医学考博真题

Listening：无

Vocabulary：

Section A

31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.

A. Customs

B. Congresses

C. Conventions

D. Routines

32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acid rain.

A. curb

B. sue

C. detoxify

D. condemn

33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and it will not be a long process.

A. spontaneously

B. simultaneously

C. principally

D. approximately

34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous disease in the world.

A. crucial

B. virulent

C. colossal

D. prevalent

35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to ______the problem.

A. affiliate

B. alleviate

C. aggravate

D. accelerate

36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take place right under our noses?

A. obvious

B. significant

C. necessary

D. widespread

37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from ______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.

A. configuration

B. constitution

C. condemnation

D. contamination

38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects on bones.

A. adverse

B. prevalent

C. instant

D. purposeful

39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can take four to six months.

A. penetrate

B. designate

C. generate

D. exaggerate

40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving ______ to our anger.

A. vent

B. impulse

C. temper

D. offence

Section B

41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.

A. improved

B. returned

C. deteriorated

D. changed

42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it’s lit up.

A. decorated

B. illustrated

C. illuminated

D. entertained

43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of traffic congestion.

A. ameliorated

B. aggregated

C. deteriorated

D. duplicated

44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.

A. sufficient

B. plentiful

C. adequate

D. countable

45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.

A. deficit

B. deviation

C. draw back

D. discrepancy

46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.

A. successor

B. replacement

C. surrogate

D. choice

47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.

A. ancient

B. carefully

C. very large

D. carefully protected

48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overly dependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.

A. extremely

B. exclusively

C. exactly

D. explicitly

49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array of emergency room of doctors and nurses.

A. preoccupied

B. unwary

C. watchful

D. dozing

50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleagues accused him of inconsistency.

A. wavered

B. instigated

C. experimented

D. relied

Cloze

We spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helps us understand a person’ emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have known far 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.

According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychology at the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The 53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to be afraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Symptoms and Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”, was published in the journal The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry.

"Looking at someone’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respond and what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children—so, understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of social learning,” Michalska said.

Michalska and the team of researchers showed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old, images of two women’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped with an eye tracking device that allowed them to measure 54 on the screen children were looking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the two women a total of four times. Next, one of the images was 55 with a loud scream and a fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw

both faces again without any sound or scream.

The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:

1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired with the loud scream than the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they pay attention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.

2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they were of the faces.

3. The more children avoided eye contact；the more afraid they were 57 the faces.

The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of a face when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay more attention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about the situation and plan what to do next.

However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads to greater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety 59 , the study finds that—over time—children may be missing out 60_ important social information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary, and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.

51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers

52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond

53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more

54. A. where B. when C. how D. what

55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked

56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested

57. A. to B. of C.at D. about

58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry

59. A. in the long run B. for a long time

C. in the short time

D. in a long time

60. A. with B. without C. of D. on

Reading Comprehension

Passage One

The British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” p eriod from birth to three may sca r a child’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.

Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.

But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in som

e tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother o

f a child did not rear their infant alone—far from it.

Certainty, Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on childre n’s development.

Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy，and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.

61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.

A. still needs more statistical studies

B. has been found negative is more serious

C. is obvious

D. in modem times

62. The author thinks that John Bowlby’s concern___________.

A. is relevant and justifiable

B. is too strong to Relieve

C. is utterly groundless

D. has something that deserve our attention

63. What’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?

A. The children’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day car e the children received.

B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.

C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children’s development.

D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it’s practiced by so many people nowadays.

64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason for parents to send their children under three to day care?

A. They don’t know about day care’s negative effect.

B. They are too busy to care for their children.

C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.

D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.

65. What’s the author’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three?

A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.

B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.

C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needs further study.

D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves. Passage Two

By the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the rise in temperature could be twice as much.

Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life and econom ic activity in Canada’s North are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.

The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.

Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research has

already found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behavior can evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade, rather than hundreds of year s, ” says Moore, " Animals can't change their behavior that quickly. ”

A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection.

Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft，and they’re easier to deploy,” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.

66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.

A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animals

B. increase the average world temperature by four degrees

C. cause more damages to the whole world than expected

D. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth

67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage, the international study ______.

A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of Toronto

B. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate change

C. involves so many countries for different investigations

D.is intended to deal with various aspects in research

68. When he ways, “Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly,” what does Moore mean by that quickly?

A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.

B. The widespread effects of global warming.

C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.

D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.

69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic______.

A. becomes more difficult than ever before

B. is likely to build a novel economy in the region

C. will surely lower the average world temperature

D. needs the research-based supporting information

70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.

A. involve more collaborating countries than they do now

B. get more data to be required for their research

C. use more novel technologies in research

D. conduct their research at a regular basis

Passage Three

Having too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in the Journal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormone levels and impaired liver development. The study findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.

Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day or more in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower

birth