第十一章状语从句(二)

第11章 状语从句（二）
四、目的状语从句目的状语从句是表示行为目的的从句。引导目的状语从句的主要连词有that, so，so that, sothat, in order that等，从句中常常使用一些情态动词，如can, could, may, might, should等。A．that, so that，in order that表示"为了，以便"，一般放在主句之后。that语气较弱，用的较少，多用so that。Let's take the front seats that we may se more clearly.
我们坐前排吧，这样我们可以看得更清楚些。
Man does not live that he may eat, but eats that he may live.
人生存不是为了吃饭，而吃饭是为了生存。
They hurried so that they might not miss the train.
他们为了不误火车，才急急忙忙的。
In order that everyone present might hear her clearly, she raised her voice again.
为了使在场的每个人都能听清楚，她再次提高了声音。
注意：当主从句的主语一致时，so that和in order that引导的目的状语从句可以转换成相对应的动词不定式结构。
We got upearly so that we would arrive in time.
为了能及时赶到，我们起得很早。
They hurried so that they might not miss the train.
→ They hurried so as not to miss the train.
他们为了不误火车，才急急忙忙的。
Betty saved money in order that she could uy a portable computer.
→ Betty saved money in order to buy a portable computer.
贝蒂存钱是为了买一台手提电脑。
B．in case, lest, for fear that
几个短语都表示"万一"，"惟恐"，含有否定的意义。
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
最好多带些衣服以防天气会冷。
Take an umbrella in caseit rains.
以防下雨，带把伞。
五、结果状语从句结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句。引导结果状语从句的连词有：that, so (that), sothat, suchthat等。结果状语从句通常置于主句之后。
A．so, that, so that
这三个词都可以引导结果状语从句。so that最为常用，so或that常用于口语或非正式文体中。
What has happened tha you look so worried?
发生了什幺事，使你显得如此担心？
I didn't plan the work well, so that/so I didn't finish it in time.
我没把工作计划好，结果没按时完成。（so that从句常用逗号与主句隔开）
The room was packed with people, so that we couldn't get in.
房间里挤满了人，我们进不去。
B．so...that so...that 如此……以致……。其引导的果状语从句有如下四种结构：
1．so + 形容词/副词 + that-从句
The village is so small that it cannot be shown in the map.
这村子太小，所以这地图上没有。
The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward.
风刮得那么大，我们简直寸步难行。
2．so + 形容词 + a/an + 单数名词 + that-从句It was so hot a day that tey all went swimming.
天是那么的热以致他们都去

游泳了。
He made so inspiring a speech that everybody got excited.
他发表了如此鼓舞人的演讲以致大家都很激动。
3．so + many/few +复数名词+ that-从句I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.
我摔了许多跤，以至于浑身青一块，紫一块。
He has so few friend that he often feels lonely.
他朋友很少，所以经常感到孤独。
4．so + much/little +不可数名词 + that-从句
I had so little money then that I couldn't even afford a used car.
我当时囊中羞涩，甚至连一辆二手车都买不起。
He drank so much wine last night that he felt terrible.
昨晚他喝了那么多的酒，他觉得很不舒服。
5.在"so + 形容词/副词 + that-从句"结构中，如将"so + 形容词/副词"位于句首，主谓语要倒装。
So excited was he that she could not say a word.
他很激动，一句话都说不出来。
So loudly did he speak that even the people in the next room could hear him.
他说得很响，连隔壁的人都能听见。
C．such... that such...that 如此……以致……。其引导的结果语从句有如下四种结构：1．such + a/an + 形容词 + 单数可数名词 + that-从句
Jenny is such a clever girl that all of us like her very much.
詹妮是如此聪明的女孩，以至我们都非常喜欢她。
We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.
我们走得匆忙，把门都忘了锁了。
2．such + 形容词 +复数名词+ that-从句
He gave suchimportant reasons that he was excused.
他说出了这么重要的理由，得到大家的谅解。
They are such interesting novels that all of us want to read them.
这些是十分有意思的小说，大家都想看。
3．such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that-从句
He made such rapid progress that the teacher praised him.
他的进步很快，老师表扬了他。
H shut the window with such force that the glass broke.
他关窗子用了那么大的劲，玻璃都碎了。
提示："such+a/an+形容词+单数名词"结构可以和"so +形容词+a/an+单数名词"结构互换。
He told us such a funny story that we all laughed.
→ He told us so funny a story that we all laughed.
他给我们讲了一个如此有趣的故事，大家都笑。
→The story he told us was so funny that we all laughed.
他给我们讲的故事是如此有趣，大家都笑了。
D．such that
such that可以连用，意思是"（是）这样...以致"。
Mother's answer was such that she didn't say yes and she didn't say no.
妈妈的回答就是这样，既没有同意也没有不同意。
His anger was such that he lost control of himself.
他勃大怒，以致不能自制。
比较：such ...that ... 引导的是结果状语从句。
such ...as ...引导的是定语从句（请参考第10章定语从句）。
She had such a fright that she fainted.
她吓得昏了过去。
Luckily such earthquake

s as can cause a lot of damage do no happen very often.
很幸运，这种破坏性很大的地震并不经常发生。（关系代词as在定语从句中作主语）
六、条件状语从句条件状语从句是表示主句动作发生的前提或条件的从句。条件状语从句分为真实条件状语从句和非真实条件状语从句（见第3章）。引导条件状语从句的有if, unless, so /as long as, as/ so far as, on condition that, in case, suppose, supposing等。条件状语从句中的谓语动词一般要用现在时或过去时代替一般将来时或过去将来时。
A．if if表示正面条件，意为"如果"。
If you ask hm, he will help you.
如果你向他请求，他会帮助你。
Difficulties are nothing if we are not afraid of them.
如果我们不怕困难，困难就算不了什么了。
If I do not understand what he says, I always ask him.
我不懂他的话时, 总是去问他。（if = when）
比较：
if only和only if的对比。
if only 解释"但愿，要是就好了"，表示一个不可能实现愿望，要用虚拟语气。
only if 解释"只有"，等于only on condition that，从句用陈述语气。
Only if you heat ice, it turns to water.
只有当你给冰加热，它才会变成水。
If only I knew!
要是我知道该多好。
B．unless
unless = if not, 表示反面条件，意思是"如果不"、"除非"。
They will go tomorrow unless it rains.
除非明天下雨，否则他们会去的。
（They will go tomorrow if it doesn't rain.）
I won't let you in unless you show me your pass.
如果你不出示通行证，我就不让你进来。
（= I won't let you in if you don't show me your pass. ）
注意：
if...not和unless通常是可以换用的。但在下列情况下，两者是有区别的：
1．unless多引导真实条件句，ifnot可以引导真实条件句或非真实条件句。
Hewon't be able to pass the final exams unless he works hard.
除非他努力，否则就通过不了期末考试。
He won't be able to pass the final exams if he doesn't work hard.
如果他不努力，就通过不了期末考试。
He would pass the final exams if he worked hard.
要是他努力的话，他就会通过考试。（非真实条件句。含义是He doesn'twork hard.）
2．如果主句描述的是情感或情绪活动方面的内容，ifnot结构不能换成unless。如：
I'll be quite glad if she doesn't come this evening.
她今晚如果不来我很高兴。
3．unless引导的状语从句可用否定结构，而ifnot引导的从句不可再用否定结构。
Don't ask me to explain again unless you really don't understand.
不要再叫我解释了，除非你真的不懂。
4．uless能作为介词使用，相当于except，而ifnot不可以。
Nothing will come out of it unless disaster.
这种事除非引起灾祸之外不会有什么结果。
C．so long as, as long as, on condition that

这几个短语意思差不多，都表示"只要，条件是……"。
As/So long as we don't lose heart, we'll find a way to overcome the difficulty.
只要我们灰心，我们就能找到克服困难的方法。
You may use the room on condition that/ so long as you clean it afterwards.
只要你用完后打扫干净，你就可以使用这个房间。
D．in case
in case 既引导目的状语从句，也可以引导条件状语从句，等于"if it happens that"。
In case I forget, please remind me of my promise.
如果我忘了，请提醒我所做的承诺。
Send s a message in case you have any difficulty.
万一你有什么困难，请给我们一个信儿。
E．providing, provided that, supposing, suppose that, given that
这几个短语意思相近，有"如果，只要，假如"等意思。
Given that they are inexperienced, they've done a good job.
考虑到他们缺乏经验，他们的工作已做得很好了。(that可以省略)
rovided/ Providing（that）we invite him, he would surely come to dinner.
假如我们邀请他的话，他肯定会来吃饭的。
Suppose/Supposing we can't get enough food, what shall we do?
假设我们弄不到足够的食物，那我们怎幺办？（仅用于疑问句）
七、方式状语从句
方式状语从句是描述动作方式的从句。方式状语从句常由as, as if/ as though等词引导，通常位于主句之。
A．as, just as
这两个连词的意思是"如……，正如……一样"。just as 比as 语气要强一些。
Do in Rome as the Romans do.
入乡随俗。
Leave things as they are.
让一切顺其自然。
Please do as you are told.
请按照人家告诉你做的去做。（也可说Please do as told.）
Balloons float in the air just as boats do on the sea.
气球在空中就如同船浮在海面上一样。
注意：
在口语中，还可用like来代替as，引导一个方式状语从句。
She is doing the work exactly like I want her to.
她正在完全按照我要她的那样在做这项工作。
Do you make bread like you make cakes?
你做面包的方法是不是和做点心一样？
B．as if, as though
由as if 或as though引导的状语从句可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实的情况，也可以用虚拟语气的过去式表示现在不符的或与事实相反的情况（见第3章虚拟语气）。
She looks as if she is ill.
看上去她好象是生病了。
The boy plays piano as though he has a natural ear for music.
这孩子弹起钢琴来家好象天生很懂音乐似的。
They talked loudly as if nobody were around.
他们大声说话仿佛周围没人似的。
He acted as if/though nothing had happened
他装得似乎什么事也未发生过。
八、比较状语从句
比较状语从句由as, than引导。
A．as...as, the same as
用于同等程度级的比较。否定句用not so/as as, not the same as。
Our country is as big as

the whole of Europe.
我们的国同整个欧洲一样大。
The result was not as/so good as I had expected.
结果不如我预料的那么好。
She works in the same building as my sister.
她和我的妹妹在同一大楼上班。
B．than
than表示不同程度级的比较
It rains mor often in Shanghai than in Beijing.
上海下的雨比北京的多。
He is two inches taller than his father.
= He is taller than his father by two inches.
他比他爸爸高两英寸。
注意：
在比较从句中通常把和主句重复的部分省掉，如果把省略部分补上，而显得累赘或不合乎习惯。
Lily isn't so clever a girl as Lucy is.
莉莉是一个不如露西那样聪明的女孩。（如说成：Lily isn't so clever a girl as Lucy is clever 显得累赘）
The child sang as sweetly as a nightingale.
这孩子歌唱得同夜莺般婉转。
C．the more..., the more...
这是表示比例的比较，意思是"越……就越……"。第一个the more 也可以看成是一个条件。
The more you read, the better you understand.
你看的书越多，你懂得就越多。（= If you read more, you will understand better.）
The busier he is, the happier he feels.
他越忙越开心。
The more difficult the questions are, the less likely I am to be able to answer them.
问题越困难，我就越可能回答。
必背：
一些常见的倍数比较句型。
His father is double/ twice his age.
他爸爸的年龄是他的两倍。
His father is twice/ double as old as he (is).
他爸爸的年龄是他的两倍。
Our new school is three times bigger than the old one.
我们的新学校比老学校大三倍。
Our new school is four times as big as the old ne.
我们的新学校是老学校的四倍大。
Our new school is four times the size of the old one.
我们的新学校是老学校的四倍。
九、让步状语从句
让步状语从句表示在某种相反的条件下，主句中的情况依然会出现。让步状语从句由although, though, however, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever, whenever, wherever, whether（是否）, no matter (who, wha, etc), even if, even though等词引导。
A．although, though
这两个词意思一样，都解释"虽然，尽管"。although比though正式。
1．although指事实，多用于句首。多数情况下可与though换用。
Although he is young, he is very clever.
他尽管年轻，但很聪明。
Although his illness had prevented him from studying, he managed to pas the exam.
尽管病情妨碍了他学习，但他还是通过了考试。
It was an exciting game, although no goals were scored.
那是一场精彩的球赛，尽管一个球都没进。（although也可放在主句之后）
2．though既指事实，又指设想。可用于句首、句中或句末。
Though he is poor, he is happy.
他虽然穷，但很快乐。
I haven't checked the information yet, though I

thik it is correct.
我还没有核实这份资料，但我认为它错不了。
My house, though it is large, is also made of stone and wood.
我的房子虽然大，但是也是用石头和木料搭成的。
提示：
有时though= and yet"但是，然而"，放在句子末尾，前面用逗号。
It was hard work; I enjoyed it, though.
那工作很苦，但是我喜欢干。
（= It was hard work, but I enjoyed it.）
3．hough从句有时可以倒装，将从句中的一部分提置句首。（详见第13章）
Child though he is, he knows a lot.
尽管他是个孩子，他懂得的东西却很多。
（=Although he is a child, he knows a lot.）
Strange though it may look, it is true.
尽管看起来奇怪，但是却是真的。
(= Though it looks strange, it is true.)
注意：
although, though不能与ut连用，但是可以与yet, still, nevertheless连用。
Although/ Though he blames me, yet I will trust him.
尽管他责怪我，但我还是愿意信任他。
Though he was hungry, still he would not eat.
尽管他饿了，但是他仍然不想吃。
B．even if, even though
这两个词语气比though, although强，解释"即使"，两者可以通用。
We won't be discourged even if/ though we fail ten times.
我们就是失败十次也不泄气。
Even if/ though you fail, you will have gained experience.
纵然你失败，你也会得到一些经验。
C．while, whereas
这两个词也可引导让步状语从句，突出主句和从句的对比。
While I understand what you say, I can't agree with you.
虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。
Some people like fat meat, whereas others hate it.
有些人喜欢肥肉，相反有些人讨厌肥肉。
D．no matter (who, what, where, when, etc)
这几个词引导的让步状语从句语气十分强烈。
This is not true, no matter who says so.
不管谁这么说，都不对。
Do it no matter what others say.
不管别人怎么说，尽管干。
No matter how bus he was, he studied English every day.
不管他多忙，他都每天坚持学习英语。
E．however, whatever, whenever, wherever
这些词在意思上和用法上都等于no matter how/ what
Whatever happens/ may happen, we shall never lose hope.
无论发生什么，我们都不要失去信心。（有时从句中的动词与may连用）
However (=No matter how) expesive it may be, I'll take it.
无论它有多贵，我也要买下它。
Don't let them in, whoever (=no matter who) they are.
不管他们是谁，别让他们进来。
F．whether...or (not) ...
whether...or (not) ...意思是"不管……还是……"。
Whether you believe it or not, it's true. 不管你信不信，这是真的。
Whether the weather is good orbad, they will set off as planned.
不管天气是好还是坏，他们都要按计划启程。
提示：
也可直接用or来连接两个相同结构来表示让步。
W

alking or sleeping, she always has the question in her mind.
无论走路还是睡觉，她总是想着这个问题。
G．as
连词as，同though一样，也可以引导让步状语从句，但从句中要用特殊语序。
Young as he is, he knows a lot.
他虽然年轻，但懂得很多。(= Though he is young, he.)
Cold as it is, the children play outdoors.
虽然天气冷，但孩子们仍在户外玩。
H．if
if 有时也可用于让步状语从句，相当于even if。
If he is por, he is at least honest.
尽管他穷，但至少他很诚实。
We'll go if it rains.
即使下雨我们也要去。
I'll do it if I die in the attempt.
即使会丧命我也要试一下。
注意：
有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步等状语从句中，如果谓语含有动词be，主语又和主句中的主语一致，或者主语是it，常把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分（特别是动词be）省略掉。
Look out for cars when crossing the stret.
过街时当心车辆。
(= when you are crossing the street)
She hurriedly left the room as though angry.
她急匆匆地走出屋去，好象很生气的样子。
(= as though/if she was /were angry)
If possible, I'd like to have two copies of it.
可能的话，我想要两本。(= if it is possible,)
She advised me not o say anything unless asked.
她劝我别说什么，除非有人要我说。
(= unless I was asked )
As a young man, he studied law and became a lawyer.
他年轻时就学了法律，并当了律师。
(= As/ When he was a young man,)