2020年高考英语一轮复习 句子成分

2020年高考英语一轮复习 句子成分
2020年高考英语一轮复习 句子成分

2020;2020年高考英语一轮语法复习:句子成分

一. 主语

主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme),是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有单词、短语和从句。

1.名词作主语。如:A tree has fallen across the road.

2.代词用作主语。如:You’re not far wrong.

注意: * 反身代词不能充当句子主语。如You can express yourself at the meeting. * 指人的不定代词(someone, somebody ,no one, nobody, anyone, anybody ,everyone, everybody)与指物的不定代词(something, anything, everything ,nothing)做主语,谓语动词用单数。例如:everyone is here。但是都不能跟of短语,不能说someone of , no one of, something of,但是可以说every one of,none of。做主语反意疑问句用复数,everyone is here,aren’t they?但是 someone lost his pen,didn’t he?

3.数词用作主语。如:Three is enough.

4.名词化的形容词用作主语。 The idle are forced to work.

当the+adj表示抽象名词时谓语动词采用单数形式。 The new replaces the old。(新陈代谢)5.不定式用作主语。如:To find your way can be a problem.

注意:动词不定式做主语, 通常有两种情形: 一种是不定式直接放在句首(这种形式较少),另一种是用it做形式主语,把不定式置于句末,达到平衡句子的目的.

To see is to believe. Seeing is believing。(眼见为实)

It’s nice of you to help me with my English.

6.动名词用作主语。如:Smoking is bad for you.

注意:不定式与动名词做主语一般来说差别不大,有时两者可以互换。但按照传统语法来说,动名词表示说话人的习惯、爱好或事抽象动作;而动词不定式表示具体的、一次性动作。例如:

Smoking is prohibited here .

It's not very good for you to smoke so much.

7.从句用作主语。如: Whenever you are ready will be fine.

二.谓语

谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb) 的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语(助动词或情态动词+主要动词)构成。

1.由简单的动词构成。

(1). What happened?

(2). He worked hard all day today.

2.由动词短语构成的谓语。

(1). The plane took off at ten o’clock.

(2). What’s been keeping you all this time? 这半天你在干什么来着?

(3). You can do it if you try hard. 你努力就可以做到。

3.英语常用某些动作名词代替表动态的谓语动词,表生动。这种动作名词之前常用没有多大意义的动词have, get, take, give 等。如:

(1). I had a swim yesterday.(had a swim 代替了swam)

(2). Take a look at that!!(take a look 代替了 look)

(3). He gave a sigh.(gave a sigh 代替了sighed)

(4). I got a good shake-up.(a good shake-up 代替了was shaken up thoroughly(充分,彻底的))

三.表语

表语的功能是表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。它也可以说是一种主语补语。它位于联系动词之后,与之构成所谓的系表结构。在系表结构钟,联系动词只是形式上的谓语,二真正起谓语作用的则是表语。可以作表语的词有:名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语、从句等。

1.The wedding was that Sunday.(名词)

2.So that’s that.(代词)

3.We are seven.(数词)

4.Are you busy?(形容词)

5.Are you there?(电话用语)(副词)

6.All I could do was to wait.(不定式)

7. Is that asking so much?(动名词)

8.I was so much surprised at it.(过去分词)

9.She is in good health.(介词短语)

10.Is that why you were angry?(从句)

四.宾语

宾语(object)在句中主要充当动作的承受者,因此一般皆置于及物动词之后。如:Our team beat all the others.

可以用作宾语的有:名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、名词化的分词、从句等。

1.Do you fancy a drink?(名词)

2.They won’t hurt us.(代词)

3.If you add 5 to 5, you get 10.(数词)。

4.I shall do my possible.(名词化形容词)

5.He left there last week.(副词)

6.Does she really mean to leave home?(不定式)

7.He never did the unexpected(想不到的,意外的). (名词化的分词)

8.Do you understand what I mean?(从句)

注意:(一).宾语中有些动词需要两个同等的宾语,即直接宾语(direct object)与间接宾语(indirect object)。直接宾语一般指动作的承受者,间接宾语指动作所向的或所为的人和物(多指人),具有这种双宾语的及物动词叫做与格动词(dative verb), 常用的有:answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take 等,间接宾语一般须与直接宾语连用,通常放在直接宾语之前。

如:I have found him a place. 我给他找到了一个职位。

(二).英语中有些常用搭配,直接宾语和间接宾语交换位置后介词不能省略,常见的有:appologize to sb for sth, explain to sb sth

五.补语

补语(complement)是一种补足主语和宾语的意义的句子成分。补足主语意义的句子成分叫做主语补语(subject complement),补足宾语意义的句子成分叫做宾语补语(object complement).

(1). 容词用作主语补语是常置于主语之前,后有逗号。

Tired and sleepy, I went to bed.

有时可以置于主语之后,前后都有逗号,与非限定性定语相似。如:

The man, cruel beyond belief, didn’t listen to their pleadings.

(2).可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等

1.They named the child Jimmy.(名词用作并与补语)

2.My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister. (名词短语作宾语补语)

3. He boiled the egg hard.(形容词用作宾语补语)

4.I found the book very interesting.(形容词短语用作宾补)

5.The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover. (不定式用作宾语补语)

6.I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.(动名作宾补)

7.Don’t take his kindness for granted.(介词短语)

六.定语

定语是用来说明名词(代词)的品质与特征的词或一组词。可用作定语的有:形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句.

1.形容词用作定语是大量的。

(1). She is a natural musician.(2). He must be the best violinist alive.(后置定语)

2. 名词用作定语。如

(1). A baby girl 女婴

(2). well water 井水

(3). Sports car 双座轻型汽车

(4). A fool’s paradise 梦幻的天堂

2.代词作定语。

(1). Your hair needs cutting.(物主代词用作定语)

(2). Everybody’s business is nobody’s business. 人人负责就是无人负责。(不定代词所有格作定语)

3.数词作定语

(1). There’s only one way to do it.

(2). Do it now, you may not get a second chance.

基数词用作后置定语: page 24 Room 201 the year 1949

4. 副词充当定语时常后置,如:

the room above 楼上的房间 the world today 今日世界 the way out 出路 a day off 休息日

5.不定式用作定语

(1). Her promise to write was forgotten.

(2). That’s the way to do it.

6.动名词用作定语.

A walking stick 拐杖 sleeping pills 安眠药

eating implements 吃饭用具 learning method 学习方法

7.分词充当定语

a sleeping child 正在睡中的小孩 a drinking man 嗜酒者

a retired worker 一个退休工人 a faded flower 一朵谢了的花

8.介词短语用作定语。

(1). This is a map of China.

(2). The wild look in his eyes spoke plainer than words.

9.从句用作定语,即定语从句

The car that’s parked outside is mine.

Your car, which I noticed outside, has been hit by another one.

七.同位语

当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时,一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分,前者就叫做后者的同位语(appositive).这两个句子成分多由名词(代词)担任,同位语通常皆放在其说明的名词(代词)之后。

1.We have two children, a boy and a girl.

2.They all wanted to see him.

3.Are you two ready?

4.Their latest proposal, to concentrate on primary education, has met with some opposition.

5.The city of Rome 罗马城 the art of writing 写作艺术 The vice of smoking 吸烟嗜好

6.The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.

八.状语

状语(adverbial)是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。。如:1.The girl is improving remarkably. 这个女孩大有进步。

2.可用作状语的有副词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等。

副词最常用作状语,位置比较灵活,可置句末、句首和句中。

He speaks the language badly but read it well.

Naturally we expect hotel guests to lock their doors.

3.状语按用途来分,可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等

(1).Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow?

(2). There are plenty of fish in the sea.

(3).Because he was ill ,Tom lost his job.

(4). She spoke so softly that I couldn’t hear what she said.

(5). In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder.

(6). If he were to come, what should we say to him?

(7). For all his money, he didn’t seem happy.

(8). To what extent would you trust them?

(9).He stood there ,pipe(烟斗) in mouth.

注意事项:

若时间状语和地点状语同时修饰一动词,通常先说地点状语然后再说时间状语。The held a meeting in the great hall yesterday afternoon.昨天下午他们在大厅举行了一次会议。

如果修饰同一个时间状语或地点状语不止一个,则一般按照“由小到大”的顺序排列。

He arrived here at about ten o’clock yesterday morning.他大约是在昨天上午10点到达这儿的。

He lived in a small village in the north .他住在北方的一个小村子里。

[真题演练]

1.-----What do you think it was that made her so upset ?

---_____.

A. lost her bike

B. Losing her bike

C. She lost her bike

D. Because of losing her bike

2. The old ____taken care of in our country.

A. is

B. has

C. are

D. have

3. The music sounded _____. We all ____it.

A. wonderfully; are like

B. badly; like

C. nice; like

D. well; like

4. Setting fires to wild plants _____very dangerous.

A. is

B. are

C. has

D. were

5. With his money _____,he couldn’t go home .

A. leaving

B. missed

C. running out

D. run out

6. Don’t lose heart ,If you work hard ,you’ll ____a successful electronic engineer.

A. turn

B. learn

C. have

D. make

7. Although the working mother is very busy, she still____a lot of time to children.

A. devotes

B. spends

C. offers

D. provides

8. A library with five thousand books _____to the nation as a gift.

A. is offered

B. had offered

C. are offered

D. have offered

9. My mother’s suggestion _____useful by them all.

A. was considered to be

B. was considered being

C. considered to be

D. considered being

10. I felt ____that she should change her mind at the last minute.

A. it is strange

B. it strange

C. that was a strange thing

D. very strange

答案解析:

选B。句意:你认为是什么事使得她那么不高兴?再分析句子结构可知:do you think 插入了强调句型的特殊疑问句式中,what是句子主语。即What made her so upset?因此答语必须符合主语条件。经过分析可知B对。

选C。the+adj. 如果表示一类人,谓语动词用复数;如表示一类事或一个人则用单数。

选C。sounded 在此作系动词,后跟形容词做表语,意思是:听起来。A、B两项均是副词。D项well可作形容词,但是有一个意思:身体好,well在这里不适当。故选C。

选A。动名词或不定式作主语,谓语动词用单数,但如果有and连接两个不相关的动名词或不定式,不指同一概念时,谓语动词用复数,指同一个概念则仍然用单数,如:Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy.早睡早起身体好。这个and连接的两个不定式就是同一概念,所以谓语用单数makes。

选C. with+宾语+doing .run out 快用完了。

选D。turn变得,强调性质,状态,颜色的改变;make有素质成为----,能成为----。另外连个选项learn“学习”,have“拥有”与题干语言环境相差较远。

选A。根据句意“虽然他上班很忙,她仍然花大量的时间在孩子身上。”可选出A。其中a lot of time 直接宾语,children间接宾语。

选A。该题既考查offer一词的用法,有考查主谓一致的用法。主语+with(as well as;along with;rather than---)+动词(动词的数和主语一致)。Offer为及物动词。

选A。is considered to be +n./adj. 被认为是------,该题的useful是主语补足语。

选B。it是形式宾语,strange是宾补,不能选A。因为句中已有谓语动词felt。

高中英语句子成分划分详解(全)

Grammar of Unit 1 Different parts of a sentence 概念 句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括:主语、谓语、表语、宾语(直接和间接宾语)、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分(在英语中,一般句子必须有主语和谓语),表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。 ▲句子成分分类 1.主语 主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当,也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。如: 讲述“谁”We work in a big factory. 讲述“什么”The classroom is very big. 数词作主语Three are enough. 三个人就够了 不定式作主语To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctor’s job. 从句作主语What we need is food. 我们最需要的是食物. ▲在“There be …”句型中,主语的位置在中间。如:

There are some bottles of milk in the box. ▲在个别句型中,主语在整个句子后面,这时前面用it作形式主语。如: It is very interesting to play the game called “treat or trick”. It took two workers about three months to build the house. 2.谓语 谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”,谓语必须是动词,谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。如: He is very generous. She looks very smart and cool We have finished the job. He can speak German. 3.表语 表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”,由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当,它的位置在系动词后面。 形容词作表语You look younger than before.名词作表语My father is a teacher. 副词作表语Everyone is here. 介词短语作表语They are at the theatre. 不定式作表语My job is to teach them English. 动名词作表语Her job is training the nurses. 从句作表语That is why he didn’t come to school yesterday.

高中英语句子成分分析讲解即时练习巩固

第1讲句子成分 英语的句子成分主要有六种:即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。(可以熟记为:主谓宾,定状补) 除了这六种主要成分之外,还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语,因此划分成分时,划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语,属于主语或宾语的一部分。 考点1.划分句子成分时的常用符号 英语中划句子成分的符号 主语在下面划一直线 谓语在下面划曲线 宾语在下面划双横线 定语在下面划虚线(一行点使我们想到一 排钉子,“钉”谐音为“定语” 的“定”) 状语下面为短横线(短横线使我们想到短 木桩,木桩撞(状)钟) 补语上一短横,下一短横(下一短横好像是 为了弥补上面短横间的空隙) 同位语上下双曲线,(虽都有曲折,上下位置 基本相同 考点2.主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首,通常由名词性的词来充当。 可以作主语的词性或语法结构: 1.名词 2.代词 3.数词 4.名词化的形容词(如the rich) 5.不定式 6.动名词 7.主语从句等表示。 练习1.在下面句子的主语下面划横线,并说出由什么充当 1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. 7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language. 9.That he isn’t at home is not true 练习2.改正下列句中的错误,并说明原因 1.He failed the exam is the reason why he dropped out. 2.That why he was late for school was that his mother was ill. 3.Beyond the mountains lie a small village. 4.Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot. 5.Play basketball is my favorite sport. 6.Give up English is not an option. 考点3.谓语 谓语由动词充当,说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下: 1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如: He practices running every morning. He reads newspapers every day. 2、复合谓语: (1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如:You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caugh t a bad cold. My sister is crying over there. I have been waiting for you all the time. I would stay at home all day. (2)由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语,要和表语一起作谓语。如: We are students. Your idea sounds great. 考点4.表语 表语多是形容词,用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。 练习3.划出下列句中的表语,并说明有什么充当。 1.Our teacher of English is an American. 2.Is it yours? 3.The weather has turned cold.

2019届高考英语句子成分

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