英美文学 总结
英国文学资料
1.The period of Old English Literature extends from about the year of 450 to the year of 1066.
2.the significant event which the commencement of medieval period in English literature is Norman Conquest in the year of 1066,and the medieval literature in Britain covers about four centuries.
3.Romance is the most popular literature form in the medieval period.
4.Old English poets produced the national epic poem, Beowulf, and a number of more or less lyrical poemsof shorter length, which do not contain specific Christian doctrines but evoke the Anglo Saxon sense of the harshness of circumstance and the sadness of the human lot.
5.Chaucer alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life in his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales. admired as the father of English Poetry.
一、The Renaissance Period (14th--mid-17th century)
1. The cradle of the Renaissance is Italy, and the essential characteristics of it are rising of Humanism and the Reformation of Christianity.
2. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the Engish Renaissane, and it's most important representative is Shakespeare.
1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞
the poet's poet
the Faerie Queene: Arthur and Gloriana, the Faity
Queen ;allegorical poem; the theme is Fierce wares and faithfull loves
the Shepherds Calender
Epithalanmion
2. Christopher Marlowe克里斯多夫.马洛
drama:Tamburlaine, Dr. Faustus, The Jew of Malta
non-dramatic poetry: Hero and Leander, the Passionate Shepherd to His Love
achievements:he perfected the blank verse, his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama.
3. William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚
1.he is one of the most remarkable playwrights and poets of the world has ever known.
history plays: Henry Vi, Richard II, King John, Henry IV,
comedies:the Comedy of Errors, the tow gentlemen of verona, the taming of the shrew, love's labour's lost, A Midsummer Night's Dream, the merchant of venice, much ado about nothing, as you like it, twelf night, the merry wives of windsor , all's well that ends well, measure for measure.
tragedies: Romeo and Juliet , Julius Caesar, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra《安东尼和克娄巴特拉》, Troilus and Cressida, Coriolanus
trgicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The winter's tale , The telpest
greatest tragedieys are : Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth麦克白.
2. Why is Hamlet so impressive in Shakespeare's Hamlet?
The hero Hamlet in Shakespeare's play Hamlet is noted for his hesitation to take his revenge, his melancholy nature of action only to deny possibilities to do anythings . He came to know that his father was mudered by his uncle who became king. He hated him so deeply that he wanted to kill him. But he loved his widowed mother who later married his uncle. Thins made hime deep in trouble. When he planned to kill his uncle, he was afraid to hurt his mother . And also ,when everything was ready for him to kill his uncle, he forgave him for his uncle was praying to God for his crime. Thus he lost the good chance. Hamlet represented humanism of his time.
3. sonnet 18, a nice summer's day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever. thus Shakespeare has faith in the permanence of poetry.
4. Francis Bacon弗兰西斯.培根
1. Bacon's achievements mainly lie in the fields of Philosophy, science and essay writing.
2. The master piece of Bacon which opened a new genre in English literature is Essays, and his most important philosophical works include The Advancement of Learing and Novum Organum.
3. The sentences "studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability", and "some books are to be tased, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested;....are quoted Of Studies
5. John Donne约翰.邓恩
玄学派诗人Metaphysical poetry
it is a term commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the neoclassic periods and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery is drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet's beloved, with God, or with
himeself. （conceit）
Donne's masterpiece are The Songs and Sonnets which contains most of his early lyrics with the theme of love and The Holy Sonnets which focused on religion.
邓恩在塑造女性形象时，几乎不去描述她外在的美艳，他的诗文中很难见到玫瑰红色的香腮与皓齿樱唇之类的词眼。邓恩真正的兴趣在于细腻地刻画恋爱中的感觉与状态。
6. John Milton约翰.弥尔顿
https://www.360docs.net/doc/0f2580431.html,ton's three major poetic works are Paradise Lost, Paridise Regained, and Samson Agonistes, among
which Paradise Lost is te greatest ,indeed the only universally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf, and Samson Agonistes is the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in Engish.
2. Milton's epic poems were very much inflenced by the Bible and the Greek Classics, which are also the major sources of the whole English literature.
二、The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798)
1.the Neoclassical period refers to the one in English literature between the return the Stuarts to the English throne in 1660 and the full assertion of Romanticism which came with the publication of Lyrical Ballads by wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798.
2. The two dominent political events in the period are the English Bourgeois Revolution and a vast expansion of British colonies.
3. The 18th century england is known as the age of Enlightenment 启蒙 or the age of Reason.
4.with the introduction of the Enlightenment Movement into England, a revival of interest in the old calssical works was in full swing. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers and those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic,restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.
1. John Bunyan约翰.班扬
the pilgrim's progress 天路历程（allegory寓言）
2. Alexander Pope亚历山大.蒲柏
as a representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to england. 作为启蒙主义时期的代表人物，蒲柏第一个将理性主义引入英国。
Pope made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism.
The Dunciad, generally considered Pope's best satiric work.
the poem, as a comprehensive study of the theories of literary criticism, exerted great influence upon Pope's contemporary
writers in advocating the classical rules and popularizing the neoclassicist tradition in England.
《论批评》是对文学批评理论的全面研究，对同时期作家们产生了深远影响，倡导了古典主义标准在英国普及了新古典主义。
3. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔.笛福
Robinson Crusoe
why did Robinson Crusoe become so successful when it was published?
Robinson Crusoe is supposedly based on the real adventure of an Alexander Selkirk who once stayed alone on the uninhabited island Juan Fernandez for five years, is ,in fact ,a work of sheer imagination. in the story the author described inviting plots of Robinson Crusoe who survived and lived quite well on an island after the shipwreck. In Robinson Crusoe, Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. The realistic accound of the successful struggle of Robinson here is a real hero: a typical eighteenth century English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work,in exhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is te very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. Robinson Crusoe is an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time. So when it was published ,people all liked that story ,and it became an immediate success.
4. Johathan Swift乔纳森.斯威夫特（bitter satire）
Gulliver's travels（yahoo） , A Modest Proposal
5. Henry Fielding享利.菲尔丁
菲尔丁被一些人尊为"英国小说之父"，在所有十八世纪的小说家中他第一个在理论与实践上创造了"散文体喜剧史诗"，并第一个为现代小说确立了结构与风格。代表作《汤姆.琼斯》
Fielding has been regarded by some as "Father of the English Novel," for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.
Tom Jones
6. Samuel Johnson塞缪尔.约翰逊
词典编篡者
是十八世纪下半叶最后一位新古典主义启蒙文学家。
代表作:《致切斯特菲尔勋爵的信》
Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlighter in the later eighteen century.
To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield（ironic）
7. Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德.比.谢立丹
代表作：《造谣学校》The School for Scandal 《情敌》The Rivals
he was the only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century.
8. Thomas Gray托马斯.格雷
代表作《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》,诗中的内宾与理查.韦斯特的去世有关，他抒发了对穷人和无名小卒的同情，并嘲讽了那些轻视穷人并给穷人带来苦难的"伟
人"。it is more or less connected with the melancholy event
of the death of Richard West, Gray's intimate friend. he reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc on them.
三、The Romantic Period (1798-1832)
1.english romanticism, begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott's death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament.
2. During the Romantic Period, the most important background revolution are the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.
3. Imagination, the major feature of Romanticism, replaced reason, the prevailing ideological tendency in the 18th century neoclassicism.
4. The literary form which is fully developed and the most flourishing during the Romantic Period is poetry.
1. William Blake威廉.布莱克
代表作：《天真之歌》、《经验之歌》
Songs of Innocence、Songs of Experience
2. William Wordsworth威廉.华兹华斯
湖畔诗人：华兹华斯、科勒律治、骚塞
"我如行云如自游"一诗是英国诗歌中的奇葩，把我们带入华兹华斯诗歌宗旨的
核心。
《威斯敏斯特桥即景》、《独自幽居》、《孤独的收割女》
i wandered lonely as a cloud, composed upon westminster bridge, she dwelt among the untrodden ways , the solitary reaper
3. Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞.特.科勒律治
代表作：《忽必烈汗》《古航海家之歌》、《克丽斯贝尔》
Kubla Khan
4. George Gordon Byron乔治.戈登.拜伦
代表作：《唐.璜》、《哈罗德游记》、《曼弗雷德》、《东方故事集》
Don Juan, childe Harold's Pilgrimage
Don Juan, the masterpiece of Byron, is a long satirical poem. Its hero Juan is an aristocratic libertine, amiable and charming to ladies.
As a leading Romanticist, Byron's chief contribution is his creation of the "Byronic hero," a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.
5. Percy Bysshe Shelley珀.比.雪莱
代表作：西风颂：瑟瑟寒风熄灭了一年的生机，却孕育着新春的希望。《解放的普罗米修斯》
Ode to the west wind , Shelly eulogized the powerful west wind and expressed his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality.
6. John Keats约翰.济慈
代表作：《夜莺颂》、《希腊古瓮颂》
Ode to a nightingale expreses the contrast between the happy world of natural loveliness and human world of agony.
Ode on an Grecian Urn shows the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human passion.
7. Jane Austen简.奥斯汀
代表作：《理智和情感》、《傲慢与偏见》、《爱玛》
Pride and Prejudice mainly tells of the love story between a rich,proud young man Darcy and the beautiful and intelligent Elizabeth Bennet.
四、The Victorian Period (1836-1901)
1. unlike Romantic Period, the dominent ideological tendency of the Victorian literature is realism or critical realism.
2. Victorian Period witnessed the rising of working class.
The poetic form which Browning attached to it maturity and perfection is dramatic monologue. his work m last duchess is just an example.
1. Charles Dickens查尔斯.狄更斯
Dickens is the greatest critical realist writer of the Victorian Age.
《雾都孤儿》中那非人道的工厂厂房与黑暗的充满犯罪的下层生活；《尼古拉斯.尼克尔比》中寄宿学校把学生们当奴隶来役使；《皮克威克外传》中的法制弊病；《大卫.科波菲尔》中债主的监牢；《马丁.瞿述伟》与《董贝父子》中的拜金主义与腐败的盛行。
《双城记》，《荒凉山庄》中对法制系统及让客户掏尽腰包的企图的批判，《小多利特》中政府的无能与玩忽职守导辜者身陷囹圄，《艰难时世》中被实用主义侵蚀了的英国教育系统及在精神上饱受摧残的青少年，《远大前程》与《我们共同的朋友》中令人窒息的社会环境和这种环境下社会成员的堕落与毁灭等等。Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickleby, the Pickwick Paper, David Copperfield, Martin Chuzzlewit, Dombey and Son, A Tale of Two
Cities, Bleak House, Little Dorrit, Hard Times, Great Expectations Our mutual Friend.
2. The Bronte Sisters布朗蒂姐妹
Charlotte Bronte, Jane Eyre
Emily Bronte, Wuthering Heights
Anne Bronte, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall
The work is one of the most popular and important novels of te Victorian age. It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g. the religious hypocrisy of charity institutions such as Lowood School where poor girls are trained , through constant starvation and humiliation Jane experiences first as a dependent at her aunt's house and later as a governess at Thornfield, and the false social convention as concerning love and marriage. at the same time, it is an intense moral fable. Jane, like Mr. Rochester, has to undergo a series of physical and moral tests to grow up and achieve her final happiness.the success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine. Jane Eyre, an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved, a poor, plain ,little governess who dares to love her master, a man superior to her in many ways, and even is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him, cuts a completely new woman image. She represents those middle-class working women who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. The vivid description of her intense feelings and her thought and inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.
3. Alfred Tennyson阿尔弗雷德.丁尼生
he is certainly the most representative,if not the
greatest ,Victorian poet.
Break, Break,Break ,this short lyric is written in memory of Tennysons best friens, Arthur Harlam, whose death has a lifelong influnence on the poet.
Crossing the Bar , Ulysses.
4. Robert Browning罗伯特.布朗宁
戏剧独白
The poetic form which Browning attached to it maturity and perfection is dramatic monologue. his work my last duchess is just an example.
代表作：指环与书 the ring and the book
5. George Eliot乔治.艾略特
人生与人性的分析家
代表作：《亚当.贝德》、《弗洛斯河上的磨房》，《织工拉斯.马奈尔》
middlemarch《弥都玛持镇》主要描写了朵罗西.布鲁克与特尔斯.莱加特二人的生活。这两个角色都具有潜在资质与雄雄野心，但都因为社会环境与自身弱点的限制没能达到人生目标。
Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss, Silas Marner
6. Thomas Hardy托马斯.哈代
in most of Hardy's masterpieces ,trgic sense is the keynote of his novels.
most of Hardy's novels are set in Wessex , the fictional primitive and crude rural region which is really the home place he both loves and hates.
Under the Greenwood Tree, Far from the Madding Crowd,The Return of the Native, Tess of the D'Urbervilles, Jude the
Obscure从《还乡》开始，悲剧便成了哈代主调。
discuss the fate of Tess in Thormas Hardy's Tess of the
D'Urbervilles.
Tess is a beautiful, innocent peasant girl. The poverty of the family forces her to claim kniship with the sham but rich D'Urbervilles. Alec, the young master of the d'Urbervilles, a dandy,seduces Tess and impregnates her. Tess returns home and later gives birth to a baby,who dies soon. people's opinion forces Tess to leave home to work on a dairy farm. There she meets Angel Clare, son of a clergyman, The two fall in love with each other. On their wedding night, Angel makes a confession about his past dissipation and is readily forgiven by Tess, but when Tess reveals her own past, Angel just wouldn't forgive her and deserts her that very night. Helpless and hopeless, Tess has to wander from place to place, doing the hardest work and bearing the harshes insult. When her father's death transfers the whole burden of the family on her ,she is forced to go back to Alec, now a peacher. Before long, the repentant Angle returns from abroad. Tess,putting all the blames of her unhappiness on Alec, kills him. She flees with Angel but is caught by the police and hanged.
Tess is acturally a victim of her society. Hardy created the heroine Tess in Tess of the d'Urbervilles just to criticize the society in his time. Hardy's works are known as "novels of character and envieronment" .Tess is a tragic person simply because she is not accepted by the society in which agriculture is menaced by the forces of invading capitalism. So in a way, we say, Tess's fate is decided by her society.
五、The Modern Period
1. The ideological sources of Modernism are skepticism and disillusion of capitalism.
现代主义起源于怀疑论和对资本主义的幻想破灭。
2. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theretical base.现代主义以非理性哲学和精神分析原理作为理论基础。
3. The english dramatic revolution in the 1950s developed in two directions: the working-class drama by Angr Young Man and Theatre of Absurd.
1. George Bernard Shaw乔治.萧伯纳
《卡歇尔.拜托的职业》 Cashel Byron's Profession
萧伯纳被公认为英国莎士比亚后英国最优秀的戏剧大师。他的作品是灵气纵横的社会批评的典范。
萧的戏剧情节丰富，但决不以情节来取胜。引人入胜的是对白与人物的心理活动。
2. John Galsworthy约翰.高尔斯华绥
《财主》、《银盒》、《弗尔塞特小说三部曲》
将社会批评的主题承传了下去。通过将社会与伦理问题戏剧化。
The Man of Property, The silver Box
3. Willam Butler Yeats威廉.巴特勒.叶芝
诺贝尔文学奖
the lake of Innisfree, Down by the Salley Gardens
叶芝,世纪诗人，是爱尔兰民族戏剧运动的领袖。
4. T.S.EliotT.S艾略特
诺贝尔文学奖
《荒原》是埃略行最重要的独立诗篇，被誉为20世纪英国诗歌的典范，可与华
兹华斯的《抒情歌谣集》相媲美。不仅全面展现了现代西方社会物质上的错乱和精神上的颓败，而且也反映出战后一代人中盛行的幻来与绝望。The Waste
Land is the issue is a poem concerned with the spiritual breakup of a morden civilization in which human life has lost it's meaning, significance and purpose.
诗剧《教堂里的谋杀》 Murder in the Cathedral
《the Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock》是埃略特早期最优秀的代表作。
5. https://www.360docs.net/doc/0f2580431.html,wrence威兼.赫伯特.劳伦斯
《儿子与情人》：自传体作品、《虹》：进述了布朗温家言辞三代人在玛什农场上的故事《恋爱中的女人》：讲述了几对恋人的故事《查泰莱夫人的情人》：通过描述贵族女子查泰莱夫人抛弃自己半人半机器的无情丈夫去寻求真正的自然
的爱情过程。
"劳伦斯三部曲"：《矿工的周五夜晚》、《儿媳》、《守寡的霍尔罗伊夫人》极力展现角色的心理发展，尖锐地批判了资本主义工业化对人性的非人道的扭曲。他认为生命的省略与冲动是人类的第一天性，任何有意识的压抑都会导致个性的扭曲与堕落。
Sons and Lovers, The Rainbow, Women in Love, Lady Chatterley's Lover.
6. James Joyce詹姆斯.乔伊斯
意识流小说家，《尤利西斯》，作者描绘了布鲁姆支离、无逻辑、虚幻的精神情感世界，布鲁姆这个角色成为一战所有欧洲人的形象代表。
《都伯灵人》Dubliners , Ulysses
英美文学史名词解释
英美文学史名词解释 TYYGROUP system office room 【TYYUA16H-TYY-TYYYUA8Q8-
英美文学史名词解释 1.English Critical Realism English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The realists first and foremost criticized the capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated (portrayed) the crying (extremely shocking) contradictions of bourgeois reality. The greatness of the English realists lies not only in their satirical portrayal of bourgeoisie and in the exposure of the greed and hypocrisy of the ruling classes, but also in their sympathy for the laboring people. Humor and satire are used to expose and criticize the seamy (dark) side of reality. The major contribution of the critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel. Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray are the most important representative of English critical realism. 2.The "Stream of Consciousness" The "stream of consciousness" is a psychological term indicating "the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person's will." In late 19th century,
英美文学名词解释(1)
Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecti ng the values of the society from which it originated. The style of epic is grand宏伟的 and elevated高尚的. John Milton wrote three great epics:Paradise Lost,Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes. Sonnet(十四行诗 A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme Renaissance the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival复活 of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition过渡from the medieval to the modern world.the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism The Renaissance Period A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. Humanism人文主义 Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. 2>it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the impo rtance of the present life.Humanists voiced their belie fs that man was the center of the universe and man did not
英美文学重点整理
What’s symbolism? 1）Symbolism is a movement in literature and the visual arts that originated in France in the late 19th century. In literature, symbolism was an aesthetic movement that encouraged writers to express their ideas, feelings, and values by means of symbols or suggestions rather than by direct statements. Hawthorne and Melville are masters of symbolism in America in the 19th century. 2）举例。
48. “Young Goodman Brown ”is one of Hawthorne ’s most profound tales. What is the allegorical meaning of Brown, the protagonist? What does Hawthorne set out to prove in this tale? How does Melville comment on Hawthorne ’s manner of concerning with guilt and evil?
**ELIZABETH **4. A comparison of the three giants: William Dean Howells; Mark Twain; and Henry James They are the three dominant figures of the realistic period. The forerunner of American Realism is Howells. Though the three writers wrote more or less at the same time, they differed in their understanding of the “truth.”While Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the “life”of the Americans, Henry James had apparently laid a greater emphasis on the “inner world”of man. Though Twain and Howells both shared the same concern in presenting the truth of the American society, they had each of them different emphasis. Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived, while Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories. This particular concern about the local character of a region came about as “local colorism,”a unique variation (变体) of American literary realism.
英美文学 总结
英国文学资料 1.The period of Old English Literature extends from about the year of 450 to the year of 1066. 2.the significant event which the commencement of medieval period in English literature is Norman Conquest in the year of 1066,and the medieval literature in Britain covers about four centuries. 3.Romance is the most popular literature form in the medieval period. 4.Old English poets produced the national epic poem, Beowulf, and a number of more or less lyrical poemsof shorter length, which do not contain specific Christian doctrines but evoke the Anglo Saxon sense of the harshness of circumstance and the sadness of the human lot. 5.Chaucer alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life in his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales. admired as the father of English Poetry. 一、The Renaissance Period (14th--mid-17th century) 1. The cradle of the Renaissance is Italy, and the essential characteristics of it are rising of Humanism and the Reformation of Christianity. 2. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the Engish Renaissane, and it's most important representative is Shakespeare. 1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞 the poet's poet
英美文学名词解释
1. In the medieval period ， it is Chaucer alone who ， for the first time in English literature ， presented to usa comprehensive __picture of the English society of his time and created a whole galery of vivid ___ from all walks of life in his masterpiece “the Canterbury Tales ”。 A. visionary / women B. romantic /men C. realistic / characters D. natural / figures 2. Although ____ was essentially a medieval writer, he bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new era of literature to come. A. William Langland B. John Gower C. Geoffrey Chaucer D. Edmund Spenser 3. Humanism spume from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious ，intellectual side ，for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on the conception that man is the ____ of all things . A. measure B. king C. lover D. rule 4. The essence of humanism is to ______. A. restore a medieval reverence for the church B. avoid the circumstances of earthly life C. explore the next world in which men could live after death D. emphasize human qualities 5. Many people today tend to regard the play “ The Merchant of Venice ” as a satire of the hypocrisy of ___ and their false standards of friendship and love ， their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against _________ . A. Christians / Jews B. Jews / Christians C. oppressors / oppressed D. people / Jews 6. In “ Sonnet 18 ”， Shakespeare has a profound meditation on the destructive power of _________ and the eternal __________ brought forth by poetry to the one he loves . A. death/ life B. death/ love C. time / beauty D. hate / love 7.In The Pilgrim’s Progress, John Bunyan describes The Vanity Fair in a ______ tone. A. delightful B. satirical C. sentimental D. solemn 8. The religious reformation in the early 16th-century England was a reflection of the class struggles waged by the _____. A. rising bourgeoisie against the feudal class and its ideology B. working class against the corruption of the bourgeoisie C. landlord class against the rising bourgeoisie and its ideology D. feudal class against the corruption of the Catholic Church 9. The ______ was a progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe in the 18th century . A. Renaissance B. Enlightenmrent C. Religious Reformation D. Chartist Movement 10.The 18th century witnessed a new literary form -the modern English novel, which, contrary to the medieval romance, gives a ______ presentation of life of the common English people. A. romantic B. idealistic C. prophetic D. realistic 1. The title of the novel “ A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man ” written by James Joyce suggests a character study with strong _________ elements .
北京外国语大学英美文学专业初试复试备考经验及03
北外英美文学专业初试复试备考经验及 03—06真题 准备考研的时间不长，只有三个月，总结起来两大经验吧，细节和节奏。细节是说考研要做个有心人，要勤看别人的经验，即使不是一个方向的。因为虽然准备的内容不同，但过程都是一样的（讲到底也只有专二不同）。学习别人的经验自己才能避免走别人的弯路，犯别人犯过的错误。节奏是说时间的充分利用，时间不在长短而在效率的高低，要根据自己的情况制定合适的复习计划。在这里给大家小小的鼓励一下：永远不要觉得时间不够用，也永远不要觉得这是不可能完成的的任务。当然要基于自身实力和现实的考虑，我相信大家都明白我的意思。等到真正做到了，你就是那个“传说”。 政治：六十多分没什么经验。。。。。。总的感觉是过线不拉分就好因为进入复试政治和二外就不算分了，不要给自己太大的压力，不要浪费过多的时间，节省下来精力好好看专业。 法语：学校用的是很老的橘黄色皮的《法语》，先复习一遍，把忘掉的知识捡回来。然后把历年真题研究一遍，考察的知识点就那么多，有的题基本没变隔年又考一次。从图书馆借来新大学法语1-3，从头到尾梳理知识点整理笔记。因为知道考什么，所以看得有重点。借书的好处之一就是“书非借不能读也”，借来的总要还，有压力就看得快了，而且借的书都少都有点笔记，看看也是很好的。
基英：分阅读，翻译和写作三个部分。像名字一样就是考察英语的基础，所以投机取巧是不可取的，要稳扎稳打地不间断复习。阅读--每天精读一篇1500字左右的新闻，有用的词句整理出来，有兴趣的段落翻一翻，阅读是最好的输入方式，扩大阅读量不言而喻，也对写作和翻译大有益处。翻译--练了叶子南里面几个靠谱的文章，订在一起没事看看，每翻译一篇都会看到自己逐步的进步，翻译得逐渐成熟。写作—写作看的是内容、结构和语法。虽然在考场上不可能三方面都完美，但是写的时候有这样的意识在脑子里，偏也偏不到哪里去。基础自认为还是不错的，所以每天的复习就是一个routine，保持对英语的娴熟度，主要的精力都集中在复习专业上了。 专业：文学选段匹配+小说分析，今年取消了逻辑题。虽然文学的复习范围没边没沿，文学著作浩如烟海；但是恶俗的讲一句，只要是考试，它就有它的侧重点和一定的规律。文学选段匹配--本着上一原则，我把历年真题找来统计了一下每年考得上都是谁的作品，集中在哪几部作品上。统计过后发现大概十人左右而且都是大家Mark Twain, Charles Dicke ns, Wordsworth…然后就拜读他们的大作就好了。小说的话要先看看写作风格，像总考的adventures of huckleberry finn，如果没读过现读是来不及的，但只要了解马克吐温的写作风格，就会在看到南方方言的第一时间想到他老人家。诗歌
英美文学名词解释(1)
1puritanism清教主义 The dogmas 教条preached by Puritans. They believed that all men were predestined命中注定and the individual ‘s free will played no part in his quest for salvation. This was a rejection of the dogmas preached by the Roman Catholic Church and its rites仪式. The Puritans also advocated a strict moral code which prohibited many earthly pleasures such as dancing and other merry-makings.清教徒提倡严格的道德准则禁止如跳舞和其他许多世俗的快乐的气质。They stressed the virtues of self-discipline,自律thrift节俭and hard work as evidence that one was among the “elect” to be chosen to go to Heaven after death 2Romanticism The term refers to the literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. Romanticism rejected the earlier philosophy of the Enlightenment, which stressed that logic and reason were the best response humans had in the face of cruelty, 残忍的stupidity, superstition,迷信的and barbarism. Instead, the Romantics asserted that reliance 依赖upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guide to ethics 伦理and living. The Romantic movement typically asserts 声称，代言the unique nature of the individual, the privileged status 特权地位of imagination and fancy想象和幻想, the value of spontaneity over “artifice” and “convention”价值的理解“技巧”和“公约”，the human need for emotional outlets, the spiritual destruction 精神上的摧残of urban life.城市生活。Their writings are often set in rural, or Gothic settings and they show an obsessive 强迫性的concern with “innocent” characters—children, young
英美文学四大思潮名词解释(全英)
Romanticism began in the mid-18th century and reached its height in the 19th century.It was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe.The ideologies and events of the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution laid the background for Romanticism. The Enlightenment also had influence on Romanticism .It was a revolt against the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.The movement validated strong emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as apprehension, horror and terror, and awe.The Romantic literature of the nineteenth century concentrating on emotion, nature, and the expression of "nothing".famous romanticism writers are such as william Wordsworth:lyrical ballods、william whitman ：leaves of grass Realism beginning with mid nineteenth-century French literature and extending to late-19th- and early-20th-century .It was a reaction againest romanticism and paved the way to modernism.the realism is product of europe capitalist system?s establishment and development.the philosophy and science of europe in 19th century has promated its production authors trend to depictions of contemporary life and society as it was, or is. In the spirit of general "realism" ,realist authors opted for depictions of everyday and banal activities and experiences, instead of a romanticized or similarly stylized
英美文学知识点总结(适用于英语专八)
Old English Literature 古英语文学 （450-1066年） Beowulf （贝奥武甫）---The first English national epic 中世纪英语文学（1066-1500） Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟，c. 1343–1400) was an English poet. He is remembered for his The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English litera ture―英国文学之父‖William Langland (朗格兰，1330?-1400?),the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》. 文艺复兴（16-17世纪） William Shakespeare (莎士比亚，1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis 《维拉斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece.《鲁克丽丝受辱记》 Shakespeare‘s greatest works: greatest tragedies are King Lear 《李尔王》,Macbeth《麦克白》,Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》,Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 grea t comedies: A Midsumme r Night‘s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》,As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》,The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》, Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》 great historical plays: Richard III 《理查三世》,Henry IV 《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五世》, Henry VII 《亨利八世》 John Milton (弥尔顿, 1608-1674)was an English poet and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost《失乐园》, Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson 《力士参孙》. 18世纪文学和新古典主义 Alexander Pope (浦柏,1688-1744 ) is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical epigram 讽刺隽语and heroic couplet英雄双韵体.His major works include mock epic satirical poem An Essay on Man 《人论》and An Essay on Criticism 《论批评》 Daniel Defoe ( 笛福，1660—1731)was an English writer who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》, spokesman for middle-class people Henry Fielding (菲尔丁, 1707 ---1754) ，an English novelist known for his novel:The History of Tom Jones. Jonathan Swift (斯威夫特,1667-1745), was an Anglo-Irish novelist, satirist. He is remembered for novel such as Gulliver‘s Travels《格列佛游记》. Richard Sheridan ( 谢立丹，1751—1816), Irish playwright ,known for his satirical play School of Scandal(造谣学校). He was a represntative writer of Comedies of Manners. Laurence Sterne (斯特恩,1713—1768 ), an English novelist. He is best known for his novel Tristram Shandy （《商第传》）. Oliver Goldsmith （哥尔德斯密斯，1728-1774）English novelist, known for his novel Vicar of Wakefield (《威克菲尔德牧师传记》) Thomas Gray (托马斯?格雷1716—1771 )，an English poet, author of Elegy Written in a
英美文学名词解释总结.doc
英美文学名词解释总结 Romance:Anyimaginationliteraturethatissetinanidealizedworldandth atdealswithaheroicadventuresandbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvi llainsormonsters.传奇故事：指以理想化的世界为背景并且描写主人公的英雄冒险事迹和善与恶的斗争的想象文学作品。 Alliteration:Therepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsoundsinpoetry.头韵：诗歌中单词开头读音的重复。 Couplet:Itisapairofrhymingverselines,usuallyofthesamelength;oneoft hemostwidelyusedverse-sinEuropeanpoetry.Chaucerestablishedtheus eofcoupletsinEnglish,notablyintheCanterburyTales,usingrhymingiam bicpentameterslaterknownasheroiccoupletsBlankverse:Versewritteni nunrhymediambicpentameter.素体诗：用五音步抑扬格写的无韵诗。 Conceit:Akindofmetaphorthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwostartlin glydifferentthings.Aconceitmaybeabriefmetaphor,butitusuallyprovid estheframeworkforanentirepoem.Anespeciallyunusualandintellectual kindofconceitisthemetaphysicalconceit.新奇的比喻：将两种截然不同的食物进行对比的一种隐喻。 它虽被视为是一种隐喻，但是它往往构建了整首诗的框架，
英美文学名词解释 2
01. Humanism(人文主义) Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. 02. Renaissance(文艺复兴) The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into westerm Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with william shakespeare being the leading dramatist. 03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌) Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life. Metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人） It is the name given to a diverse group of 17th century english poets whose work is notable for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits, strange paradoxes and far-fetched imagery. The leading Metaphysical poets was John Donne, whose colloquial, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics. 04. Classcism(古典主义) Classcism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes. 05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动) Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in france and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in england were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan swift.etc. 06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea. 英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。 the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters. 迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。 "the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain. 1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。 gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands. 盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。 the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.