构词法

构词法

一、掌握构词法的重要性

1.有助于扩大词汇

care careful careless carefully carelessly carelessness carefulness

2.有助于了解词义

possible impossible fair unfair

3.有助于辨认词类

glory glorious operate operation

二、英语的构词方法

在英语中，主要有三种构词法，即合成、转化和派生。

1.合成由两个或两个以上的词结合成一个新的词的方法称作合成法。用这种方法构成的词，叫合成词。合成词有的用连字符―-‖连接，有的直接连写在一起。合成词的词类主要有三种，即合成名词、合成形容词和合成动词。

1）合成名词

football birthday homework blackboard dining-room drinking-water

2）合成形容词

middle-aged warm-hearted ordinary-looking funny-looking hard-working 2.转化由一种词类转化成另一种或几种词类的方法称作转化法.

1)由名词转化为动词,例如: water n. 水→water v. 浇水

2)由形容词转化为动词,例如:

clean adj.干净的→clean v.打扫，清理empty adj. 空的→empty v.清空，倒空

3.派生由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成另一个词的方法称作派生法。前缀附加在单词或词根的前面,一般不改变原词的词类,但引起词义的变化；后缀附加在单词或词根的后面，一般不改变原词的基本含义，只改变词类。

1）常见的前缀

（1）用来构成反义词的前缀

①dis-

agree 同意disagree __________; appear 出现disappear ________ like 喜欢dislike honest诚实的dishonest _______

②in-

complete 完全的incomplete__________; correct 正确的incorrect___________

③im- 例如:

possible 可能的impossible ______ ;polite 有礼貌的impolite _____________

④ir-例如: regular 规则的irregular ___________________

⑤il-例如: legal合法的illegal

Driving after wine breaks the law, that is to say, it is illegal.

⑥un-

fair 公正的unfair __________; happy高兴的unhappy _________

⑦non-例如：

stop 停止non-stop __________;smoker 吸烟者non-smoker ___________violent→non –violent________

⑧ab-例如：normal正常的→abnormal 反常的use使用→abuse 滥用absent= not present 缺席

Don’t abuse drugs and you should have a healthy lifestyle.

Tom is often absent from class.

(2)其他常用前缀

re- 表示―再一次,重新“例如:

write 写rewrite__________build 建造re build __________tell 讲述re tell _______ consider 考虑re consider __________

⑶mini- 表示―小的,微型的‖之意,例如:

mini bus 小型公共汽车mini computer 微型电脑mini skirt 超短裙

⑷mis- 表示―错误‖之意，例如：

mis use用错，滥用mis understand 误解mislead__________misread_________

⑸super- 表示―超级的‖之意,例如:

super man 超人super market 超级市场super star 超级巨星supergirl______

⑹kilo- 含有―千‖之意,例如:

kilo gram. 公斤，千克kilo meter 公里，千米kilo ton 千吨kilo watt 千瓦

⑺tele- 含有―远‖之意，多用于与远距离有关的词，例如：

tele scope 望远镜tele vision 电视机tele phone电话tele shopping电脑购物

⑻inter-在……间, 相互

international interview interpersonal internet

⑼fore-; pre-在前面, 先前, 预先

forehead forearm foreleg foresee foretell forecast predict preview pre-reading pre-war

⑽post---在后，后; post-reading postwar

⑾mid- 表示―中间，中部‖之意，可指时间，也可指空间，例如：

mid day 中午，正午mid night子夜，午夜，半夜mid summer仲夏mid-Europe中欧

⑿multi- 许多, 复:

m ulticultural multimedia multicolored a multistory building

⒀over-过度, 太: overweight oversleep overdo overeat

I missed my bus because I overslept.

If you overeat, you are likely to become overweight.

⒁en-―使…‖

large→enlarge rich→enrich able→enable danger→endanger courage→encourage

2)常见的后缀

(1)构成形容词的后缀

①-able/-ible 表示―可被…的‖之意

accept 接受accept able_________; eat 吃eat able _________wash 洗wash able________ rely→reliable_______bear→bearable_______

comfort→-comfortable__________; suit→suitable________; enjoy→enjoyable____________ value→valuable ___________;admire→admirable ______________reason →reasonable_______

I don’t think your advice is acceptable.

This kind of food is healthy and eatable.

Tom always keeps his word/promise and you can depend on him, so he is reliable.

He always speak with his mouth full of food. He is so unbearable that I am not willing to talk to him.

Your advice is of great value to me.= Your advice is very valuable to me.

Your suggestions are reasonable, so I am glad to accept them.

I feel comfortable to sit on the soft seat.

Although the cinema is noisy, it is suitable for Sally’s condition, because She has hearing problems.

〖07山东〗It is not socially ____________ for parents to leave children unattended at that age.

A. accessible

B. adorable

C. adaptable

D. acceptable

【2012福建】—Can you lend me the book Gone with the wind?

-Sorry, I returned it to the library just now. Maybe it is still______

A. available

B. affordable

C. acceptable

D. valuable

②-al

nation 民族,国家nation al 民族的,国家的physics 物理physic al adj. 物理的

politics 政治politic al.政治的culture 文化cultur al 文化的

music 音乐musical 音乐的education 教育educational教育的

face→facial benefit→beneficial race→racial

Doing exercise is beneficial to our health.

= Doing exercise is of great benefit to our health.

③-an, -ian 常加在地名后面,构成形容词,例如:

Africa 非洲African 非洲的America 美国American美国的

Russia 俄罗斯Russian 俄罗斯的Asia 亚洲Asian亚洲的

Europe 欧洲European 欧洲的

④-en 附加在物质名词后,构成形容词,例如:

wood 木材wooden.木制的gold金子golden金制的,金色的wool羊毛woolen 羊毛制的

⑤-ese 附加在部分国名后,表示―……地方(国)的‖,构成形容词；也可构成名词，表示―……国的人（语）‖,例如：

China 中国Chinese中国的，中国人的.中国人，汉语

Japan 日本Japanese.日本的，日本人的.日本人，日语

⑥-ful例如：

care →careful 小心的harm →harmful 有害的success→successful 成功的

use→useful 有用的beauty →beautiful美丽的hope →hopeful充满希望的

⑦-ive例如：

progress 前进，进步progressive . 进步的expense 花费expensive 昂贵的

act→active__________; attract→attractive______；effect→effective ________

create→creative________; compete→competitive__________

⑧-less 表示―没有……‖，例如：

use 用，使用useless 无用的color 颜色，色彩colorless 无色的

home 家homeless__________;job 工作jobless ________;care 小心careless _________

⑨-ly 可加在人称名词后面,表示―具有…..品质的‖,也可加在其他名词及时间名词后面,构成形容词,例如:

brotherly兄弟般的sisterly 姐妹般的fatherly 父亲般的motherly母亲般的

friendly 友好的lovely可爱的hourly一小时一次的daily一天一次的weekly一周一次的monthly .一月一次的yearly一年一次的

⑩-ous 表示―充满……的‖或―具有……性质的‖，附加在名词后面，构成形容词，例如：danger 危险dangerous 危险的fame名声,声望famous著名的

victory 胜利victorious___________; glory光荣glorious ____________

-y表示―具有……特征‖或―具有……性质的‖的意思，例如：

blood 血bloody带血的，流血的dust灰尘dusty布满灰尘的hill 小山hilly 多山的

luck运气lucky幸运的mud 泥muddy多泥的，泥泞的

rainy ________ snowy________windy_______ sunny _________cloudy______ stormy______

-ant; -ent

Important distant abundant elegant convenient different violent confident patient intelligent有才智的

It is convenient for him to go to school by bus.

Your opinion is different from mine.

Be confident about yourself and you will achieve your dream.

Mr. Li is patient with his students.

-some

handsome tiresome awesome 使人敬畏的troublesome

-ish

fool→foolish self→selfish自私的child→childish儿童般的

(2)构成名词的后缀

①-er ,-or, -ist, -ian

worker reader teacher buyer reporter singer driver writer officer prisoner lawyer villager Londoner stranger foreigner visitor actor sailor collector

piano 钢琴pianist 钢琴家violin小提琴violinist 小提琴家novel小说novelist 小说家social 社会的socialist__________ art→artist ______ tour→tourist_________

music 音乐music ian音乐家politics 政治politic ian 政治家

-ess表示“女….‖，例如：

act—actress wait---waitress host—hostess god—goddess prince-princess

-ee表示“被…的人.‖，例如：

employ雇佣employee雇员interview面试，采访interviewee被采访的人，被面试的人trainee 培训生

②-tion ; -sion 加在动词后面，构成名词，例如：

collect--collec tion operate--opera tion invent--inven tion pollute –pollu tion permit—permission decide---decision

-ment 加在动词后面，构成名词，例如：

agree 同意agree ment 同意，协议move移动move ment 运动，活动develop 发展develo pment发展

-al加在动词后面，构成名词，例如：

Arrive-arrival survive—survival try—trial approve--approval

③-ness 加在形容词后面，构成名词，例如：

busy 忙碌的busi ness 事务，商业ill 有病的ill ness n.疾病

happy 幸福的happi ness 幸福kind 和蔼的，好意的kind ness和气，好意

④-(i)ty加在形容词后面，构成名词，例如：

equal—equality similar---similarity possible—possibility responsible—responsibility popular---popularity disable—disability difficult—difficulty honest—honesty

secure—security safe→safety anxious→anxiety curious→curiosity

Waiting for exam results is a time of great anxiety.

Tom is curious about everything in the world. His curiosity encourages him to read many books.

School safety is important.

Women are equal to men. We should protect women’s equality.

⑤-th加在形容词后面，构成名词，例如：

warm---warmth true-truth long—length strong—strength wide—width deep—depth

⑥-ance, -ence

Important—importance significant--significance distant—distance annoy--annoyance appear--appearance perform→performance different—difference absent---absence silent---silence violent—violence patient—patience confident →confidence

It won’t make m uch ________ (differ) whether you have finished your task or not.

⑦-dom

free→freedom wise→wisdom

It is your _______ (free) to do what you want after class.

⑧-ure

fail→failure mix→mixture press→pressure depart→departure

Failure is the mother of success.

Don’t mix these drinks. The mixture is terrible to drink.

Don’t force children to learn too much and don’t give them so much pressure.

Don’t forget your time of departure.

(3)构成动词的后缀

①-is(z)e加在形容词或名词后面，构成动词，例如：

apology 道歉apolog ize 道歉memory记忆力memor ize 记住，

real 真的real ize 实现organ组织organize

Now that you have made a mistake , you should make an apology to him.

= Now that you have made a mistake , you should apologize to him.

He has such a good memory that he can memorize many words one day.

Hold on to your dream and try your best to realize it.

Next week we will organize a party to celebrate our victory.

②-en 主要加在形容词后面，也有加在名词后面的，构成动词，例如：

black 黑色的blacken 变黑，把…..弄黑wide 宽阔的widen（使）变宽

bright 明亮的brighten（使）明亮deep 深的deepen 变深，加深

strength 力量，力气strengthen变强，加强

③–(i)fy

beauty→beautify美化pure→purify提纯simple →simplify使简

quality→qualify取得资格（或学历）class →classify.分类

(4)构成副词的后缀

-ly 加在形容词后面，构成副词，例如：

bad 坏的badly 坏地busy 忙的busily 忙地easy 容易的easily 容易地