-intensive product.
D.fall, since higher prices cause less demand.
E.None of the above.
16.If Australia has more land per worker, and Belgium has more capital per worker, then if trade were to open up between these two countries,
A.the real income of capital owners in Australia would rise.
B.the real income of labor in Australia would clearly rise.
C.the real income of labor in Belgium would clearly rise.
D.the real income of landowners in Belgium would fall. 贸易知识使一国丰富要素部门得利，稀缺要素部门受损）
E.the real incomes of capital owners in both countries would rise.
17.If the price of manufactures and the price of food increase by 25%, then
A.the economy moves down its aggregate supply curve.
B.the economy moves back along its aggregate demand curve.
C.the relative quantities（相对数量）of manufactures and food remain unchanged.
D.the relative quantities of products change by 25%.
E.None of the above.
18.If the price of manufactures rises, then
A.the price of food also rises.
B.the quantity of food produced falls.
C.the quantity of both manufactures and food falls.
D.the purchasing power of labor in terms of food falls.
E.None of the above.
18.Groups that lose from trade tend to lobby(游说)the government to（贸易失利者游说政府）A.shift the direction of comparative advantage.
B.abolish the Specific Factor model from practical application.
C.provide public support for the relatively efficient sectors.
D.provide protection for the relatively inefficient sectors.
E.None of the above.
19.The specific factor model argues that if land can be used both for food production and for manufacturing, then a quota that protects food production will
A.clearly help landowners.
B.clearly hurt landowners.
C.clearly help manufacture but hurt food production.
D.have an ambiguous effect on the welfare of landowners.
E.None of the above.
20.If, relative to its trade partners, Gambinia has many workers but very little land and even less productive capital, then, following the specific factor model, we know that Gambinia has a comparative advantage in
A.manufactures.
B.food.
C.both manufactures and food.
D.neither manufactures nor food.
E.None of the above.
21.In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, an influx of workers from across the border would（劳动者越过国境流入）
A.move the point of production along the production possibility curve.
B.shift the production possibility curve outward, and increase the production of both goods.
C.shift the production possibility curve outward and decrease the production of the labor-intensive product.
D.shift the production possibility curve
产量下降，扩展了生产可能性曲线，相当于扩展了消费的总量）
E.None of the above.
22.The 1987 study by Bowen, Leamer and Sveikauskas
A.supported the validity of the Leontieff
李坤望《国际经济学》课后习题答案
第一章 1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要? 答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要 2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。 答：参见教材第一章第二节内容，将图1－6a中，以横坐标表示y商品的供给，以纵坐标表示x商品供给，得出相应生产可能性边界线，然后将图1－6b中，以横坐标表示y商品供给，以纵坐标表示y的相对价格，通过类似推导可得出国民供给曲线，国民需求曲线作类似推导可得。 3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡? 答：两种商品同时达到均衡。一种商品均衡时，由其相对价格，机会成本，需求可知另一种商品得相对价格，机会成本和需求。 4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。 答案提示：略，参见书上 5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致? 答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。 6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。 答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。 7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平?
国际经济学(英文版)
Chapter 13 Balance of Payment 13.1 Introduction International finance: examination of the monetary aspects of international economics Balance of Payment: a summary statement in which all the transactions of the nation’s residents with the foreigners are recorded during a certain period. Main purpose of BOP: inform the government of the international position of the nation; to help it in its monetary, fiscal and trade policies. BOP traits: The BOP aggregates all the trades into a few categories Only the net balance of each type of international capital flow is included International transaction: Exchange of a good, service or assets between the residents of two nations. Gifts and certain transfers + International Transactions People Concerning BOP: Diplomats, soldiers, tourists and workers belong to motherland Corporation: motherland/ foreign branches: local International institutions: nowhere 13.2 BOP Accounting Principles Credit transactions: involve the receipt of payments from foreigners + Exports, unilateral transfers and goods received, capital inflow Capital inflow: an increase in foreign assets in the nation/本国持有外国资产上升 a reduction in the nation’s assets abroad/本国在外资产减少 Debit transactions: involve the making of payments to the foreigners - Imports, unilateral transfers or gifts paid, capital outflow Capital Outflow: an increase in the nation’s assets abroad a reduction in foreign assets in the nation Double-Entry Bookkeeping: each international transaction is recorded twice, once as a credit and once as a debit of an equal amount. 5 Examples in Textbooks 13.3 The International Transactions of the USA rounding. The official reserve assets: ?Gold holdings of monetary authorities黄金储备 ?Special Drawing Rights特别提款权(paper gold) International reserves created on the books of the IMF and distributed to member nations according to importance in international trade ?The reserve position in the IMF在IMF的头寸 The reserves paid in by the nation on joining the IMF, which the nation can then borrow automatically and without questions asked in case of need ?The official foreign currency holdings of monetary authorities外汇储备 Statistical Discrepancy: This is required to make the total credits equal to the total debits, as required by double-entry bookkeeping. 13.4 Accounting Balances and Disequilibrium in International Transactions Autonomous transactions: transactions in current account + capital account Take place for business or profit motives and independently of BOP considerations Items above the line Current account: All sales and purchases of currency produced goods and services, investment incomes, and unilateral transfers Link between the nation’s international transactions and its national income Current account surplus stimulates domestic production and income. Current account deficit dampens domestic production and income. Capital account: The changes in US-owned assets abroad and foreign-owned assets in the US other than official reserve assets Change in reserves reflects government policy rather than the market force. Accommodating transactions: Transactions in official reserve assets Items below the line The accommodating items form the Official Reserve Account. The balance on the official reserve account is called the Official Settlements Balance. Deficit in the BOP: The excess of debits over credits in the current and capital accounts The excess of credits over debits in official reserve account Surplus in the BOP: The excess of debits over credits in official reserve account The excess of credits over debits in the current and capital accounts
国际经济学答案答案中文版
Home's PPF 200400600800200400600800 Q apple Q banana Foreign's PPF 200400600800100080160240320400 Q*apple Q*banana Chapter 2 1a.画出本国的生产可能性边界： b. 用香蕉衡量的苹果的机会成本是， 5.1=Lb La a a c ．劳动力的自由流动使两部门的工资率相等，自由竞争使得他们生产两种产品的机会成本相同。相对价格等于相对成本，后者可以表示为(*)/(*)a a b b w a w a ，由于两部门间的工资率相等，a b w w ∴=，只有在Lb La b a /a a /P P =，两种商品才都会被生产。所以 1.5 /P P b a = 2a. b. 3 a. a b b a /P P /D D =∵当市场达到均衡时, 1b a ) (D D -**=++=b a b b a a P P Q Q Q Q ∴RD 是一条双曲线 x y 1 =
b.苹果的均衡相对价格由RD 和RS 的交点决定: RD: y x 1 = RS: 5 ]5,5.1[5.1],5.0(5.0) 5.0,0[=∈=??? ??+∞∈=∈y y y x x x ∴x=0.5, y=2 ∴2/=b P a P e e c. ∵b a b e a e b a P P P P P P ///>>**∴只有两个国家的时候，本国专门生产苹果，出口苹果并进口香蕉：外国则正好相反。 d ． 国际贸易允许本国和外国在阴影区内任何一点消费，专门生产某种产品然后和另一个国家进行贸易的间接方式，要比直接生产该商品的方式更有效率。在没有贸易时，本国要生产3单位的香蕉必须放弃2单位的苹果，外国要生产1单位的苹果要放弃5单位的香蕉。贸易允许两国以两单位香蕉交换一单位苹果。通过出让2单位苹果，本国可以获得四单位的香蕉；而外国可以用2单位向交换得1单位苹果。所以两个国家都从贸易中获利。 4. RD: y x 1 = RS: 5 ]5,5.1[5 .1] ,1(1)1,0[=∈=?? ???+∞∈=∈y y y x x x →5.13 2==y x →5.1/=b P a P e e 在这种情况下，外国将专门生产并出口香蕉，进口苹果。但本国将同时生产香蕉和苹果，并且香蕉相对于苹果的机会成本在本国是相同的。所以本国既没有得益也没有受损，但外国从贸易中获益了。 5.在这种情况下，劳动力总量加倍了而劳动生产率减半，所以有效劳动力总量仍是相同的。答案类似于第三小题，两国都从贸易中获益了。但是，相对于第四小题，外国的获益减少了。 6.实际上，相对工资率由相应的劳动生产率和对产品的相对需求决定。韩国的低工资率反映了韩国大部分行业的劳动生产率比美国低。和低劳动生产率，低工资率的国家进行贸易可以提高像美国那样高劳动生产率国家的福利和生活水平。所以这种贫民劳动论是错误的。
[VIP专享]国际经济学(第四版)
国际经济学 名词： 1、国际经济学：是经济的一般理论在国际经济范围中的延伸和应用，是以经济学的一般理论为基础来研究国际经济活动与国际经济关系的经济学分支学科，是整个经济学体系的有机组成部分。主要研究对象有国际贸易理论与政策、国际收支、外汇理论、生产要素的国际流动、跨国公司、经济发展、经济一体化、开放经济的宏观调节、经济全球化与国际经济秩序研究等。 2、绝对利益:在某一种商品上，一个经济在劳动生产率上占有绝对优势，或其生产所耗费的劳动成本绝对低于另一经济，若各个经济都从事自己占有绝对优势商品的生产，继而进行交换，那么双方都可以通过交换得到绝对的利益，从而整个世界也可以获得分工的好处。 3、比较利益:甲国在生产任何产品时成本均低于乙国，劳动生产率均高于乙国，处于绝对优势，两个国家间进行贸易的可能性依然存在，因为两国劳动生产率之间的差距，并不是在任何产品上都一样。这样，处于绝对优势的国家集中生产本国国内具有最大优势的产品，处于绝对劣势的国家停止生产在本国国内处于最大劣势的产品，通过自由交换，双方都可节约社会劳动，增加产品的消费。世界也因而增加产量，提高劳动生产率。 4、国际分工:即各国之间的劳动分工,生产的国际专业化。它是国际贸易的基础,是社会分工从国内向国外延伸的结果。各国对于分工方式的选择以及分工的变化,反映了彼此之间经济发展水平的差异及各国经济联系的程度。主要有产业间、产业内、垂直、水平以及不同要素密集度之间的分工等类型。 5、贸易乘数:在开放的条件下，对外贸易的增长可以使国民经济成倍增加，对外贸易乘数研究一国对外贸易与国民收入、就业之间的互相影响，描述了在开放经济体系内部出口促进经济增长的动态过程。公式为： dY＝[l/(dM/dY)] dX。（2003） 6、一价定律:在完全竞争的市场上，相同的交易产品或金融资产经过汇率调整后，在世界范围内其交易成本一定是相等的。这个定律在经济中是通过诸如购买力平价、利息平价、远期汇率等经济关系表现出来的。 7、贸易创造与贸易转移:关税同盟成员国产品从生产成本较高的国内生产转向成本较低的关税同盟中贸易对象国生产，本国从贸易对象国进口的一种过程和现象。的部分进口产品从过去进口自较低生产成本国(非成员国)转向从较高生产成本国(成员国)进口的过程和现象。 8、流动借贷:国际金融中决定汇率的理论——国际借贷说中的重要概念，指国际借贷中形成了借贷关系并且进入了实际支付的那种债权、债务关系，它对国际收支的平衡从而对汇率的走向有着重要的决定性影响。 9、固定借贷:国际金融中决定汇率的理论——国际借贷说中的重要概念，指国际借贷中形成了借贷关系但尚未进入实际支付的那种债权债务关系。它对国际收支从而对汇率的走向无实质决定性作用，有时甚至会产生相反的现象，即债务存在时汇率反而走高。 10、边际进口倾向：国际贸易理论中的一个重要概念，指每一单位增量国民收入中，用于进行进口的比重。通常在公式中用m来表示。边际进口倾向大,则每一单位增量国民收入中用于进口的比重大，乘数效应对于经济的刺激作用就会较小,反之则较大。 11、外汇倾销:利用本国货币对外贬值的机会,向外倾销商品和争夺市场的行为称外汇倾销。这是因为本国货币贬值后，出口商品用外国货币表示价格降低，提高了该国商品在国际市场上的竞争力，有利于扩大出口；而因本国货币贬值，进口商品的价格上涨，削弱了进口商品的竞争力，限制了进口。外汇倾销需要一定的条件，主要是本国货币对外贬值速度要快于对内贬值以及对方不进行报复等。 12、幼稚产业:具有比较利益的产业处于幼稚状态，经过保护使之发展，具有现实的比较利益。（1）穆勒标准：某种产业由于技术不足、生产率低下，成本高于国际市场，无法竞争，在保护下，能够在自由贸易下获利，自我投资发展，即为幼稚产业。（2）巴斯塔布尔标准：保护、扶植幼稚产业所需的社会成本不能超过该产业将来利润的现值总和，符合条件即为幼稚产业。（3）肯普标准：除了穆—巴标准的内容外，应考虑产业在被保护时期内的外部效应，如某种技术可为其他产业所获得，因而使得本产业利润无法增加，将来利润无法补偿投资成本，国家应该予以保护。 13、外汇：是货币行政当局以银行存款、财政部库券、长短期政府证券等形式保有的在国际收支逆差时可以用作支付使用的国际支付手段或债权。 14、汇率：是本国货币与其他货币之间的比价关系，是外汇在市场中的价格。从不同角度出发，汇率有多种表
浙大图书馆2017年12月经济类新书推荐
浙大图书馆2017年12月经济类新书推荐 各位老师： 浙大图书馆2017年12月经济类新书书目如下，请参阅。检索网址： https://www.360docs.net/doc/d14018378.html,:8991/F/?func=file&file_name=hotinfo 图书资料与档案室 2017年12月1日 附：2017年12月经济类新书书目 1.博弈论教程(作者：王则柯) 2.计量经济学基础与STATA应用(作者：胡咏梅) 3.宏观经济学 :理论与政策 :theories and policies(作者：弗罗恩) 4.基于EVIEWS的金融计量学(作者：汪昌云) 5.国富国穷 :why some are so rick and some so poor(作者：兰德斯) 6.高级宏观经济学(作者：何樟勇) 7.应用计量经济学(作者：施图德蒙德) 8.公共经济学 :财政学(作者：蒋洪) 9.数理金融理论与模型(作者：李胜宏) 10.期货市场 :理论与实务 :theory and practice(作者：徐雪) 11.EViews统计分析在计量经济学中的应用(作者：刘家国) 12.经济就那么回事儿(作者：陈斯文) 13.博弈入门(作者：奥斯本) 14.中国经济创造之路(作者：黄海峰) 15.以交易为生 :珍藏版(作者：埃尔德) 16.博弈论与经济模型(作者：赵耀华) 17.微观经济计量学 :方法与应用(作者：卡梅伦) 18.凯恩斯方案 :通向全球经济复苏与繁荣之路 :the path to global economic prosperity(作 者：戴维森) 19.证券物理学. 第一卷, 原理及应用(作者：彭商强) 20.微观经济学 :现代观点(作者：范里安) 21.商业银行管理(作者：罗斯) 22.经济地理学 :区域和国家一体化 :the integration of regions and nations(作者：库姆 斯) 23.管理的常识 :让管理发挥绩效的7个基本概念(作者：陈春花) 24.创业的现实 :另类创业百科 :the irreverent guide to outsmarting, outmanaging and outmarketi(作者：川崎)
李坤望《国际经济学》(第4版)学习辅导书-第1~4章【圣才出品】
第1章国际贸易理论的微观基础 1.1 课后习题详解 1．为什么说生产和消费只取决于相对价格？ 答：相对价格是两种或多种商品之间的价格对比关系。生产和消费只取决于相对价格，这是因为： 当生产处于生产可能性边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会成本（或社会成本）的，也就是以另一种产品的产量为机会成本。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以，生产和消费只取决于相对价格。 2．仿效（教材中）图1-6和图1-7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。 答：在图1-1（a）中，横坐标表示Y商品的供给，纵坐标表示X商品的供给，得出相应的生产可能性边界线；在图1-1（b）中，横坐标表示Y商品的供给，纵坐标表示Y商品的相对价格P Y/P X。Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线的推导如下： 首先，推导Y商品的国民供给曲线NS Y。任意选取Y商品的三个不同的相对价格：1/2、1和2。这三条相对价格线与生产可能性边界线的切点分别决定了三个生产均衡点D、E、F，对应于这三点的Y商品的产出分别为：S1、S2、S3。在图1-1（b）中，横坐标表示Y商品的供给，纵坐标表示Y商品的相对价格，根据图1-1（a），在图1-1（b）中画出对应于各
个相对价格的Y商品的供给量，最后得出一条曲线NS Y，即Y商品的国民供给曲线。该曲线斜率为正，表示随着Y商品的相对价格的提高，其供给水平也随之提高。 采用同样的方法，可得出国民需求曲线ND Y，如图1-2所示。 3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一种商品达到均衡时，另一种商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。 答：在只有两种商品的情况下，当一种商品达到均衡时，另一种商品也同时达到均衡。理由如下： 在只有两种商品的情况下，生产要素只能在两者间分配，两种商品间的相对价格是唯一的世界市场价格。当其中一种商品达到均衡时，该商品的相对价格得以确定，其供给与需求
《国际经济学》课后习题答案解析
第18章 第十八章浮动汇率制下的内外平衡 1．浮动汇率下的政策环境和目标与固定汇率下有什么区别？ 答案提示：不同于固定汇率下的情况，浮动汇率可自动调节国际收支，使一国经济达到对外平衡，这样汇率调节就完成了固定汇率下政府必须考虑的内外均衡两个任务中的一个。现在，只剩对内平衡一个目标需要考虑。在浮动汇率制度下，政府的政策目标将只有一个，即通过宏观经济政策的实施达到充分就业和物价稳定。 2．比较固定汇率和浮动汇率下的各种宏观经济政策的效果，并对之加以解释。 答案提示：在资本具有完全流动性的情况下，如果实行固定汇率制度，财政政策有效，而货币政策完全无效；如果实行浮动汇率制度，财政政策完全无效，而货币政策是有效的，即一国货币当局在浮动汇率下可以实行独立的货币政策。 3．试解释浮动汇率下的财政政策的“挤出效用”。 答案提示：参考本章第二节。 4．假设A国和B国经济联系紧密，均实行浮动汇率制度，A国遭遇严重失业问题，遂采取放松银根政策，B国是否会受到影响？ 答案提示：B国会受到影响。A国实行宽松的货币政策，将导致物价上升和货币贬值，随着A国出口的增加，B国国内市场将相对减小，不利于B国的就业和生产的增加。 5．试分析在资本完全不流动的情况下，财政政策和货币政策的作用。 答案提示：通过画图进行分析，此时BP曲线为垂直的。 6*. 试讨论资本不完全流动下的财政政策和货币政策的作用，与资本完全流动下的作用效果 有何差异？ 答案提示：在这种情况下，汇率的变化会引起BP曲线的移动。 7．在资本完全流动情况下，试分析在下列两种情形下，固定汇率与浮动汇率对国内经济的稳定作用。 （1）国内货币供给突然自发增加；
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二、经典类：名家著作 1、国富论，亚当斯密著，郭大力、王亚南译，上海三联书店 2、道德情操论，亚当斯密著，商务印书馆 3、就业、利息与货币通论，凯恩斯 4、社会分工论，埃米尔·涂尔干著，渠东译，三联书店 5、经济增长与发展理论丛书，商务印书馆 6、经济解释，张五常，商务印书馆 三、专业类：经典教材 1、曼昆：《经济学原理》，北大出版社 2、萨谬尔森、诺德豪斯：《经济学》，华夏出版社 3、斯蒂格里茨：《经济学》，人大出版社 4、经济学原理，马歇尔 5、平迪克、鲁宾费尔德：《微观经济学》，人大出版社 6、范里安：《微观经济学：现代观点》，上海人民出版社 7、曼昆：《宏观经济学》，人大出版社 8、多恩布什：《宏观经济学》，人大出版社 9、梁小民：《高级宏观经济学》 10、罗默，斯诺德格拉斯：发展经济学 11、国际经济学：保罗?克鲁格曼 12、投资学：威廉?夏普
国际经济学第十版课后答案(萨尔瓦多、杨冰译)
国际经济学（第十版）多米尼克.萨尔瓦多(著) P16页练习题 6.（1）根据消费者需求理论，当其他条件不变时，一种商品价格的提高（如由于税率的上浮所致），会带来需求量的什么变化？ 答：根据消费者需求理论，当其他条件不变时，一种商品价格的提高，则该商品的需求量将会下降。 （2）根据消费者需求理论，一种进口商品价格的提高（如由于进口关税的上浮所致），会带来需求量的什么变化？ 答：根据消费者需求理论，一种进口商品价格的提高，则该商品的出口量将会下降。 7．（1）一国政府如何能消除或减少预算赤字？ 答：一国政府可以通过减少政府支出、增加税收，来消除或者减少预算赤字。（2）一个国家如何能消除或减少贸易逆差？ 答：一个国家要消除或减少其贸易逆差的方式有：对进口商品增税、补贴出口，借如更多的国外债券、减少借出外国债券，降低该国的国民收入水平。 8．（1）国际经济关系与地区经济关系有何区别？ 答：在国际经济关系下，国家通常限制在国际间的自由流动的货物、服务和因素，不同的语言、消费习惯和法律规定同样也阻碍了它们在国际间的流动，此外，国际收支会在各种货币收据和付款中流通。 而在地区经济关系下，就关税和进行相同的货币而言,区际流动的货物、服务和因素没有面临这样的限制因素，它们经常是在同样的语言环境下，在类似的消费习惯和法律规定下进行的，这就与国际经济关系形成了鲜明对比。 （2）它们在哪方面相似？ 答：国际经济关系和地区经济关系的相似点：两者都跨越了空间距离，事实上，它们都是在远距离贸易下的产物，把经济看待成在一个进行着生产、交换和消费的空间中的单一点，这也是从经济学的复位空间将它们区分。 1
李坤望国际经济学第四版课后习题答案(自整理)教学教材
李坤望国际经济学第四版课后习题答案(自 整理)
第一章 1.封闭条件下，中国和美国的小麦与布的交换比率分别为1:4和2:5,那么在两国之间展开贸易后，小麦与布之间的交换比率可能为. A.1:6 B.2:6 C.3:6 D.4:6 2.在机会成本递增条件下，只要各国在生产同样产品时存在着价格差异，那么比较利益理论就仍然有效。这种说法是否正确? A.正确 B.不正确 3.作为新贸易理论的核心基础之一，规模经济意味着随着产量增加，() A.平均成本与边际成本都下降 B. 平均成本变化不确定,边际成本下降 C. 平均成本下降 D.平均成本与边际成本都上升 4.以下说法中，()是错误的。 A.绝对优势理论是以机会成本不变为前提的，而相对优势理论则是以机会成本递增为前提的 B.相对优势理论可以部分地解释经济技术发展水平和层次不同的国家之间进行贸易的基础 C.生产要素禀赋理论用生产要素禀赋的差异解释国际贸易产生的动因 D.无论是生产技术差异还是生产要素禀赋差异导致国际贸易产生,都是以两国之间同一产品的价格存在差异为前提
第二章 1.下列() 属于李嘉图模型的假定前提条件。 A.生产过程中使用资本和劳动力两种要素 B.没有运输成本和其他交易成本 C.生产要素可以在两国间自由流动 D.生产要素非充分利用因此机会成本不变 2.下列()不属于重商主义的观点。 A.货币是财富的唯一表现形式 B.通过国际贸易可以提高所有贸易参与国的福利水平 C.出口意味着贵金属的流入 D.进口意味着贵金属的流出 3.下列关于技术差异论的表述哪一项是不正确的() A.分为绝对技术差异论与相对技术差异论 B.劳动力在国内两个部门之间自由流动，而且机会成本保持不变 C.参与贸易的两个国家福利水平都可以得到提高 D.一国比另一国家的技术优势越大，则通过国际贸易获得的福利增加越大 4.下列哪一条不是重商主义的理论主张() A.贸易不是“零和”的 B.多卖少买，保持贸易顺差，是获得财富的基本原则 C.国家应干预经济，鼓励出口，限制进口 D.金银货币是财富的唯一形态
国际经济学汇总题库(克鲁格曼版)经2
第二章 1.引力模型P13：在其他条件不变的情况下（假设任何影响两国之间的贸易的因素不变），两国间的贸易规模和两国的GDP成正比，与两国间的距离成反比。 2.行业内贸易P141：指某一行业内差异产品之间的双向贸易，它反映出规模经济。 3.行业间贸易P141：指的是一个行业的产品与另一个行业产品的交换，它反映出比较优势。 4.配额租金P184：许可证持有者能够从外国购买进口品并在国内以高价出售，他们获取的利润就是配额租金。 第三章结合第四章看（着重看理论推理） 论述：课本知识+自己观点 李嘉图模型 比较优势认为国际贸易产生的原因李嘉图的比较优势 李嘉图模型的假设是：假设劳动是唯一的生产要素 李嘉图模型认为国际间的劳动生产率的不同是国际贸易的唯一决定因素 生产效率的不同导致了比较优势的不同 结论：一个国家应该出口有比较优势的产品，进口有国内优势的产品，有这样的一个原理去支撑国际贸易产生，也就是说李嘉图模型也是在探讨国际贸易产生的原因 要素禀赋模型 与李嘉图模型的区别和原因是：区分两者共同的基础：（1）、李嘉图（第三章） （2）、要素禀赋，原则：国际顺序：？首先，说说要素禀赋理论的结论：认为一个国家应该如何参与国际贸易，认为各国间的资源差异（各国要素差异度，差异水平）是产生（国际）贸易的唯一原因
（李嘉图模型）生产效率不同比较优势不同国际贸易 （要素禀赋理论）要素禀赋的差异（不一样）要素价格（不一样） 相对价格（不一样） 认为现在中国也还在参与国际贸易，那么她的比较优势和要素禀赋理论哪一个理论更贴近 第三章 1.单一要素P27：衡量生产效益：单位产品所需要的投入要素A本国生产每单位产品所需要的劳动为5单位，B外国需要3单位，同种产品相对而言外国更有效率，具有比较优势（李嘉图模型不可单独写这个） 2.比较优势P30（通过这种形式分析本国该进口或出口什么）假设： a LC/a LW国际经济学试题珍藏版
深圳大学试题、试卷纸 开/闭卷闭卷第 1 页共 2 页 课程编号22020203 课程名称国际经济学—国际贸易部分学分 3 拟题人赵登峰2006年5 月30 日 系专业学号姓名审题人年月日深圳大学试题、试卷纸 International Economics (Paper A) Ⅰ.Choose the best answer. (2×10 points) 1. The pure theory of trade and the theory of commercial policy are the ( ) aspects of international economics . A. microeconomics B. macroeconomics C. econometrics 2. Ricardo explained the law of comparative advantage in terms of the ( ). A. opportunity cost B. labor theory of value C. economies of scale 3. With trade, two nations’ common slope of production frontier and indifference curve gives the ( ) equilibrium-relative price. A. external B. international C. internal 4. The ( ) supply of a commodity above the no-trade equilibrium price gives one nation’s export supply of the commodity. A. domestic B. excess C. foreign 5. The H-O theory is based on a number of simplifying assumptions including ( ). A. perfect competition in factor market B. decreasing returns to scale C. international mobility of factors
克鲁格曼 国际经济学第9版教材答案
Chapter 1 Introduction ?Chapter Organization What Is International Economics About? The Gains from Trade The Pattern of Trade How Much Trade? Balance of Payments Exchange Rate Determination International Policy Coordination The International Capital Market International Economics: Trade and Money ?Chapter Overview The intent of this chapter is to provide both an overview of the subject matter of international economics and to provide a guide to the organization of the text. It is relatively easy for an instructor to motivate the study of international trade and finance. The front pages of newspapers, the covers of magazines, and the lead reports on television news broadcasts herald the interdependence of the U.S. economy with the rest of the world. This interdependence may also be recognized by students through their purchases of imports of all sorts of goods, their personal observations of the effects of dislocations due to international competition, and their experience through travel abroad. The study of the theory of international economics generates an understanding of many key events that shape our domestic and international environment. In recent history, these events include the causes and consequences of the large current account deficits of the United States; the dramatic appreciation of the dollar during the first half of the 1980s followed by its rapid depreciation in the second half of the 1980s; the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s and the Mexican crisis in late 1994; and the increased pressures for industry protection against foreign competition broadly voiced in the late 1980s and more vocally espoused in the first half of the 1990s. The financial crisis that began in East Asia in 1997 and spread to many countries around the globe and the Economic and Monetary Union in Europe highlighted the way in which various national economies are linked and how important it is for us to understand these connections. These global linkages have been highlighted yet again with the rapid spread of the financial crisis in the United States to the rest of the world. At the same time, protests at global economic meetings and a rising wave of protectionist rhetoric have highlighted opposition to globalization. The text material will enable students to understand the economic context in which such events occur. ? 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Addison-Wesley
(完整版)国际经济学课后习题答案
这是我在网上找的，大多数题目都有，朋友们可以参考一下！有一点不确定的是G—L指数，大家再上网查看看，是乘100还是乘1？希望可以给你们帮助，预祝大家顺利通过！ 第二章古典国际贸易理论 在古典贸易模型中，假设A国有120名劳动力，B国有50名劳动力，如果生产棉花的话，A国的人均产量是2吨，B国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A国的人均产量是10吨，B国则是16吨。画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？ 思路：B国由于每人能生产16吨大米，而A国每人仅生产10吨大米，所以B国具有生产大米的绝对优势。 从两国生产可能性曲线看出A国生产大米的机会成本为0.2，而B国为0.125，所以B国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A国，B国生产大米具有比较优势。 1.下表列出了加拿大和中国生产1单位计算机和1单位小麦所需的劳动时间。 假定生产计算机和小麦都只用劳动，加拿大的总劳动为600小时，中国总劳动为800小时。 （1）计算不发生贸易时各国生产计算机的机会成本。 （2）哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势？哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势？ （3）如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦，加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间？ （4）在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了？试用图分析。（以效用水平来衡量福利水平）思路： （1）中国生产计算机的机会成本为100/4=25，加拿大为60/3=20
国际经济学 珍藏版
Chapter 3 The Specific Factors and Income Distribution 案例3-1 案例名称：埃尔切事件 案例适用：贸易的收入分配效应 案例来源：张翔：“埃尔切纵火事件与中国的全球化”载于《21世纪经济报道》 2004年10月14日，第三版。在编辑过程中做了适当修改。 案例内容： 位于西班牙东南部阿利坎特省，人口约20万的埃尔切市，一直为欧洲的鞋业中心之一，鞋业作坊有六七百家之多，依靠发展制鞋业一度富庶。中国鞋商1998年才正式进入埃尔切市，由于中国产的鞋子款式、设计制作美观新颖，再加上价廉物美，在欧美很受普通百姓的欢迎。该市由华侨华人开的鞋业公司、制鞋工厂和仓库式批发零售商店已增至60多家。在西华人鞋商的销售额占当地的20％左右，很多西班牙商人也在大量进口并销售中国鞋，仅去年西班牙就从中国进口鞋子6190万双，占其鞋类进口总额的47％，价值高达2.2亿欧元。以温州鞋为代表的中国鞋，2002年才开始零星进入埃尔切市场，但是温州鞋进入埃尔切之后，以飞快的速度发展起来，已占到埃尔切鞋类批发量的30%，对当地的制鞋工业形成了客观威胁。一部分规模小、技术落后的鞋厂由于缺乏竞争力纷纷倒闭。近30年来，该市制鞋工人失业率增长了30%。 2004年9月17日，西班牙东部城市埃尔切的中国鞋城，16个货柜、价值约800万元温州鞋被当地不法分子烧毁，价值十多亿元的温州鞋也遭受着被焚烧的威胁。“烧鞋事件”如不尽快得以妥善处理，将严重影响当地中国人的人身财产安全，尚危及今后中国产品出口西班牙等欧洲市场。甚至有报道称，这是“西班牙有史以来第一起严重侵犯华商合法权益、野蛮排斥华人的暴力事件”。 中国鞋被焚事件惊动了埃尔切这座20万人口的西班牙小城。多数埃尔切市民对中国商人持同情态度，认为商业竞争不可以成为烧鞋的理由。埃尔切的Casimir Gomez先生说，这两天的烧鞋事件震动了该市。他还说：“中国鞋质量好，价格便宜，我每过一两个月就会带着妻子去逛一逛。商人之间的竞争应该采取正当手段，烧鞋的人非常不理智。”还有的市民愤愤不平地说：“烧鞋的行为真是愚蠢！” 案例评析： 在一系列假设前提下，李嘉图模型提出不仅所有的国家从贸易中获利，而且由于贸易没有影响收入的分配，每个个人的福利也都得到改善，那么国家间的相互贸易应是受人欢迎的。然而在现实中，贸易对国家内部的收入分配有着很大的影响，在一般情况下贸易收益的分配是非常不均等的。特定要素模型的分析表明，
