暑期课程-英语-江苏-初二-词类句子成分代词

暑期课程-英语-江苏-初二-词类句子成分代词
暑期课程-英语-江苏-初二-词类句子成分代词

精锐教育学科教师辅导教案

学员编号:年级:初二课时数:3 学员姓名:YYY辅导科目:英语学科教师:XX 课题词类,句子成分,构词法学习

教学目的通过基础词法,句法的介绍,掌握英语基本的词汇,句型分析能力详细掌握代词考点

授课日期××年××月××日

教学内容

Step 1 词类,句子成分,构词法介绍

1、词类

英语词类分十种:名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。

(1)名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy,morning,bag,ball,class,

(2)代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词。如:who,she,you,it .

(3)形容词(adj.):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good,right,white,orange .

(4)数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.

(5)动词(v.):表示动作或状态。如:am,is,are,have,see .

(6)副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now,very,here,often

(7)冠词(art.):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a,an,the.

(8)介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in,on,from,above,.

(9)连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如and,but,before .

(10)感叹词(interj.):表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh,well,hi,hello.

2、句子成分

英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。

(1)主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。

如:I’m Miss Green.

(2)谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。

如:Jack cleans the room.

(3)表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。

如:My name is Ping ping。

(4)宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。

如:He can spell the word.

有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter..

有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me .

(5)定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如:Shanghai is a big city .

(6)状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如:He works hard .

(7)宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。

如:They usually keep their classroom clean. / He often helps me do my lessons.

同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如:Where is your classmate Tom ?

3、构词法

英语构词法主要有:合成法、派生法和转换法。

(1)合成法:如:spaceship,headache,basketball,playground等等。

(2)派生法:

1)派生名词:①动词+er/or②动词+ing③动词+(t)ion④形容词+ness⑤其他,如:inventor,learner,swimming,congratulation,kindness,carelessness,knowledge

2)派生形容词:①名词+y②名词+ful③动词+ing/ed④friendly⑤dangerous

⑥Chinese;Japanese⑦English⑧French⑨German⑩国名+(i)an

如:snowy,sunny,hopeful,beautiful,interesting,follwing,daily(每日的),nervous,delicious 3)派生副词:①形容词+ly ②其它,

如:slowly,angrily,full→fully,good→well,possible→possibly等等。

(3)转换法:

1.动词转换为名词的常见方式

1)“动词+ion”

例如:pollut e→pollution, inven t→invention, discus s→discussion

2)“动词去e+ ation”

例如:invit e→invitation,organiz e→organization

3)“动词+er”

例如: wor k→worker, teac h→teacher, writ e→writer, spea k→speaker, ru n→runner, wi n→winner

4)“动词+ or"

例如:inven t→inventor, act→actor

5)“动词+ing"

例如:buil d→building, begi n→beginning, pain t→painting

6)“动词十ment"

例如:develo p→development, amus e→amusement

2.动词转换为形容词的常见方式

1)“动词+ive"

例如:ac t→active, attrac t→attractive

2)“动词+ able"

例如:chang e→changeable, enjo y→enjoyable

3)“动词+ing"

例如:excit e→exciting, follo w→following

4)“动词+ ed"

例如:frighte n→frightened, bor e→bored

5)“动词+ ful".

例如:forge t→forgetful

3.名词转换为形容词的常见方式

1)“名词+ ful"

例如:car e→careful, us e→useful, powe r→powerful

2)”名词+ less"

例如:car e→careless, hom e→homeless

3)“名词+ly"

例如:frien d→friendly, lov e→lovely

4)“名词+y"

例如:su n→sunny, win d→windy, healt h→healthy, noise→noisy, luc k→lucky, sno w→snowy

5)“名词+ing"

例如:interes t→interesting

6)“名词+n"

例如:Americ a→American, Australi a→Australian

7)“名词+ ern"

例如:sout h→southern, nort h→northern

8)“名词+ ous"

例如:dange r→dangerous

9)“名词+ en"

例如:woo d→wooden, gol d→golden

10)“名词+al"

例如:natio n→national, educatio n→educational

4.形容词转换为名词的常见方式

1)“形容词+y"

例如:difficult→difficulty, honest→honesty

2)“形容词词尾t改成ce"

例如:different→difference, important→importance

3)“形容词+ ness"

例如:ill→illness, kind→kindness

4)“形容词+ dom"

例如:fre e→freedom, wis e→wisdom

考生答题时可遵循下列步骤:(1)明确所给词的词性;(2)弄清所给句子的句意;(3)确定空处所填词的词性;(4)确定所给词的形式变化;(5)注意词汇知识及习惯用法;(6)注意句子是否通顺。

练一练

第一组

1. All the students in Shanghai should help fight ____________________ to protect the environment. (pollute)

2.Now the good method is ___________________ used in the experiments. (wide)

3._________________________________ The old man was to the policeman who found the lost car for him.

(thank)

4. For the __________________ time he became worried about the future because of the global financial crisis (金融危

机). (one)

5.Help __________________ to some more shrimps, children. (you)

6.____________________________________________________________________________ Qingming Festival is

an important Chinese festival to remember people's ____________________________________ relatives. (die)

7. Professor Brown can still tell quite a few funny ___________________ , although he is already in his eighties. (story)

8. Bolt __________________ in winning the gold medal in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. (success)

第二组

1.As a fashion model, she is always on a diet to control her ___________________ . (weigh)

2.Could you show ___________________ how to control the new machine? (he)

3. Mike bought me a new English dictionary as a present on my ______________________ birthday. (nine)

4.Many people lost their ______________ in the earthquake in Sichuan Province. (life)

5.Our new flat is going to be decorated with furniture. (tradition)

6. We can ___________________ our reading ability through reading a page of English every day.(development)

7. Jane always tells us the same things whenever she meets us. She is really______________________. (bore)

8. It rained so ____________________ that we had to stop playing basketball on the playground. (heavy)

第三组

1.Mary bought three ____________________ in the supermarket. (brush)

2. The old couple had an ___________________ weekend when their four children came to see them.(enjoy).

3.This is the ________________ time for him to go there alone. (three) .

4. A car accident happened this morning. __________________ , none was hurt. (fortunate)

5. Edison was a great __________________ though he stayed at school for only a little time.(invent)

6.We are going out to __________________ my sister's return. (celebration)

7.The twin can do a lot of housework by __________________ . (they)

8.The boy's face turned still __________________ a fter the headmaster praised him. (red)

第一组

Key: 1. pollution 2. widely 3. thankful 4. first 5. yourselves

6. dead

7. stories

8. succeeded

第二组

Key: 1. weight 2. him 3. ninth 4. lives 5. traditional

6. develop

7. boring

8. heavily

第三组

Key: 1. brushes 2. enjoyable 3. third 4. Fortunately 5. inventor

6. celebrate

7. themselves

8. redder

Step 2 代词详解

考点归纳

1.人称、物主、反身、疑问代词的数、格、性

人称代词物主代词

反身代词主格宾格形容词性名词性

单数

第一人称I me my mine myself 第二人称you you your yours yourself

第三人称

阳性he him his his himself

阴性she her her hers herself

中性it it its itself

复数第一人称we us our ours ourselves 第二人称you you your yours yourselves 第三人称they them their theirs themselves 疑问代词

who /

what

who(m)/ what whose/which whose/which

2.人称代词单、复数出现顺序

人称代词单数并列出现的顺序为:you,he/she (him/her) and I(me);复数顺序为:we (us),you and they(them).

3.反身代词的用法

self (selves)--反身代词,表示“自己、亲自”的意思。需要注意的是反身代词不能单独作主语,但可以放在人称代词后面,作同位语。如:Mary herself said so.玛丽她自己这么说的。(不能说Herself said so。)

4.指示代词的用法

在一些特定的情景中,如敲门问是谁或是婴儿、小孩或不知性别的人时用it;电话用语中this指自己,that则代表对方。this,these往往指时间或空间较近的人或物;that,those可指时间或空间较远的人或物,并常常用来代替已提到过的名词,以避免重复,that指单数或不可数名词,而those则指复数。如:

The life in the country is more peaceful than that in the city.

The cars from China is cheaper than those from Germany.

5.it和one的用法

it和one都可替代上文出现过的名词,但it指同一事物,而one则代表同一类事物中的一个,并不是同一个。

6. some和any的用法

一般情况下,some用于肯定句,否定句、疑问句和条件句中用any。但some有时也用于疑问句,表示说话者的肯定语气。如:

Would you like some coffee?(要来点咖啡吗?)

这样的肯定疑问句中,说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答时,用some而不用any。any有时也可用于肯定句中,表示“任何一个,任何一些”。not (…)any= no。

7.few和a few的用法

few和a few用来代替和修饰可数名词;little,a little用来代替和修饰不可数名词;a few和a little着重肯定意思,相当于汉语“有几个”、“有一点儿”;few和little着重否定意思,相当于汉语“没有几个”、“没有多少”。

not a little=quite a little=much, not a few=quite a few=many

only/just a little相当于little; only/just a few相当于few。

8.all,every,each的用法

从强调重点上看,all强调考虑总体;every强调考虑总体中的所有成员(与all很接近);each则强调逐个逐个地考虑总体。从用法上看:all和each既可单独使用,也可后接名词,还可后接of短语;而every后必须接名词,既不能单独使用也不能后接of短语。从含义上看,each指两者或两者以上的“每个”;every指三者或三者以上“每个”,因此指两者时只能用each。

9.both, either, neither的用法

both意为“两者全都”,与复数连用;either意为“两者中间的任何一个”;neither表示“两者之间一个也不是”,与单数连用。如:

Both of them come from London.他们两人都来自伦敦。

You may take either with you.两个中间你随便带哪个都行。

Neither is correct.两个都不对。

10.no one,nobody,none的用法

no one与nobody的用法相似,均只用于指人不用于指物,且其后不能接of短语,用作主语时谓语用单数;而none既可用于指人也可用于指物,其后通常接of短语,用作主语时,若指不可数名词,谓语只能用单数,若指复数名词,则谓语可用单数(较正式),也可用复数(用于非正式文体)。如:

No one (Nobody) has found it.没有人发现了它。

None of this wood can be used.这木头一点儿都不能用了。

None of the books is (are) worth reading.没有一本书值得读。

11.other, the other, another, others的用法

固定搭配,两个范围内:one…,the other…一个,另一个;Some…,others…一些,另一些。指单数时,若泛指用another,若特指用the other;指复数时,若泛指用other(后接复数名词)或others(其后不接名词),若特指用the other(后接复数名词)或the others(其后不接名词)。如,

Show me another.另外拿一个给我看。

Show me some others.再拿一些给我看。

We should think of others.我们应该多为别人着想。

Where are the other students? 其他同学在哪里?

注:another后一般加单数可数名词,但若其后的名词有数词或few修饰,则也可接复数名词。如:

I've got another ten minutes.我还有10分钟。

12.复合不定代词的用法

复合不定代词主要包括something, somebody, someone, anything,anybody,anyone, nothing, nobody, everything, everybody, everyone等。它们在句中可作主语、宾语或表语,但不能作定语。其中something, someone等和anything, anyone等的区别与some和any的区别一样,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。使用时应请注意以下几点:

(1) 被定语修饰时,定语应置于其后。如,

Tell me something interesting.给我讲点有趣的事。

There was nobody excited.没有一个人很兴奋。

(2) 指人的复合不定代词若用作主语,其谓语动词一般用单数,相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数he, him, his

(不一定指男性)。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词they,them,their。如:

If anybody (anyone) comes, ask him (them) to wait.要是有人来,让他(们)等着。

(3) anyone, everyone等只能指人,不能指物,且其后一般不接of短语。若是指物或后接of短语,可用any one,

every one(即分开写)。

13.疑问代词的用法

疑问代词,即who, whom, whose, which, what等用于引出特殊疑问句的代词。它们在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、

定语等。疑问代词作主语时,动词的数要根据疑问代词所代表的数来决定。如果数的概念不清,动词多用单数形式。如:

Which are our seats? 哪些是我们的座位?

What are you worrying about? 你在为什么事烦恼?

考题精讲

【例1】Do you usually want to have__________ try when you fail to do something?

A. one

B. other

C. the other

D. another

【解析】another=an+ other,既可作形容词,也可作代词,只能用于三个或更多的人或物,泛指同类事物中的三者或三者以上的“另一个”,只能代替或修饰单数可数名词。本题中要表达的是再试一次,因此正确答案为D。

【例2】Alice didn't watch TV last night, her brother didn't watch TV,_________.

A. also

B. too

C. either

D. neither

【解析】either用作代词时,意为“两者中的任何一个”,在句中可做主语和宾语。either在句中用作主语时,谓语动词应为单数形式。either用作形容词时,意为“两者中任何一个的”、“两边中任何一边的”,作前置定语用。either 用作副词时,意为“也……”,只用于否定句中。而also和too都用于肯定句中表示“也”。因此正确答案为C。

【例3】I knocked on the door several times but _________ answered, so I left.

A. somebody

B. nobody

C. anybody

D. everybody

【解析】本题考查不定代词的用法。somebody表示某人;anybody在肯定句中表示任何人;everybody表示每个人或所有的人。而本题正确的题意是没有人应答,因此答案为B。

【例4】_________Tom_________ Mary is busy at the moment. You'd better play with others.

A. Both; and

B. Not only; but also

C. Neither; nor

D. Either; or

【解析】四个短语中B、C、D三个都有就近原则,只有A是可以从谓语动词的第三人称单数直接排除的。D也较容易从意思上排除,而B和C则要分析后一句话的意思,且理清前后关系后才能确定B是正确答案。

考点精练

I. Choose the best answer

1. Could Nancy solve that difficult maths problem by _________?

A. she

B. her

C. hers

D. herself

2. I don't think _________ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.

A. this

B. that

C. its

D. it

3. Linda is a new comer here, but she gets on well with_________.

A. we

B. our

C. us

D. ours

4. He is very lazy. He doesn't do_________ housework at home.

A. some

B. any

C. a few

D. many

5. We've got two bicycles. One is for my parents, _________ is for me.

A. other

B. the other

C. another

D. others

6. -- I like playing football best. It's my favourite outdoor activity. –_________.

A. So am I

B. Neither am I

C. So do I

D. Neither do I

7. -- Who knocked at the door?

-- I’ve no idea. I just pretended nob ody was at home, so I didn't ask who_________ was.

A. he

B. that

C. she

D. it

8. In 1850, about a third of the USA__________ covered by forest.

A. were

B. has been

C. was

D. have been

9. This kind of flower __________sweet.

A. smells

B. smell

C. is smelling

D. are smelling

10. In the past, __________ of the buses was air-conditioned.

A. neither

B. all

C. none

D. either

11. When I'm unhappy, I will look for ___________to do.

A. something interesting

B. interesting something

C. interesting nothing

D. anything interesting

12. — When shall we go to the History Museum, this Saturday or Sunday?

—is OK. I'm free these days.

A. Both

B. All

C. Either

D. Neither

13. — Which do you prefer, black coffee or milk tea?

—. I'd like some hot milk.

A. Both

B. Either

C. Neither

D. None

14. After school, some students like to play video games, while___________ like playing football on the playground.

A. other

B. rest

C. others

D. the others

15. My sister Mary swims faster than___________ student in her class.

A. any

B. any of

C. any one

D. any other

1-5 DDCBB 6-10 CDCAC 11-15 ACCCD

Step 3 阅读训练

学校生活

词数284 难度★★建议用时6′实际用时 _________

Bev could not do her work. She felt too tired. She put down her book, yawned and felt better. Bev looked up. Had the teacher seen her? To her surprise, the teacher was yawning, too. He took a long breath and opened his mouth wide. He closed his eyes a bit and let out his breath in a big, slow yawn. Then Bev heard others yawn.

The teacher said, "Bev yawned because our doors and windows are closed. And the room is warm. Her body needed more air. Maybe she yawned because she was tired. Maybe she was hungry. Or she just needed to move a bit. Do you feel better now, Bev?"he asked.

"Yes,"said Bev.

"Yawns wake us up,"the teacher said. "When you yawn, you stretch many parts of your body. That stretching makes you feel good. "

There were more yawns.

"People do not know why they yawn,"the teacher went on. "But if you see a yawn, hear one, or even read about one, you may yawn, too. And if your yawn starts, you can't stop it. You may close your mouth to stop it. But the yawn will still come. "

The teacher stood up and said,"Let's open the window and let some air in. You may also go out for a drink. A cold drink or water on your face helps to stop yawns. Bev may go first. "

How do you feel now after you have read this story? Did you yawn? Watch a friend read this. See if your friend starts to yawn. If you see a yawn, you will know why.

生词速查

stretch v. 拉长,伸展

( )1. Bev yawned because ___________ .

A. she felt hungry

B. she was tired

C. she needed to move

D. her body needed more air

( )2. Many other students also yawned because _______________ .

A. they followed Bev's example

B. they felt angry

C. they felt sleepy

D. they'd like to yawn

( )3. The cause of the yawning was that _______________ .

A. the room was cold

B. the room was warm

C. the room was airless

D. the room was dirty

( )4. Yawns can help a person to _____________ .

A. stretch many parts of his body

B. wake up

C. feel happy

D. A and B

( )5. What does the word "yawn" mean in Chinese?

A. 伸懒腰

B. 打喷嚏

C. 打哈欠

D. 打嗝

词数293 难度★★★建议用时6′实际用时 _________

What is the hottest topic at your school recently? In No. 1 Middle School, it's money. The school held an activity called "making money" last weekend. About 200 Junior 1 and Junior 2 students were divided into 30 teams. They went out to make money by selling things. What did they choose to sell? Some sold newspapers; some chose bottled water; some sold environmentally friendly shopping bags and bamboo baskets.

Hu Qing's team decided to sell some useful books in front of the Children Activity Center. They thought parents would like to buy the books for their children. But unfortunately, they met urban management officers. The officers asked them to leave. "We played hide-and-seek with the officers for the whole morning," said Hu. "Finally we had to give up."

Wang Bing and her team sold ice cream in a square. They didn't meet any officers. But few people were interested in what they were selling. The team then put up a board saying "For Country Kids". It worked. More people came to their stall. A foreigner even gave them 100 yuan. He didn t want any change. He said he wanted to help the children, said Wang. "We were touched." Later that day they gave the 100 yuan and more to the "Project Hope" office.

Meng Zhaoxiang and his team were luckier. They sold all their cakes in four hours, spending 39. 5 yuan and getting back 80 yuan. They made 40. 5 yuan. "It was not easy to make the money," said Meng. "Some people just looked. Others just

tasted but didn't buy. Now I know how hard it is for our parents to make the money we need to lead happy lives."

生词速查

urban management officer 城管hide-and-seek 捉迷藏

stall 小摊Project Hope 希望工程

( )6. In No. 1 Middle School, what the students talk more about is_________________.

A. the officers

B. the kind foreigner

C. the activity called "making money"

D. the money they made last weekend

( )7. _________________ took part in the

activity.

A. All the students

B. Some teachers

C. About 200 students of the three grades

D. Part of Junior 1 and Junior 2 students

( )8. Hu Qing's team finally gave up because _____________________ .

A. the parents didn't like to buy the books

B. the Children Activity Center was too crowded

C. the officers didn't allow them to sell anything there

D. the team played the game of the hide-and-seek the whole morning

( )9. Why did more people come to Wang Bing's stall at last?

A. The team put up a magic board.

B. A foreigner came up and helped them.

C. The people liked to help country kids.

D. The people were interested in their ice cream.

( )10. According to the passage the students learn __________________ .

A. it's impossible for them to make money

B. it's not easy for their parents to make money

C. it's very important for them to make a living

D. it's necessary for school to hold more activities in the future

1. B 据she felt too tired得知答案。

2. A 据第一段得知答案。

3. B 据第二段和倒数第二段可得知答案。

4. A 据Yawns wake us up…得知答案。

5. C 综合全文是在谈论打哈欠的问题。

6. C 文章开头三句话描写了学校内近期谈论的话题。

7. D 第一段第四句写到只有两个年级的200人参加活动,应该只是部分学生。

8. C 第二段描写了学生与城管捉迷藏的过程,最终被迫放弃。

9. C 从第三段引号中的文字可知人们来的原因。

10. B 文章最后一段写了学生的感受:赚钱难,父母赚钱养家不容易。Step 4 小结

本节课的内容你掌

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中考英语必备—词类、句子成分和构词法

中考英语必备—词类、句子成分和构词法 1、词类 英语词类分十种: 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.):表示动作或状态。如:am, is ,are, have, see . 6、副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art.):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.):用来连词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分 英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。

1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如:I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如:He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如:Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词和介词短语担任。如:He works hard .(他工作努力) Jill has lunch at school every day. 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如:They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课) The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语)

英语词性和句子成分

十大词类与八大句子成分的关系 (1)十大词类: 据英语单词所表达的含义以及在句子中的作用,把英语单词分为10个类别,就是10大词类:名词、代词、数词、动词、副词、形容词、冠词、介词、连词、感叹词。 根据部分词类具有的共同特征,又将十大词类分为两大部分: 实词:名词、代词、数词、动词、副词、形容词。 特征:具有完整的词义;能够在句子中独立充当句子成分。 虚词:冠词、介词、连词、感叹词。 特征:没有完整的意思;不能够在句子中独立充当句子成分,必须和实词搭配,才能充当句子成分。 (2)八大句子成分: 句子成分:组成英语句子的各个部分,叫做句子成分。 英语的句子最多由八个句子成分组成,即主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语以及同位语。 ★主语: 概念:句子的主体,发出动作的人或物,表示所说的是谁或是什么。 位置:主语一般在句首,特殊句型中在句末。 构成:由名词、代词或相当于名词的词、短语或从句充当。

例:Henry is a good boy.亨利是个好孩子。 He ran away.他跑掉了。 To learn a foreign language is not easy.学习一门外语不容易。 Driving to Beijing is not difficult.开车去北京不难。 What has happened proves that our policy is right. 发生的一切证明我们的政策是对的。 Whether we’ll go depends on the weather. 我们是否去要看天气。 ★谓语: 概念:说明主语的动作、特征、状态等的句子成分,叫做谓语。 位置:谓语动词通常位于主语之后,特殊句型位于主语之前。 构成:由动词或动词短语充当。 例如:We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们周一至周五上学。 I went to the zoo yesterday.昨天我去了动物园。 Some children asked for cold drinks. 有些孩子要喝冷饮。 I shall go to see him tomorrow. 明天我要去看他。 I must ask her to teach me to swim. 我一定得请她教我游泳。 We looked for Mr. Wilson yesterday.我们昨天找过威尔逊先生。 He took part in the meeting last Saturday.他上周六参加了会议。 ★宾语: 概念:动词宾语是动作的承受者。及物动词以及相当于及物动词的短语后都必须带宾语。 介词之后的宾语叫介词宾语。 位置:动词宾语位于及物动词之后;介词宾语位于介词之后。 构成:名词、名词化的形容词、代词、数词、-ing形式、动词不定式和从句等均可作宾语。 例如:The teacher asked the students to finish the homework after class. 老师让学生们课下完成作业。 He wanted to buy that T-shirt.他想买那件T恤衫。 They are having a party in the garden.他们正在花园里开聚会。 I don’t know when they will arrive.我不知道他们何时到达。 ★双宾语: 英语中,有些及物动词可以接两个宾语,动作的承受者,即指物的叫做直接宾语,动作是为谁做的或是对谁做的,即指人的叫做间接宾语,这两个宾语称为“双宾语”。 例:Pass me the salt, please. 把盐递给我。the salt(直接宾语),me(间接宾语) They asked me to sing them a song. 他们要我给他们唱一支歌。 a song(直接宾语),them(间接宾语)。 间接宾语后置:间接宾语也可以放在直接宾语的后面,这时候需要在间接宾语之前分别加两个介词:for或to.具体用哪一个介词,主要取决于句子的谓语动词。 例:I’ll lend you something to read. →I’ll lend something to read to you. 我要借点什么东西给你看。 I hope you will do me a favor.→I hope you will do a favor for me. 我希望你能帮我做一件事。 以下这类双宾语动词如果间接宾语后置,要求在间接宾语之前加“to”。 give, show, send, bring, offer, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, pay, throw, allow, wish, teach, promise, award, accord, grant, owe, refuse, deny等。 以下这类双宾语动词如果间接宾语后置,要求在间接宾语之前加“for”。 make, buy, do, fetch, get, paint, play, save, reserve, spare, order, cook, sing, find等。

英语句子成分讲解(详细)

英语句子成分讲解 一、定义 1.词类: 名词(n.):表示人或事物的名称。名词分为专有名词和普通名词;普通名词分为可数名词和不可数名词;可数名词分为个体名词和集合名词;不可数名词分为物质名词和抽象名词。 动词(v.):表示动作或状态等。动词根据其后是否可直接跟宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词(可直接跟宾语)、不及物动词(不能直接跟宾语,若要跟宾语,必须加上某个介词)。 形容词(adj.):用来修饰名词或代词。形容词用来修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质、状态,和特征的程度好坏,与否。形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing结尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后。 副词(adv.):用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。副词是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词,说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词,是一种半虚半实的词。副词可分为:地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词和连接副词。 介词(prep.):用在名词、代词等前面,表示与别的词的关系。介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词,在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般跟名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语或介词宾语。介词分为:地点(位置、范围)介词、方向(目标趋向)介词、时间介词、方式介词、涉及介词、其他介词。 连词(conj.):用来连接词与词或句与句。连词是一种虚词,它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。从属连词用来引导名词性从句和状语从句。 冠词(art.):用在名词前帮助说明其词义。冠词是位于名词或名词词组之前或之后,在句子里主要是对名词起限定作用的词。冠词是一种虚词,分为定冠词the和不定冠词a、an。 代词(pron.):用来代替名词或数词等。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种。 数词(num.):用来表示数量或顺序。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词,序数词表示排列的顺序。 感叹词(int.):表示说话时的感情或口气。 2.句子成分: 主语:主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物,主语一般由名词、代词、名词化了的动词、形容词、分词、副词或数词等、动词不定式或不定式短语、从句、某些固定词组等来充当。 谓语:谓语在句子中说明主语的动作,具有的特征或所处的状态。一般放在主语之后。谓语是由简单动词或动词短语(助动词/情态动词+主要动词)构成。 宾语:宾语是指一个动作的接受者。宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语两大类,其中直接宾语指该动作的直接对象,间接宾语说明动作是非直接的,但也是受该动作影响的对象。一般而言,及物动词后面最少要有一个宾语,而该宾语通常为直接宾语,有些及物动词要求两个宾语,则这两个宾语通常一个为直接宾语,另一个为间接宾语。宾语一般由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来充当。 表语:表语是说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的词或从句,它常位于系动词(be、become、appear、seem、look、sound、feel、get、smell等词)之后。表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动名词、不定式、从句等来充当。

英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习

英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习 句子成分意义充当词类例句 主语表示句子说的是什么人或什 么 事名,代,数,不定 式,动名词,短语或 | 句子 We study in HuangQiao Middle School. 谓语说明主语做什么,是什么或怎 么样 动词或动词词组She is dancing under the tree. 宾语表示动作行为的对象。 同主语 Both of us like English. 表语与联系动词连用,一起构成谓 语,说明主语的性质或特征同主语Her father is a chemist. His words sound reasonable. 定语用来修饰名词或代词. 形,代,数,名, 副,介词短语或句子 We have eight lessons every day. 状语修饰动词,形容词,副词,表 示动作发生的时间,地点,原 因,目的,方式,结果等副词,介词短语或句 子 He works very hard. 》 They held a party in Hollywood. 宾语补足语逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系形容词,名词,介词 短语等 She always keeps the house clean. 主语谓语是基础,宾表定状补辅助。宾主来自名代数,动词作谓不可无! ^ 简单句的五个基本句型 主语+不及物动词She came.. 主语+及物动词+宾语She likes English. 主语+系动词+主语补语 She is happy. 主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 She gave John a book. She bought a book for me. 主语+动词+宾语+宾语补语 She makes her mother angry. # The teacher asked me to read the passage. 主谓宾 名/代--动词--名/代 we-- saw --you. we-- did --the work. 主系表 名/代-系动词-形容次/名词/代词 you are beautiful you seems worried.

大词类和八大句子成分

一.句子成分详解一览表 二.专题练习 I.指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分: 1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting! 5. They went hunting together early in the morning. 6. His job is to train swimmers. 7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 8. There is going to be an American film tonight. 9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 10. His wish is to become a scientist. 11. He managed to finish the work in time. 12. Tom came to ask me for advice. 13. He found it important to master English. 14. Do you have anything else to say?

15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good. 16. Would you please tell me your address? 17. He sat there, reading a newspaper. 18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 19. He noticed a man enter the room. 20. The apples tasted sweet. II分析下列句子成分 1. Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you 3. All of us considered him honest. 4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes. 5. He broke a piece of glass. 6. He made it clear that he would leave the city. 7. ---I love you more than her,child . 8. Tees turn green when spring comes. 9. They pushed the door open. 10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends. the students think highly of his teaching 13. We need a place twice larger than this one. 14. He asked us to sing an English song. 15. Don't get nervous,help yourself to what you like. will make our school more beautiful. 17. He didn't come.That is why he didn't know. 18. She showed us her many of her pictures. 19. The old man lives

英语句子成分知识详解

初中英语句子成分知识详解 英语句子与汉语句子一样,都是由单词按照一定的规则所组成的。不同的词类在句中所起的作用是不同的。因此,只有搞清不同词类在句中可充当哪些成分,才能正确分析、理解句子的含义,并能准确地遣词造句,逐渐达到流利地说出地道的英语。 组成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。它包括:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语等。 1.主语:是句子要说明的人或事物,是句子的主体,一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式或动名词 等充当。如: The car is running fast.(名词) We are students.(代词) One of my classmates is from Shanghai.(数词) It's bad manners to spit in public.(不定式) Eating too much is bad for your health.(动名词) 【注意】若不定式短语作主语常用it作形式主语,而把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。 2.谓语:说明主语的动作或状态,也是句子的主体部分,一般由动词充当。动词分为实义动词、连 系动词、情态动词和助动词。实义动词单独作谓语,连系动词与表语一起构成谓语,情态动词与省略to的不定式构成合成谓语,助动词与动词原形共同构成谓语部分。如: He works in a factory.(实义动词) I felt cold.(系动词+表语) How can I get to the station?(情态动词+实义动词) Do you speak English?(助动词+实义动词) They are working in a field.(助动词+实义动词) 【注意】谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应。 3.宾语:是及物动词所涉及的对象,一般由名词、代词、不定式及动名词等充当。如: He is doing his homework.(名词) They did nothing this morning.(代词) She wants to go home.(不定式) We enjoy playing football.(动名词) 【注意】①有的动词可接双宾语,间接宾语指人,直接宾语指物。这类动词常见的有:give,buy,lend,pass,tell,leave等。如: He bought me a book. Pass me the ball,will you?(间宾+直宾) 直接宾语一般放在间接宾语之后,但若把直接宾语放在前面,则要在间接宾语前加适当的介词如to或for等。如:Han Chen lent some money to Li Hai.(直宾+间宾) Xiao Liu bought a dictionary for Tom.(直宾+间宾) ②有的动词常用不定式作宾语,而不能用动名词。这类动词有:want,wish,hope,promise,decide,agree,choose,care等。如:I hope to see you again. ③有的动词一般只用动名词作宾语,而不用不定式。这类动词有:enjoy,finish,mind,practice,keep miss,consider, suggest,等。如:Do you mind my opening the window? ④有的动词后接不定式与动名词含义不同。 a)forget to do表示“未发生的动作”,forget doing表示“已完成的动作”。如: Don't forget to come here earlier tomorrow.(还没来) I forgot returning the book to him.(书已还给他了) b)stop to do(不定式为状语)表示“停下原来的事,去做另一件事”,stop doing表示“停止做某事”。如: I stopped to talk with him.(我停下来与他谈话。)

英语十大词类的用法及句子成分详解

英语十大词类的用法及句子成分详解 一.英语的词类的意义及用法: 1.名词Noun (n.): 表示人或事物的名称。在句子中常作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补足语、称呼语、同位语等。如,pen, boy等。2.代词Pronoun (pron.): 用来代替名词、形容词或数词。在句子中常作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补足语、称呼语、同位语等。如,we, that, what等。 3.动词Verb(v.): 表示动作或状态。作谓语和补足语。如,walk, have, is等。 4.数词Numeral (num.): 表示数量或顺序(基数词表示数量,序数词表示顺序)。在句子中常作主语、宾语、表语、定语、同位语等。如,two, second等。 5.形容词Adjective (adj.): 用以修饰说明名词或代词,表示人或事物的特征。在句子中常作定语、表语、状语、宾语补足语等。如,good, red,nice等。 6.副词Adverb (adv.): 用以修饰说明动词、形容词或其它副词。在句子中常作状语和补语,有时候也可作表语。如,often, very等。 7.介词Preposition (prep.): 用在名词、代词之前,说明表示名词、代词和句中其它词的关系。不能单独作句子成分,必须和其他词连用,后跟动词时,必须用动词的ing形式。如,at, on, in, for,to, under等。 8.冠词Article (art.): 用在名词之前,帮助说明名词所指的人或事物是泛指(类别)还是特指。不能单独作句子成分,必须和名词、形容词、数词连用。如,a(用在以辅音音素开头的单词前,表示泛指“一…….”), an(用在以元音音素开头的单词前,表示泛指“一…….”); the(表示特指“这…….;这个…….=this;那…..;那个….=that;这些……=these;那些……=those”;包含了this、that、these、those的意思) 9.连词Conjunction (conj.): 用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句子与句子。不能单独作句子成分,必须和其他词、短语或句子连用。如,and, or, but等。 10.感叹词Interjection (int.): 表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感,可单独使用。如,oh, hi, hello 二.英语十大词类名称记忆 英语十大词类名称和英语名称缩写具体如下: 名代动数形副介冠连感 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓↓ ↓ n. pron. v. num. adj. adv. prep. art. conj. int. 实词虚词 (意义完整,能独立作句子成分)(意义不完整,不能独立作句子成分) ●十大词类汉语名称记忆歌诀:“名代动→数形副→介冠连感” ●十大词类英语名称缩写记忆点拨: 名词(n.)、动词(v.)单独记好记;数词(num.) 缩写相当于number的前三个字母;形容词(adj.) 和副词(adv.)两个放在一起记;代词(pron.) 和介词(prep.) 两个易混淆,可放在一起对比记;冠词(art.) 、连词(conj.)和感叹词(int.) 三个放在一起对比记。

汉语和英语的词性及句子成分比较

实词: 实词是有实在意义的词,可以独立充当句子成分,一般可以单独回答问题。每一个实词都可以详细解说其词义。一般有名词、动词、形容词、数词、量词、代词六类。 古汉语中代词属于虚词. (一)名词:是表示人、事物或抽象概念名称的词。如:书本、桌子、儿童、雷锋、思维、政治等。(二)动词:是表示人或事物的动作、存现及发展趋势的词。如:走、跑、思考、学习、有、存在、能、可以等。 (三)形容词:表示人或事物的性质、状态的词,汉语中的形容词可以修饰名词,也可以修饰动词,与英语不同。如:老、好、漂亮、干净、纯洁、飞快。(注:与英语不同,汉语中形容词同样也可以修饰动词形容词) (四)数词:表示数目的词。如:一、十、第八、每等。 (五)量词:表示人或事物及动作的计量单位的词。量词一般与数词连用构成数量短语。如:个、件、幢、下、次、趟等。 (六)代词:用来指代人、事物、状态、过程的词。如:你、他们、这、彼等。英语语言中的语言单位按从小到大的顺序一般分为:词----短语----句子。学好词类是学好英语的关键。 英语中的词根据词义,形式特征和在句中担当作用的不同大致分为以下十种: 词类作用例词 [实词] 名词 n 表示人或事物名称 work, phone 形容词 adj 描述人或事物的特征 brave, big 数词 num 表示数目或顺序 two, second 代词 pron 代替名词或数词 it , they 动词 v 表示动作或状态 run ,know 副词 adv 描述动作或状态的特征 very, carefully 以上6种词类可以在英文句子中独立地担当句子成份(如名词做主语,宾语等,动词做谓语),称为实词。 虚词: 虚词是没有实在意义的词,一般不能单独充当句子成分(副词例外),不能单独回答问题(少数副词除外)。其存在的价值在于帮助构成句子的语法结构,表示某种语法关系。 汉语的虚词主要有六种:副词、助词、连词、介词、叹词、拟声词。 (一)副词: 在句中表示动作行为的性质、状态的程度、范围、时间、趋向等的词。 如:很、非常、一律、也、将来等。 “不、没有、也许、大概” (二)助词: 在句中起辅助作用的词。 汉语中的助词主要有:“的”、“地”、“得”、“着”、“了”、“过”。 文言文中助词比较复杂,常见的有“之”、“者”等。 (三)连词: 在句中起连接作用的词,连词往往标示词、短语、句子、句群、语段之间的逻辑关系。 如:虽然、但是、因此、无论等。连词常常成对搭配使用或与副词搭配使用, 如:“因为……所以……”、“即使……也……” (五)叹词:

英语词类和句子成分Word版

英语词类及句子成分 一、词类 能够自由运用的最小语言单位叫词。根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的作用所作的分类叫词类(parts of speech)。 英语的词通常分为十大类,即名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、介词、连词和感叹词。现分别叙述如下: (一)名词 名词(noun)是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。例如: foreigner外国人soap 肥皂Newton牛顿 law 法律freedom自由peace 和平 英语名词可分为两大类: 1。普通名词(common noun)是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如: teacher 教师market市场rice 大米 magazine杂志sound 声音production生产 2。专有名词(proper noun)是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须大写。例如: Hemingway海明威Russia 俄罗斯 New York 纽约United Nations联合国 名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun)与不可数名词(uncountable noun)两种。可数名词有单、复数之分。绝大多数名词的复数形式的构成是在单数名词的后面加-s或-es。例如: shop→shops商店bus→buses 公共汽车library→libraries 图书馆 toy→toys 玩具leaf→leaves树叶 英语中有一些名词的复数形式是不规则的。例如: man→men男人tooth→teeth牙齿datum→data数据 有关名词复数形式构成的具体规则,请参阅有关的英语语法书。 (二)冠词 冠词(article)放在名词之前,帮助说明该名词所指的对象。冠词分为不定冠词(indefinite article)和定冠词(definite article)两种。 不定冠词为a/an,用在单数名词之前,表示某一类人或事物的“一个”。a用在以辅音开头的名词之前,an用在以元音开头的名词之前。例如: a hotel 一家旅馆 a chance 一次机会 a double room一个双人间 a useful book 一本有用的书 an exhibition一次展览an honest man一个诚实的人 冠词只有一个,既the,表示某一类人或事物中特定的一个或一些。可用于单数或复数名词前,也可用于不可数名词前。例如: the TV programs 那些电视节目the house那座房子 the Olympic Games奥运会 (三)代词 代词(pronoun)是用来指代人或事物的词。代词包括: 1。人称代词,如:I, you, they, it等; 2。物主代词,如:my, his, their, our, mine, hers等; 3。反身代词,如:myself, yourself, itself, ourselves, oneself等; 4。相互代词,如:each other, one another等; 5。指示代词,如:this, that, these, those, such, same等; 6。疑问代词,如:who, whom, whose, which, what等; 7。关系代词,如:who, whom, whose, which, that等; 8。不定代词,如:some, any, no, all, one, every, many, a little, someone, anything等; (四)数词 数词(numeral)是表示“数量”和“顺序”的词。前者称为基数词,例如:one(一),twenty (二十),thirty-five(三十五),one hundred and ninety-five(一百九十五)等;后者称为序数词,例如:first(第一),twentieth(第二十),fifty-first(第五十一等。

英语词类和句子成分的关系

英语中的词类 一、词类:英语词类分十种: 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.):表示动作或状态。如:am, is, are, have, see . 6、副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj):表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello

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英语句子成分分析报告(最完整版)

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