美国总统选举制度

美国总统选举制度

美国实行总统制，总统选举每四年举行一次。美国总统选举制度复杂，过程漫长。选举的主要程序包括预选、各党召开全国代表大会确定总统候选人、总统候选人竞选、全国选民投票选出总统“选举人”、“选举人”成立选举人团投票表决正式选举总统和当选总统就职典礼等几个阶段。

预选是美国总统选举的第一阶段，通常从大选年的年初开始，到年中结束。预选有两种形式，分别是政党基层会议和直接预选。前者是指两党在各州自下而上，从选举点、县、选区到州逐级召开代表会议，最终选出本党参加全国代表大会的代表。后者在形式上如同普选，一个州的两党选民同一天到投票站投票选出本党参加全国代表大会的代表，这是大多数州目前采用的预选方式。

预选结束后，两党通常将分别在七、八月份召开全国代表大会。会议的主要任务是最终确定本党总统、副总统候选人，并讨论通过总统竞选纲领。

全国代表大会之后，总统竞选活动便正式拉开帷幕。这一过程一般要持续８至９周。在此期间，两党总统候选人将耗费巨资，穿梭于全国各地，进行广告大战、发表竞选演说、会见选民、召开记者招待会以及进行公开辩论。此外，候选人还将通过多种形式阐述对国内外事务的政策主张，以赢得选民信任，争取选票。

全国选民投票在选举年１１月份的第一个星期一后的第一个星期二

举行（２００８年是１１月４日），这一天被称为总统大选日。所有美国

选民都到指定地点进行投票，在两个总统候选人之间作出选择（在同一张选票上选出各州的总统“选举人”）。一个（党的）总统候选人在一个州的选举中获得多数取胜，他就拥有这个州的全部总统“选举人”票，这就是全州统选制。全国选民投票日也叫总统大选日。由于美国总统选举实行“选举人团”制度，因此总统大选日的投票结果，产生的实际上是代表５０个州和哥伦比亚特区的５３８位“选举人”。另外，在总统大选日，选民还要在联邦范围内进行参议院和众议院选举。根据美国１７８７年宪法，两院议员由各州选民直接选举产生。

选举人票的数量，体现州权平等原则，根据各州在国会的议员数量而定。例如，每个州都在国会有２名参议员和至少１名众议员，所以，任何州都至少有３票。但人口多的大州，除了这３票以外，众议员人数越多，选举人票数也就越多。１９６１年，美国宪法修正案批准华盛顿特区可以像州一样有总统选举人。这样，美国国会有１００参议员（任期６年，每两年改选三分之一）、４３５名众议员（任期两年，期满后全部改选），加上华盛顿哥伦比亚特区的３票，总统选举人票总共为５３８票。一位候选人赢得的选举人票超过总数的一半（２７０张），即当选总统。

真正的总统选举是在１２月第二个星期三之后的第一个星期一举行（２００８年是１２月１５日）。届时，各州和哥伦比亚特区被推选出的“选举人”将前往各州的首府进行投票。获２７０张选票以上的候选人将当选总统，并于次年１月２０日宣誓就职。American presidential election system The US implements the presidential system, the presidential election is held once every four years. The American presidential election system is complex, the process is long. The election main

program including the preelection, various parties convenes the National People's Congress to determine that the presidential candidate, the presidential candidate campaigned for, the national voter to vote selects president “the elector”, “the elector” establishment electoral college voting by ballot elects president and president-elect officially the inauguration and so on several stages. The preelection is the American presidential election first stage, usually from the presidential year the beginning of the year start, finished to the year. The preelection has two forms, respectively is the political party basic unit conference and the direct primary. The former is refers to two parties in various states from bottom to top, from represents the conference the election spot, the county, the electoral district to the state progressive convention, selects representative who finally this party participates in the National People's Congress. The latter formally is similar to a general election, a state's selects representative who two party voter same day to the polling booth voting this party participates in the National People's Congress, this is the preelection way which majority states use at present. After the preelection had ended, two parties separately will usually convene in July and August the National People's Congress. Conference's primary mission is determined finally this party president, vice president the candidate, and discusses through the presidential election guiding principle. After National People's Congress, presidential

election then officially opens. This process must continue generally from 8 to 9 weeks. , Two party presidential candidate will consume the large amount of money, shuttles back and forth in the land, carries on the advertisement war, the publication campaign speech, to meet with the voter, to hold the press conference as well as to carry on the open debate. In addition, the candidate through many kinds of forms will also elaborate that advocated to the domestic and foreign business's policy, wins the voter to trust, wins over the ballot. The national voter votes election year November's first Monday's later first holds (2008 on Tuesday is on November 4), this day is called the presidential election date. All American voters arrive at the assigned location to carry on the voting, makes the choice between two presidential candidates (president who selects various states in identical ballot “elector”). (Party) the presidential candidate obtains the most wins in a st ate's election, he has this state complete president “the elector” the ticket, this is the Quanzhou series chooses the system. The national voter polling day is also called the presidential election date. Because the American presidential election implemen ts “the electoral college” the system, therefore the presidential election date's voting result, produces in fact is represents 50 states and District of Columbia 538 “the elector”. Moreover, in the presidential election date, the voter must carry on Senate and the House of Representatives in the federal scope elects. According to the US in 1787

constitution, two courtyard congressmen by various states voter direct election production. Elector ticket's quantity, manifests the state power equal rule, quantity decides according to various states in Congress's congressman. For example, each state has 2 senators in Congress and at least 1 member of the house of representatives, therefore, any state at least has 3 tickets. But population many big states, besides this 3 tickets, the member of the house of representatives population are more, the elector number of votes are also more. in 1961, the US constitutional amendment authorized Washington . to be possible Xiangzhou to have president equally the elector. Thus, the United States Congress has 100 senators (tenure in office 6 years, every two years re-elects 1/3), 435 members of the house of representatives (tenure in office two years, after expiring, reelection, the Washington District of Columbia's 3 tickets, president the elector ticket altogether is 538 tickets in addition completely).

A candidate wins the elector ticket surpasses the total half (270), namely president-elect. The genuine presidential election is Monday holds (2008 December second Wednesday's later first is on December 15). At the appointed time, various states and District of Columbia is elected “the elector” to go various states the capital to carry on the voting. Will attain 270 ballot above candidates president-elect, and January 20 will be sworn in next year.

就职典礼是美国总统选举的最后一道程序，只有到当选总统于次年１月２０日手抚《圣经》，宣誓就职时，美国的总统选举才告结束。

在美国政治中，副总统不担任实际工作。他的公务是担任国会参议院主席，但这主要是礼仪性的，因为他只有在参议院表决时赞成票和反对票相等情况下才投票。副总统的日常工作通常根据总统的要求而定，一般无足轻重，如代表总统参加外国领导人的葬礼活动等。

根据美国宪法，如果总统去世或失去工作能力，副总统接任总统职位。先当副总统是登上美国总统宝座的途径之一。第二次世界大战以来，有三位副总统在总统任期内接任总统职务。杜鲁门因罗斯福去世，约翰逊因肯尼迪遇剌，福特因尼克松下台而分别继任总统。此外，有几位副总统还当过总统候选人，其中包括尼克松、汉弗莱、蒙代尔和布什。

美国副总统不是由美国公众直接选出的，而是由民主党和共和党的总统候选人挑选并经两党全国代表大会选举产生。总统候选人在选择副总统候选人时首先要考虑此人的政治资历和条件，但主要看他在党内代表哪部分势力以便取得平衡，尽可能争取最大多数选民的支持。

但大选结果不取决于总统候选人对副总统的选择，而是取决于总统候选人。１９８８年美国大选期间，许多美国人认为共和党总统候选人布什的竞选伙伴奎尔太年轻、不老练、不值得考虑，而认为民主党总统候选人杜卡基斯的竞选伙伴本特森经验丰富、深孚众望。但大选结果，布什获胜当上了总统，奎尔自然也成为副总统。

副总统候选人通常是国会议员，但参议员被挑选为副总统候选人的机会较大。原因是参议员一旦当选副总统，就担任参议院主席，这可加强总统与参议院的联系。

另外，在总统大选日，选民还要在联邦范围内进行参议院和众议院选举。根据美国１７８７年宪法，两院议员由各州选民直接选举产生。参议院有议员１００名，任期６年，每两年改选三分之一。众议院议员４３５名，任期两年，期满后全部改选。

美国总统选举第一阶段——预选

四年一度的美国总统选举过程漫长而复杂，主要包括预选、各党召开全国代表大会确定总统候选人、总统候选人竞选、全国选举、选举人团投票表决和当选总统就职。

预选是美国总统选举的第一阶段，被视为美国大选的前奏。该阶段通常于大选年２月开始，至６月结束。党内预选绝大多数是在星期二举行。在预选阶段，美国民主、共和两大政党将分别在全国大多数州选出参加本党全国代表大会的代表。少数不举行预选的州，则由两党的州委员会或州代表大会选拔参加本党全国代表大会的代表。这些代表将在党代会上提出本党的总统候选人。因此，预选实际上是对总统候选人资格的争夺。The inauguration is the American presidential election last procedure, only then January 20 will caress "Holy Bible" to president-elect in next year, when was sworn, US's presidential election only then considered the conclusion. In the American politics, vice president does not hold the post of the practical work. His official business is Congress Chairman of the Senate, but this is mainly the etiquette, because he only then in the Senate vote time in the affirmative vote and the opposite ballot equal situation only then votes. Vice president's routine work usually decides according to president's request,

generally is insignificant, like participates in the foreign leader's funeral activity on behalf of president and so on. According to the American constitution, if president died or loses the working ability, vice president took over president the position. First vice president when mounts one of American president throne's ways. Since the Second World War, three vice presidents in the tenure in office have taken over president in president the duty. Because Truman Roosevelt died, because Johnson Kennedy met stabs, because Ford Nixon left office succeeds president separately. In addition, several vice presidents have also worked as presidential candidate, including Nixon, Humfrey, Mondale and Bush. American vice president is not selects directly by the American public, but the National People's Congress elects the production by the Democratic Party and Republican Party's presidential candidate choice and after two party. The presidential candidate when chooses vice president the candidate must first consider this person's political qualifications and records of service and the condition, but mainly looked that which part of influences he does represent in the party in order to obtain balanced, strives for the most majority voter's supports as far as possible. But the election results are not decided by the presidential candidate to vice president's choice, but is decided by the presidential candidate. in 1988 American election period, many Americans thought that Republican Presidential candidate Bush running mate Quayle is too young, not experienced, is not worth

considering, but thought that Democratic presidential candidate Duka Kiess running mate Bentseen the rich experience, is highly popular. But the election results, Bush won works as president, Quayle has become naturally also vice president. Vice president the candidate usually is member of national assembly, but the senator is chosen candidate's opportunity is big for vice president. The reason is a senator, once were elected as vice president, was Chairman of the Senate, this might strengthen president and Senate's relation. Moreover, in the presidential election date, the voter must carry on Senate and the House of Representatives in the federal scope elects. According to the US in 1787 constitution, two courtyard congressmen by various states voter direct election production. Senate has congressman 100, the tenure in office 6 years, every two years re-elects 1/3. House of Representatives congressman 435, the tenure in office two years, after expiring, re-elect completely. American presidential election first stage - - preelection The American presidential election process once every four years is long and is complex, mainly includes the preelection, various parties to convene the National People's Congress to determine that the presidential candidate, the presidential candidate campaigned for, the national election, electoral college voting by ballot with president-elect takes office. The preelection is the American presidential election first stage, regards as the American election's prelude. This stage usually starts in

presidential year in February, finished to June. The inner-party preelection overwhelming majority is holds on Tuesday. In the preelection stage, the US democratic, republican Two-party will select representative who separately in national majority states participates in this party the National People's Congress. Minority does not hold the preelection the state, selects representative who by two party's state committees or the state Representative assembly participates in this party the National People's Congress. These representatives will propose this party's presidential candidate on party convention. Therefore, the preelection in fact is to presidential candidate qualifications contention.

各州的预选制度是１９０２年以后才逐渐发展起来的。预选有两种形式，分别是政党基层会议（或译为“党团会议”）和直接预选。前者是指两党在各州自下而上，从选举点、县、选区到州逐级召开代表会议，最终选出本党参加全国代表大会的代表。后者在形式上如同普选，一个州的两党选民同一天到投票站投票选出本党参加全国代表大会的代表，这是大多数州目前采用的预选方式。

“初选”在形式上如同普选，一个州的两党选民在同一天到投票站投票选出各自出席本党全国代表大会（提名大会）的“承诺代表”（或译为“宣誓代表”，须在全国党代表大会即提名大会前宣誓，以地方意愿作为投票依归），并表示支持本党的某一竞选人。“初选”这种形式比较正规。目前，美国大多数州都采用这种形式的预选。

各州总统预选将产生本州参加全国代表大会的“承诺代表”，他们以预选结果为依据，承诺支持本党的某一竞选人。两党“承诺代表”的名额和分配机制有所不同。民主党一般根据预选中各竞选人的支持率来分配代表数额。共和党在一部分州按竞选人支持率来分配代表数额，在其他州则执行“胜者全得”的规定。除“承诺代表”外，参加党代会的还包括少数“未承诺代表”（民主党称“超级代表”）。他们主要是党内知名人士，如党的全国委员会成员、参议员或州长以及党派领导人等；他们并非经由初选表决推举，可以在党代会前不承诺支持某位候选人。

衡量竞选人在预选中的表现，主要是看竞选人获得的本党“承诺代表”支持的比例，而不取决于其获得支持率的高低。两党竞选人如要确保赢得总统候选人提名，至少需要获得全国党代会半数以上代表的支持。

在民主党方面，各州都有一定的代表名额，参选者可根据在预选中的选民支持率分得相应代表数额。在２００８年４０４９个代表名额中，３２５３个产生于州预选，其余７９６个“超级代表”则由民主党全国委员会成员、民主党参议员或州长以及党派领导人自动获得。在８月底于丹佛举行的提名大会上，获得２０２５名以上代表支持的竞选人将代表民主党竞选总统。After various states' preelection system was 1902, only then gradually developed. The preelection has two forms, respectively is the political party basic unit conference (or translates is “political organization conference”) and the direct primary. The former is refers to two parties in various states from bottom to top, from represents the conference the election spot, the county, the electoral district to the state progressive convention, selects representative who finally

this party participates in the National People's Congress. The latter formally is similar to a general election, a state's selects representative who two party voter same day to the polling booth voting this party participates in the National People's Congress, this is the preelection way which majority states use at present. “the primary election” formally is similar to a general election, a state's two party voter selects attends this party respectively the National People's Congress (nomination congress) “the pledge in the same day to the polling booth voting to represent” (or translates is “takes an oath represents”, mus t be nomination congress takes an oath before nation Party congress, takes voting being converted to by place wish), and indicated that supports this party's some campaign person. “the primary election” this form is quite regular. At present, American majority states use this form the preelection. Various states president will choose in advance will produce Honshu to participate in the National People's Congress “the pledge to represent”, they take will choose in advance the result as the bases, pledged that will support this party's some campaign person. Two parties “the pledge represent” the quota of people and the assignment mechanism differ from. In the Democratic Party general basis preelection campaigns for person's support level to assign respectively represents the amount. Republican Party according to campaigns for the person support level in part of states to assign represents the amount, carries out “the victor in

other states entire” the stipulation. Besides “the pledge represents”, joins party convention also to include minority “the pledge not to represent” (the Democratic Party saying that “super represents”). They are mainly the inner-party celebrities, like party's National committee members, senator or governor as well as parties and groups leader and so on; They by way of the primary election vote recommendation, may before party convention not pledge that by no means supports some candidate. The weight campaigns for person's in preelection performance, is mainly looked that campaigns for this party which the human obtains “the pledge to represent” the support proportion, but is not decided in it obtains the support level the height. Two parties campaign for the human like to guarantee that wins the presidential nomination, needs to earn the national party convention more than half representative's support at least. In the Democratic Party aspect, various states have certain representative the quota of people, the candidate may act according to the preelection the voter support level obtain corresponding representative the amount. 4049 represent in the quota of people in 2008, 3253 produce in the state preelection, other 796 “super represent” by the Democratic National Committee members, the Democratic senators or governor as well as the parties and groups leader obtains automatically. At the end of August at the nomination congress which holds in Denver, obtains campaign person who above 2025 represents the support on behalf of Democratic

Party presidential bid.

在共和党方面，有的州像民主党一样按参选者的支持率来分配代表数额，有的则是执行“胜者全得”的规定（如新泽西、纽约、弗吉尼亚等１５个州）。在共和党于２００８年９月初在明尼阿波利斯举行的提名大会上，共有２３８０名代表投票选举总统候选人，其中包括１９１７名“承诺代表”，即在会前就表明他们支持哪位参选者的代表。还有４６３名“未承诺代表”，其中１２３人属于共和党全国委员会成员，最终获得１１９１名以上代表支持的参选者将获胜。

数十年来，艾奥瓦州和新罕布什尔州一直分别是美国大选年举行首个政党基层会议和首次初选的州。在预选阶段，一个州的面积大小和人口多寡与该州对整个选情的影响力并不成正比，而最重要的是预选日期——往往日期越早，影响越大。因此，尽管艾奥瓦和新罕布什尔是小州，但对整个预选阶段具有“风向标”和“晴雨表”的作用，受到两党竞选人和各路媒体的高度关注。

预选结束后，两党通常将分别在７、８月份召开全国代表大会确定本党总统候选人。在两党全国代表大会上，哪位竞选人得到最多出席者支持，就能被推举为该党总统候选人。

美国总统选举——选举人团制度

根据美国宪法，美国总统选举实行选举人团制度。选举人团制度自１７８８年第一次实行以来，已经经历了２００多年的发展与演变。

选举人团制度规定，美国总统由各州议会选出的选举人团选举产生，而不是由选民直接选举产生。总统候选人获得全国５０个州和华盛顿特区总共５３８张选举人票的一半以上（２７０张以上）即可当选。

根据法律规定，全国选民投票是在选举年１１月份的第一个星期一后的第一个星期二举行。所有美国选民都到指定地点进行投票，在两个总统候选人之间作出选择（在同一张选票上选出各州的总统“选举人”）。一个（党的）总统候选人在一个州的选举中获得多数取胜，他就拥有这个州的全部总统“选举人”票，这就是全州统选制。全国选民投票日也叫总统大选日。由于美国总统选举实行选举人团制度，因此总统大选日实际上是选举代表选民的“选举人”。>>

美国各个州拥有的选举人票数目同该州在国会拥有的参、众议员人数相等。根据规定，美国国会参议院由每个州选举出的２名议员组成，而众议院议员人数则根据各州人口比例来确定。因此，人口多的州产生的众议院议员人数就多，同时在总统选举时拥有的选举人票也多。如人口最多的加利福尼亚州的选举人票多达５５张，而人口较少的阿拉斯加州只有３张选举人票。鉴于这种情况，在历届总统竞选中，人口众多的州都成为总统候选人争夺的重要目标。

选举人票的数量，体现州权平等原则，根据各州在国会的议员数量而定。例如，每个州都在国会有２名参议员和至少１名众议员，所以，任何州都至少有３票。但人口多的大州，除了这３票以外，众议员人数越多，选举人票数也就越多。１９６１年，美国宪法修正案批准华盛顿特区可以像州一样有总统选举人。这样，美国国会有１００参议员、４３５名众议员，加上华盛顿哥伦比亚特区的３票，总统选举人票总共就是５３８票。

选举人团制度还规定，除了缅因和内布拉斯加两个州是按普选票得票比例分配选举人票外，其余４８个州和华盛顿特区均实行“胜者全得”制度，即把本州的选举人票全部给予在该州获得相对多数普选票的总统候选

人。由于各州选举人票的数量相差较多，这样就可能出现在全国普选中累计得票多的总统候选人不能赢得总统选举的情况。美国历史上曾多次发生上述情况，一些总统候选人虽然在大选中获得的普选票少于竞争对手，但却因得到的选举人票多而当选。

美国宪法还规定，如果所有候选人都未能获得半数以上的选举人票，则由国会众议院从得票最多的前三名候选人中选出总统。１８２４年，约翰·昆西·亚当斯就是在这种情况下，最后由众议院投票表决后被指定为总统的。

选举人团制度是美国共和制、联邦制和分权与制衡原则结合的产物，同时也是多种利益间妥协与协调的结果，因此必然存在着自身难以克服的缺陷与弊端。近年来，美国要求改革选举人团制度的呼声不断，但由于多种因素阻碍，改革始终无法进行。

In the Republican Party aspect, some states look like the Democratic Party to assign equally according to candidate's support level represent the amount, some are carries out “the victor entire” the stipulation (for example New Jersey, New York, Virginia and so on 15 states). In Republican Party at the beginning of September, 2008 holds in Minneapolis at the nomination congress, altogether has 2380 representatives the vote in an election presidential candidate, including 1917 “the pledge to represent”, namely before the meeting indicated that which candidate they do support representative. Some 463 “the pledge has not represented”, 123 people belong to the Republican National Committee member, will obtain above 1191 to win finally on

behalf of the support candidate. For dozens of years, Iowa and New Hampshire have been respectively the American presidential year hold the first political party basic unit conference and for the first time the primary election state. In the preelection stage, a state's area size and the population how much and isn't this state proportional to the entire election's influence, but chooses in advance the date most importantly - - often the date more early, affects is bigger. Therefore, although Iowa and New Hampshire are small states, but has “the windvane” to the entire preelection stage and “the barometer” the function, receives two parties to campaign for the person and each group media high attention. After the preelection had ended, two parties separately will usually convene in July and August the National People's Congress to determine this party presidential candidate. In two party in the National People's Congress, which campaign person does obtain most attendants to support, can recommend for this party presidential candidate. American presidential election - - electoral college system According to the American constitution, the American presidential election practices the electoral college system. The electoral college system first time has implemented since 1788, had already experienced more than 200 years development and the evolution. The electoral college system stipulated that American president the electoral college election production which selects by various State Assembly, but is not by the voter direct election production. The

presidential candidate obtained national 50 states and Washington . altogether 538 elector tickets more than 50% (above 270) was then elected. According to the legal rule, the national voter voting is after an election year November's first Monday first Tuesday two hold. All American voters arrive at the assigned location to carry on the voting, makes the choice between two presidential candidates (president who selects various states in identical ballot “elector”). (Party) the presidential candidate obtains the most wins in a state's election, he has this state complete president “the elector” the ticket, this is the Quanzhou series chooses the system. The national voter polling day is also called the presidential election date. Because the American presidential election practices the electoral college system, therefore the presidential election date in fact is the election represen ts the voter “the elector”. > > American each state has the elector ticket number with this state the senate which, the member of the house of representatives population has in Congress is equal. According to the stipulation, the United States Congress Senate 2 congressmen who elects by each state composes, but House of Representatives congressman the population acts according to various states population proportion to determine. Therefore, population many states produce House of Representatives congressman the population are many, simultaneously when presidential election has the elector ticket are also many. If the population most California's elector tickets reach

55, but the population few State of Alaska has 3 elector tickets. In view of the fact that this kind of situation, in all previous years presidential election, the large population the state becomes the profitable target which the presidential candidate competes. Elector ticket's quantity, manifests the state power equal rule, quantity decides according to various states in Congress's congressman. For example, each state has 2 senators in Congress and at least 1 member of the house of representatives, therefore, any state at least has 3 tickets. But population many big states, besides this 3 tickets, the member of the house of representatives population are more, the elector number of votes are also more. in 1961, the US constitutional amendment authorized Washington . to be possible Xiangzhou to have president equally the elector. Thus, the United States Congress has 100 senators, 435 members of the house of representatives, in addition the Washington District of Columbia's 3 tickets, president the elector ticket altogether is 538 tickets. The electoral college system also stipulated that is results in the ticket proportional distribution elector ticket besides Maine and Nebraska two states according to the Pu ballot, other 48 states and Washington . implements “the victor entire” the system, namely gives completely Honshu's elector ticket the presidential candidate who obtains in this state relative majority Pu the ballot. Because various states elector ticket's quantity difference are many, like this possibly appears in the national general

election accumulates results in the ticket many presidential candidates not to be able to win the presidential election the situation. In the American history once many times had the above situation, although some presidential candidate obtains in the election the Pu ballot is short in the competitor, but actually because of obtains the elector ticket many were elected. The American constitution also stipulated that if all candidates have not been able to obtain more than half elector ticket, selects president by the Congress House of Representatives from ticket most first three candidates. in 1824, John?West elder brother?Adams is in this case, finally after the House of Representatives voting by ballot is assigned for president. The electoral college system is the American republican system, the federal system and the decentralization with keeps in balance the principle union the product, simultaneously is also during many kinds of benefits the compromise and the coordinated result, therefore has the flaw which and the malpractice inevitably oneself overcomes with difficulty. In recent years, the US requested the reform electoral college system's call to be unceasing, but because many kinds of factor hindrance, the reform was unable to carry on throughout.