2019考研英语长难句解密讲义(附加讲义-何凯文)

目录

?英中文转化过程中在句子层面的障碍 (1)

?英语句子的分类： (2)

一、定语 (2)

二、同位语 (3)

三、状语 (4)

四、插入语 (5)

?主从复合句语序障碍的解决： (6)

?定语从句语序障碍的解决： (6)

?同位语从句：（其他从句） (7)

?特别备注：主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，状语从句 (8)

考研英语句子的阅读实战分析法： (9)

一.确定主干： (9)

二.切分成分： (9)

三.独立成句： (9)

真题实战 (11)

附录一：50个可接双宾语的高频动词 (18)

附录二：接现在分词作宾补的20个常用动词 (20)

2019版考研英语长难句解密讲义（配合考研英语长难句解密图书使用）

（内部讲义翻印必究）

主讲人：何凯文

The future has arrived.It commences now.

未来已来，始于现在

英中文转化过程中在句子层面的障碍

语义：词汇（语境）

语序：

The law is reason free from passion.

英语句子转换为中文时没有语序障碍的情况:

1.主+谓

2.主+谓+宾

3.主+谓+双宾

4.主+谓+宾补

5.主+系+表语

例句：

1.主谓结构

(1)Kites rise.(2)Education pays.(3)The future has arrived.

(4)It commences(now).【Sth commences./Sth commences with sth】

Your success commences with your reason.

(Kites rise highest against the wind-not with it.)

2.主谓宾结构：

(1)【(Sb commences sth)】The NHS commences the research.

(2)Prosperity makes friends.Adversity tries them.

3.主谓双宾语结构：

The time offers us the opportunity.

The time awards the innovative people the generous returns.

The democratic society gives the speech freedom the widest latitude.

(give sb sth/give sth sth)

4.主谓宾宾补结构：

The social media has left us vulnerable to the misleading information.

（更多词见附录）

The scientific plan prevents us making the detour.

5.主系表结构：

To divide people into good and bad is absurd.

(It is absurd to divide people into good and bad.)

People are either charming or tedious.

One's first love is always perfect/until one meets one's second love.

?英语句子的分类：

句和句

简单句的定义：

简单句语序障碍的来源和解决：

简单句的障碍来源：

1. 2. 3. 4.

?简单句语序障碍的识别及处理方法

一、定语

作用和识别：修饰和限定名词的成分；

名词前的叫前置定语；名词后的叫后置定语；

前置定语：

识别：1.形容词 2.现在分词 3.过去分词 4.代词 5.名词

例子

1）Fat pay rise

2）Luxury goods/luxurious goods

3）Common ancestor/common dream

4）the underlying assumption

5）small but vocal local group

6）the sound advice/the sound understanding

7）separate but adjoining chamber

8）legislative initiative

9)conservation measures

10)two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches

11)uplifting motives

12）gay marriage/gay genius

处理：形容词+名词=名词短语

后置定语：

形容词短语those unaware of the disaster

现在分词短语Otoman fighting with xiaoguaisou

过去分词短a picture painted by Picasso

n.+不定式短语the right to die

介词短语the link between dreams and emotions

例子：He successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was

paralyzed in a game.

处理：(1)

(2)

1.介词短语：【介词+名词】

A reputation for slacking the value of goods and services

the presence of grapes the presence of mobile phone

the presence of telescope the sense of fairness

products of high quality the book of value

2.不定式短语：【to do+名词/to do/】the right to define physical beauty.

3.形容词短语：【形容词+介词+名词/形容词+to do】

the question hard to answer;

4.现在分词短语：the website promoting extreme dieting

5.过去分词短语：the research carried by the expert panel

二、同位语

定义和作用：补充说明名词或者句子

（增加语言的多样性。）

同位语的处理：

独立成句识别：（1）B=A is B

A，B/A-B/A or B：

（2）A=this is A.

This=名词/句子A和B都是名词

These are A

句子，A/句子-A

例子：

1.The U.S workers have achieved about95%of the productivity of their Japanese

counterparts—a result of the training received on the job.

This is a result of the training received on the job

2.The school education should emphasize the bravery,honesty，innovation，tolerance，

decency，affection，integrity and reason—important quality necessary to the harmony of the society.

These are important quality necessary to the harmony of the society.

3.Many factors—sexual confusion,economic frustrations,and religious hope—promote

some New Englanders’decision to leave the England.

These are sexual confusion,economic frustrations,and religious hope

4.The unfocused newspaper reviews were published between the turn of the20th century and

the eve of World War II,a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap.

This is a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap

5.There is only one heroism in the world—to see the world as it is and to love it.

This is to see the world as it is and to love it

6.The Court supported the medical principle of"double effect",a centuries-old moral principle.

Robots will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge.

These are goals that pose a real challenge.

7.Science may have found a cure for most evils;but it has found no remedy for the worst of

them all-the apathy of human beings.

8.The only thing we have to fear is fear itself nameless,unreasoning,unjustified terror,

which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance.(Franklin Delano Roosevelt)

三、状语

定义和作用：修饰限定动词，形容词或者是整个句子；

识别：

1.副词

2.现在分词短语

3.过去分词短语

4.不定式短语A结构

5.介词短语

6.独立主格结构

The institute displays great enthusiasm for the liberal education.

A结构和定语的区别：

1）A结构前没有名词则可判定为状语。

2）A结构前有名词通常判定为定语，如果语义不通顺则改判为状语。

(如果都通顺就不做区分了)

The institute displays great enthusiasm for the liberal education.

这个机构展现出对于素质教育的巨大热情。

这个机构对于素质教育展现出了巨大热情。

注意：写作中通常避免将做状语的A结构置于名词后。

处理：将状语剥离出整个句子；

1）按中文的表达习惯调整位置；

句子开头；主语后，动词前；结果状语可以在句尾；

2）独立成句（常常是某些副词；）

例句：

1.The Mathematic test is admittedly difficult for students of2018.

2.It is painfully apparent that his attempt is not viable.

3.China's long-term educational reform program understandably and necessarily emphasizes

the cultivation of innovative minds.

4.Academically,this theory needs more solid evidence.Pragmatically,it provides a viable

way to solve the problem.

5.It is inevitably painful to retreat from the predominance.

“山上的人，不要瞧不起山下的人，因为终有一天他们会上山取代你，

上山的人，也不要瞧不起下山的人，因为他风光时你还在山下。”

对一种隔离结构的强调:

1.They maintain with a certain fidelity the principle of this school.

2.He elected as his primary duty and happiness in his life the thinking activity about the

moral problem.

3.He did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics.

4.Most people select as friends the people who resemble our kin.

5.They have recruited to their team not only the celebrities but also the stakeholders of this

matter.

四、插入语

定义和作用：增加语言的多样性。任何成分都而已充当插入语。

识别：————；,,

处理：删除/再识别再处理

万能插入语：

Rather than:

I am the best teacher.

I,rather than anyone else,am,rather than was,the best,rather than good,teacher,rather

than the cop.

非简单句的语序障碍来源和解决：

?非简单句的分类：

?并列句：

?主从复合句：

?并列句语序障碍来源和解决：

并列的识别和处理：找准并列连接词切开即可！

例1．The world breaks everyone,and afterward many are strong at the broken places.

这世界会打击每一个人。但经历过后，许多人会在受伤的地方变得坚强

（句间的并列）

例2.It is a little upsetting to read that a certain line and to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers

解析：并列成分为to read…and to find…

例3.A and B,C and D.

解析：并列连词表示并列的终结就意味着：

例4.It is said that in England death is pressing,in Canada inevitable and in California optional.

例5.Failing hips can be replaced,clinical depression controlled,cataracts removed in a 30-minute surgical procedure.

例6.TO see the world in a grain of sand

And a heaven in a wild flower

Hold infinity in the palm of your hand

And eternity in an hour.

例7．We all live in the gutter,but some are looking at stars.

To contend or to content,this is the question.

例8.As families move away from their stable community,their friends of many years,their extended family relationships,the informal flow of information is cut off,and with it

the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy

and reliable.

例9.Until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.

?主从复合句语序障碍的解决：

主从复合句的分类：

名词性从句：主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句

形容词性从句：定语从句

副词性从句：状语从句（时间，地点，原因，结果，目的，方式，让步，条件，

比较）

常见的从属连词：关系代词和关系连词

关系代词：who,whom,whose,which,that,as,what，

关系连（副）词：that,when,where,how,as,while,as soon as,before,after,since,till,until，because,since,every time,the minute=the moment=immediately=no sooner…

than=hardly…when=scarcely…when，where，wherever,anywhere,

everywhere，,as,for，now that既然,in that因为,so…that,such…that,if,

unless,as/so long as只要,only if只要,providing/provided that假如,supposing

that,in case that,on condition that,though用在句首（虽然）用在两个逗号或者

破折号之间（但是）用在句尾（但是）,although,even if,even though，as(用

在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while用在句首（虽然）用在句中（但是）That的用法：

（1）定语从句中that是关系代词，作宾语时可以省略；

(2)其他从句中that都是关系连词，任何时候都可以省略；

The rat the cat the dog bit chased escaped.

?定语从句语序障碍的解决：

定语从句的识别：名词/句子+连接词+句子

关系代词：

定语从句的连接词：

关系连（副）词：

介词+关系代词：

定语从句的作用： 1.修饰限定名词或者是句子；

2.连接两个具有共同名词的句子；

3.表示因果关系；

前世：I have three books.

The red of those book is my favorite.

今生：I have three books of which the red is my favorite.

前世：I love this girl who is pretty.

今生：I love this girl.

This girl is pretty.

定语从句的处理方法：独立成句(对于不长的定语从句可以放到名词前)

独立成句的步骤：

Step1.找准切分点（关系代词前，关系连词后，介词前）

1)关系连词=End

2)关系代词或者介词+关系代词=执行第二步

Step2.确定关系代词的的指代对象

1）关系代词做主语=End

2)做其他成分=执行step3

Step3.调整关系代词或(介词+关系代词)在定语从句中的位置=End

例句：

Eg1.A poem line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river.

Eg2.Man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text.

Eg3.America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.

Eg4.The sun rises that looks beautiful.

Eg5.The Congress objects three provisions of which the first is paralleled with the federal privilege.

Eg6.As we all know,Kevin is handsome.

Eg7.Kevin thinks that JPP is an old driver,as many believe.

Eg8.Kevin does not think that JPP is an old driver,as many believe.

Eg9.But surely that idea does not mean that environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science,as an essay in US News&World Report last May seemed to suggest.

判断：Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.

Eg10.McWhorter is not arguing,as many do,that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.

Many think logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.

同位语从句：（其他从句）

结构识别：名词+that+句子

处理：从关系连词切开即可

例子：

I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its

creed-we hold these truths to be self-evident,that all men are created equal.

I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia,sons of former slaves and sons of

former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.

I have a dream that one day,even the state of Mississippi,a state sweltering with the heat

of injustice,sweltering with the heat of oppression,will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.

I have a dream my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be

judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.

I have a dream today!

From I Have a Dream~Martin Luther King

?特别备注：主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，状语从句

从连接词后切开即可：

1.Your pity lies in that your defeat of your rival is defeated by the trend of time.

2.That children can attain growth only with the guidance of the schooling oversimplifies.

3.One's first love is always perfect/until one meets one's second love.

4.The trend of time has shown us that only those who can confront the challenge fearlessly can gain what they are determined to achieve.

非正常语序之倒装句：

倒装句的分析和处理方法

例1：Scattered around the globe are more than100small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots.

例2．Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals are her increased“opportunities”for stress.

例3:All would be well，were reason the only judge in the creationism and evolution deba 强调句的分析方法

1.强调句的构成

It+is（was）+被强调部分+that(who)+其他部分

2.强调句的处理方法

去掉强调格式，还原被强调部分

例1：It was she,a Baltimore printer,who published the first official copies of the Declaration,the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies.

例2：Thus,in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers,coupled

with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes,that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.例3：Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.

例子4：It’s the delivery that causes the audience to smile.

例子5：It was not until in1971that he was allowed to go back to his country.

小结：

考研英语句子的阅读实战分析法：

备注：（面对长句的时候可以先从连接词处断开）

一.确定主干：

句子开头的第一个独立名词（之前没有介词或从属连词的名词）就是句子的主语。（代词就是名词），确定主语后寻找和其相匹配的动词。再根据动词性质确定剩余的主干部分。

二.切分成分：

主干剩下的成分就只有：定语（从句）；状语（从句）；同位语（从句）；插入语；

（这个时候面对比较短的成分可以完成第一次调序；）

三.独立成句：

1.从句:按定语从句的流程

2.现在分词短语:找到ving的动作发出者；（句子主语前面的某个名词，前面的句子）

3.过去分词短语：找到ved的动作承受者，加被动；

4.独立主格结构：直接独立成句；（去掉with）

5.动态名词（形容词）：转译为中文的动词，其他词做相应变化；

(面对独立成句后的各分句可以第二次调序)

先次要，后主要；

先过去，后现在；

先原因，后结果；

先虽然，后但是；

经典例句：

1.The fact that artisans,who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century,are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century.

2.Anyone who has handled a fossilized bone knows that it is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart,the most obvious difference being that it is often much heavier.

1）Anyone who has handled a fossilized bone knows that

2)fossilized bone is usually not exactly like its modern counterpart,

3)the most obvious difference being that it is often much heavier.

3.The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play would seem to the greater part of the academic establishment merely silly.

To the world,you are just a little girl.

To me,you are the whole world.

learning should have an element of inspired play in learning寓教于乐

4.Left,until now,to odd,low-level IT staff to put right,and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking,telecoms and air travel,information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.

1)information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.

Sth is now high on one’s agenda.

2)information protection is left,until now,to odd,low-level IT staff to put right

3)information protection is seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel,

5.Basic to any understanding of Canada in the20years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth.

写作句型：Basic to any understanding of A is B.

B is basic to any understanding of A.

例句：Basic to any understanding of Chinese youngsters’choice to be the civil servants are the good salary,the stable position and the generous benefits.

6.Among the firms making the biggest splash in the new world is Straitford,Inc.,a private intelligence-analysis firm based in Austin,Texas.

7.Among firms making the biggest splash in the is the company of tesla located in Palo Alto of California.

8.The emphasis on data gathered first-hand,combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present,makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.

1=The emphasis on data gathered first-hand

强调收集一手数据

2=a cross-cultural perspective brought/to the analysis of cultures past and present

分析过去和现在的文化时，采用一种跨文化的视角

3.这就使得这项研究成为了一门独特的并且是非常重要的社会科学。

9.From the middle-class family perspective,much of this,understandably,looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility,and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.

a good deal=very

10.The judge must accept the obligation/of/revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.

法官们（有义务）用尽可能清晰的方式揭示出导致他们做出决定的推理的过程。

真题实战

Part1

Text1

第一句：

Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.

Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.

第二句：

It doesn’t help that building a big,powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves.

第三句：

But big dams tend not to work as intended.

第四句：

Proper,scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts.

第五句:

But when you are dealing with myths,it is hard to be either proper,or scientific.

Text2

Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture.

第一句：

As funding for science has declined,scientists have attacked“anti-science”in several books,notably Higher Superstition,by Paul R.Gross,a biologist at the University of Virginia,and Norman Levitt,a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World,by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.

简化：As funding for science has declined,scientists have attacked“anti-science”in several books

第二句：

Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as“The Flight from Science and Reason,”held in New York City in1995,and“Science in the Age of(Mis)information,”which assembled last June near Buffalo.

简化：Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings

例句：

Buffalo buffalo that Buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo.

I saw the man with the telescope.

第三句：

A survey of news stories in1996reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well,from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.

简化：

The anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well

第四句：

Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber,whose manifesto, published in1995,scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia.

（Ted Kaczynski卡辛斯基）

第五句：

But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science,as an essay in US News&World Report last May seemed to suggest.

第六句：

The true enemies of science,argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University,a pioneer of environmental studies,are those who question the evidence supporting global warming,the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial

growth.

简化：

The true enemies of science are those.

第七句：

Indeed,some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless.

Text3

Nowhere do1980census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.

例句：

1.Nothing is sadder than to part forever.

悲莫悲兮生别离。

2.Nothing is happier than to contract a new acquaintance.

乐莫乐兮新相知。

3.No writer is more adventurous than Mark Twain.

马克·吐温是最富有探索精神的作家。

4.In the village there was no garden more lovely than that of Little Hans.

在村里，小汉斯的花园是最可爱的了。

5.Few are better qualified for the job than he is.

没有什么人比他做这工作更合适。

6.You can hardly imagine anyone less ignorant than his son.

你难以想象出任何人会比他儿子更无知。

比较对象；比较内容；比较的结果；

Text4

第一句：

That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books.

第二句：

But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation.

第三句：

Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy.

第四句：

More significantly,they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was

wrong–and yet most did little to fight it.

第五句：

While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery,they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.

第六句：

And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery.

第七句：

Washington,who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War,overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.

附上了参考译文的版本，对照来看，逆光也清晰！照亮你的美！

Part1

Text1

第一句：

Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.

参考译文：可能正是因为人类长期遭受旱涝灾害的摆布才使得治理江河、为我所用的理想如此的令人痴迷。

Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.

第二句：

It doesn’t help that building a big,powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assert themselves.

参考译文：不可避免的是：修建高大雄伟的大坝已成为那些力争得到承认的国家和人民的伟大成就的象征。

第三句：

But big dams tend not to work as intended.

参考译文：但大坝通常不会产生预期的效果。

第四句：

Proper,scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts.

参考译文：对于水坝的影响作用、水坝控制水流的成本和收益进行恰当而科学的研究能够有助于解决这些冲突。

（恰当地科学地研究水坝带来的影响，以及控制水流的成本和收益能有助于解决这些冲突。）

第五句:

But when you are dealing with myths,it is hard to be either proper,or scientific.

参考译文：但是当你在应对神话的时候，既难做到恰当也难做到科学。

Text2

Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture.

科学与文化其他方面的关系一直都很紧张。

第一句：

As funding for science has declined,scientists have attacked“anti-science”in several books,notably Higher Superstition,by Paul R.Gross,a biologist at the University of Virginia,and Norman Levitt,a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World,by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.

参考译文：由于科研基金减少，科学家开始在几本著作中抨击"反科学"势力，特别是弗吉尼亚大学生物学家保罗·R·格罗斯和拉特格斯大学的数学家诺曼·莱维特合著的《高级迷信》及康奈尔大学的卡尔·萨根著的《鬼怪出没的世界》。

简化：As funding for science has declined,scientists have attacked“anti-science”in several books

参考译文：由于科研基金减少，科学家开始在几本著作中抨击"反科学"势力第二句：

Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as“The Flight from Science and Reason,”held in New York City in1995,and“Science in the Age of(Mis)information,”which assembled last June near Buffalo.

简化：Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings

参考译文：科学的捍卫者们也在一些会议上表示了他们的担忧。比如，1995年在纽约举行的"远离科学和理性"会议，以及去年6月在布法罗附近召开的"信息时代的科学"会议。

第三句：

A survey of news stories in1996reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well,from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.

参考译文：1996年对新闻报道的调查表明，反科学的标签也贴在了许多其他群体上，从提倡消灭最后残存的天花病毒库的官方人士到倡议削减基础研究基金的共和党人。

简化：

The anti-science tag has been attached to many other groups as well

反科学的标签也贴在了许多其他群体上。

第四句：

Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber,whose manifesto, published in1995,scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia.

（Ted Kaczynski卡辛斯基）

参考译文：将该词用在在美国制造一连串类似炸弹爆炸事件的人身上，也不会引起多大争议，他在1995年公开发表蔑视科学、渴望回到前技术时代的理想社会的声明。

第五句：

But surely that does not mean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science,as an essay in US News&World Report last May seemed to suggest.

参考译文：当然，这并不意味着，对不加控制的工业发展表示担忧的环保主义者也是反科学的，而去年5月份刊登在《美国新闻和世界报导》的一篇文章却似乎暗示是这么回事。

第六句：

The true enemies of science,argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University,a pioneer of environmental studies,are those who question the evidence supporting global warming,the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.

简化：

The true enemies of science are those.

参考译文：环保主义者必定会对这些批评做出反应。作为环境研究的先驱者，斯坦福大学的保罗·埃利希认为，科学的真正的敌人是那些对全球变暖、臭氧层稀薄和其他由于工业增长带来的后果的证据提出质疑的人

第七句：

Indeed,some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becoming meaningless.

参考译文：的确，一些观察者担心反科学这个称号面临失去意义的危险。Text3

Nowhere do1980census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.

参考译文：1980年美国人口统计表明，在远西地区，美国人是最渴求宽敞生活的。

例句：

1.Nothing is sadder than to part forever.

悲莫悲兮生别离。

2.Nothing is happier than to contract a new acquaintance.

乐莫乐兮新相知。

3.No writer is more adventurous than Mark Twain.

马克·吐温是最富有探索精神的作家。

4.In the village there was no garden more lovely than that of Little Hans.

在村里，小汉斯的花园是最可爱的了。

5.Few are better qualified for the job than he is.

没有什么人比他做这工作更合适。

6.You can hardly imagine anyone less ignorant than my son.

你难以想象出任何人会比我儿子更无知。

Text4

第一句：

That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books.

参考译文：这与大多数人从历史书上所了解的砍樱桃树的乔治的形象太不一样了。第二句：

But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation.

参考译文：但是最近，许多历史学家开始关注奴隶制在开国先父们生活中所起的作用。

第三句：

Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy.

参考译文：有几本历史学家的著作揭示了这个国家早期领导人做出的在道德上的妥协以及这个国家刚成立时脆弱的本质。

第四句：

More significantly,they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong–and yet most did little to fight it.

参考译文：更重要的是，历史学家们认为很多开国先父们知道奴隶制是不对的，但是大多数人很少反对它。

第五句：

While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery,they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.

参考译文：虽然华盛顿和杰斐逊私下都表达过对于奴隶制的反感，但他们也知道奴隶制正是在他们的帮助下建立起来的这个国家的政治和经济的基石。

第六句：

And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery.

参考译文：政治家们的（开国先父）的政治生命也得依靠奴隶制。

第七句：

Washington,who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War,overcame the strong

opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will.

参考译文：在独立战争中目睹了黑人战士的勇敢后，华盛顿开始相信人生而平等，他克服了亲戚们的反对，在遗嘱中赋予了他奴隶自由。

附录一：50个可接双宾语的高频动词

(一)双宾语易位时需借助介词to的常用动词

award sb.sth.=award sth.to sb.颁奖给某人

The time awards the innovative people the generous returns.

bring sb.sth.=bring sth.to sb.把某物带给某人

hand sb.sth.=hand sth.to sb.把某物递给某人

lend sb.sth.=lend sth.to sb.把某物借给某人

mail sb.sth.=mail sth.to sb.把某物寄给某人

offer sb.sth.=offer sth.to sb.将某物给某人

owe sb.sth.=owe sth.to sb.欠某人某物

pass sb.sth.=pass sth.to sb.把某物递给某人

pay sb.sth.=pay sth.to sb.付给某人某物（钱）

post sb.sth.=post sth.to sb.把某物寄给某人

read sb.sth.=read sth.to sb.把某物读给某人听

return sb.sth.=return sth.to sb.把某物还给某人

send sb.sth.=send sth.to sb.把某物送给某人

sell sb.sth.=sell sth.to sb.把某物卖给某人

serve sb.sth.=serve sth.to sb.拿某物招待某人

show sb.sth.=show sth.to sb.拿某物给某人看

take sb.sth.=take sth.to sb.把某物拿给某人

teach sb.sth.=teach sth.to sb.教某人某物

tell sb.sth.=tell sth.to sb.告诉某人某情况

throw sb.sth.=throw sth.to sb.把某物扔给某人

write sb.sth.=write sth.to sb.给某人写信

(二)双宾语易位时需借助介词for的常用动词

book sb.sth.=book sth.for sb.为某人预定某物

buy sb.sth.=buy sth.for sb.为某人买某物

choose sb.sth.=choose sth.for sb.为某人选某物

cook sb.sth.=cook sth.for sb.为某人煮某物

draw sb.sth.=draw sth.for sb.为某人画某物

fetch sb.sth.=fetch sth.for sb.为某人去取某物

find sb.sth.=find sth.for sb.为某人找到某物

fix sb.sth.=fix sth.for sb.为某人准备（修理）某物

get sb.sth.=get sth.for sb.为某人拿来某物

make sb.sth.=make sth.for sb.为某人做某物

order sb.sth.=order sth.for sb.为某人订购某物

pick sb.sth.=pick sth.for sb.为某人采摘某物

prepare sb.sth.=prepare sth.for sb.为某人准备某物

save sb.sth.=save sth.for sb.为某人留某物

sing sb.sth.=sing sth.for sb.为某人唱某物（歌）

spare sb.sth.=spare sth.for sb.为某人让出某物

steal sb.sth.=steal sth.for sb.为某人偷某物

（三）有的动词后接的双宾语易位时，既可用介词to引出间接宾语，也可用介词for引出间接宾语，含义相同。如bring，play等：

Bring me today’s paper.

=Bring today’s paper to[for]me.把今天的报纸拿给我。

2.He played us the record he had just bought.

=He played the record he had just bought for[to]us.他放了他刚买的唱片给我们听。

（四）有的动词后接的双宾语易位时，即可用介词to引出间接宾语，也可用介词for引出间接宾语，含义不同。如leave等：

They left me no food.

=They left no food for me.他们没给我留一点食物。

2.My uncle left me a large fortune.

=My uncle left a large fortune to me.叔叔死后留下一大笔财产给我。

（五）而有的动词后接双宾语时，既不能用介词to引出间接宾语，也不能用介词for引出间接宾语。如allow,ask,cause,charge,cost,forgive,refuse等：

He allows his son too much money.他给他儿子的钱太多。

He asked me some questions.他问了我一些问题。

This caused me much trouble.这给我带来了许多麻烦。

He charged me five dollars for a cup of tea.他一杯茶向我要了5美元。

His mistake cost him his job.他的错误让他丢了工作。

I envy you your good luck.我羡慕你的好运。

They forgave him his rudeness.他们原谅了他的鲁莽。

He refused her nothing.她要什么他就给什么。

inform sb of sth/remind sb of sth/rob sb(someplace)of sth/rid sb(somepla ce)of sth/cure sb of sth/warn sb of sth/tell sb of sth

常跟宾语补足语的动词有：call（叫），named（叫做），make（做），think（思考），find（找），leave（离开），keep（保持），nominate（任命），choose，elect（选举），define（定义），regard （认为），see（看），recognize（认出），treat，take，consider（考虑），look up，refer to（提到），accept（接受），acknowledge（承认），describe，depict（描述），represent（表现出），