化学及化工专业词汇英语翻译(P-Z)3
化学及化工专业词汇英语翻译(P-Z)3
reversibility 可逆性
reversible cell 可逆电池
reversible change 可逆变化reversible colloid 可逆胶质reversible electrode 可逆电极reversible engine 可逆机
reversible gel 可逆凝胶
reversible process 可逆过程reversible reaction 可逆反应reversible wave 可逆波
reversion 硫化还原
revivification 复活
revolution counter 转数表
revolvig tubular kiln 管式转炉revolving furnace 旋转炉
revolving screen 旋转筛
reynolds number 雷诺数
rhamnetin 鼠李亭
rhamnose 鼠李糖
rhenate 铼酸盐
rhenium 铼
rhenium compound 铼化合物rhenium dioxide 二氧化铼
rheology 龄学
rheometer 龄仪
rheopexy 震凝
rheostat 变阻器
rhodamine 若丹明
rhodan 硫氰酸氨苯酯
rhodan value 硫氰值
rhodanate 硫氰酸盐
rhodanine 绕丹宁
rhodanizing 镀铑
rhodanometry 硫氰酸盐滴定法rhodate 铑酸盐
rhodinol 玫红醇
rhodium 铑
rhodium chloride 氯化铑
rhodium dioxide 二氧化铑
rhodium hydroxide 氢氧化铑rhodium nitrate 硝酸铑rhodochrosite 菱锰矿
rhodonite 蔷薇辉石
rhodopsin 视玫红质
rhombic sulfur 斜方硫
rhombic system 正交晶系rhombohedron 菱形体
ribbed funnel 线沟漏斗
ribitol 阿东醇
riboflavin 核黄素
ribonuclease 核糖核酸酶ribonucleic acid 核糖核酸
ribose 核糖
rice oil 米糠油
rice starch 米淀粉
rich gas 富煤气
ricin 蓖麻毒
ricinic acid 蓖麻醇酸
ricinoleate 蓖麻酸盐
rider 游码
rigid body 刚体
rigid foam 硬质泡沫塑料
rigid plastics 硬质塑料
rigid polyvinyl chloride 硬聚氯乙烯rigidity 刚性
ring 环
ring analysis 环分析
ring burner 环焰灯
ring cleavage reaction 开环反应
ring closure 环化
ring compound 环状化合物
ring current 环形电流
ring formation 成环
ring isomerism 环异构
ring kiln 环形窑
ring opening 开环
ring opening polymerization 开环聚合rinmann's green 林曼绿
ripening 成熟
ripening degree 成熟度
rivanol 利凡诺
river gold 砂金
road octane number 路线辛烷值road oil 铺路沥青
roaster 焙烧炉
roasting 焙烧
roasting furnace 焙烧炉
roasting kiln 燃烧炉
robot 机扑
rochelle salt 罗谢尔盐
rock candy 冰糖
rock crystall 石英
rock phosphate 磷酸岩
rock salt 岩盐
rock wool 石棉
rocket propulsion 火箭推进
rockwell hardness 罗氏硬度
rockwell hardness tester 洛氏硬度试验机
rod mill 棒磨机
rod sulfur 棒状硫磺
rodenticide 杀鼠剂
roentgen 伦琴
roentgen equivalent man 人体伦琴当量
roll 辊子
roll crusher 滚碎机
roll mill 滚碎机
roller mill 滚碎机
rolling 轧制
roman cement 罗马水泥
rongalite 雕白粉
roofing tile 屋瓦
room temperature 室温
room temperature curing method 室温固化法room temperature setting adhesive 室温固化粘合剂root's blower 罗茨式鼓风机
rosaniline 蔷薇苯胺
rosaniline chlorhydrate 蔷薇苯胺化盐酸rosaniline sulfate 蔷薇苯胺化硫酸
rose crucible 罗斯坩埚
rose oil 蔷薇油
rose water 玫瑰香水
rosemary oil 迷迭香油
rosenmund reduction 罗森蒙得还原
rosin 松香
rosin ester 酯屎
rosin oil 松香油
rosin pitch 松香沥青
rosin sizing 上松香胶
rosin soap 松香皂
rosin spirit 松香精
rosin varnish 松香清漆
rosolic acid 玫红酸
rotamer 旋转异构体
rotameter 转子临计
rotary crusher 旋转压碎机
rotary dryer 旋转干燥器
rotary filter 旋转滤器
rotary kiln 旋转窑
rotary pump 旋转泵
rotated dropping mercury electrode 旋转滴汞电极rotating crystal method 旋转晶体法
rotating system of coordinates 转动坐标系rotation axis 旋转轴
rotation group 旋转群
rotation spectrum 转动光谱
rotation vibration spectrum 转动振动谱rotational energy 转动能
rotational isomer 旋转异构体
rotational isomerism 旋光异构
rotational level 转动能级
rotational quantum number 转动量子数rotational viscometer 旋转粘度计
rotenone 鱼藤酮
roughness 粗糙度
round flask 圆底烧瓶
rubber 橡胶
rubber cement 橡胶胶水
rubber composition 橡胶配合物
rubber compound 橡胶配合物
rubber dispersion 橡胶分散液
rubber dough 橡胶胶水
rubber fabric 胶布
rubber gum 屎脂
rubber industry 橡胶工业
rubber insulation 橡胶绝缘
rubber isomer 橡胶异构体
rubber latex 胶乳
rubber like elasticity 似橡胶弹性
rubber lining 橡皮衬里
rubber resin 橡胶尸
rubber solvent 橡胶溶剂
rubber sponge 海绵橡胶
rubber stopper 橡皮塞
rubber substitute 油膏
rubber thread 橡胶线
rubber tube 橡皮管
rubbing 磨损
rubbing oil 摩擦用油
rubeanic acid 红氨酸
rubidium 铷
rubine number 红玉数
ruby 红玉
ruff degradation 鲁弗降解
rufol 绛醇
rupture 破裂
rust 锈
rust inhibitor 抗腐蚀添加剂
rust proof paint 防锈涂料
rut preventives 抗腐蚀添加剂ruthenic chloride 四氯化钌ruthenium 钌
ruthenium chloride 氯化钌ruthenium compound 钌化合物ruthenium dichloride 二氯化钌ruthenium tetrachloride 四氯化钌rutile 金红石
rutin 芸香苷
s acid s 酸
sabadilla 赛藜芦
sabinane 桧烷
sabinene 桧萜
saccharase 转化酶
saccharate 蔗糖盐
saccharic acid 蔗质酸saccharides 糖类saccharification 糖化saccharimeter 糖量计saccharimetry 糖量测定saccharin 糖精saccharometry 糖量测定saccharomyces 酵母属saccharose 蔗糖
saddening 煤染固着处理
safe handling 安全操作
safe operating area 安全运转区域safety 安全
safety device 保护设备
safety engineering 安全工程
safety explosive 安全炸药
safety factor 安全率
safety film 安全软片
safety fuel 安全燃料
safety glass 安全玻璃
safety lamp 安全灯
safety match 安全火柴
safety technique 安全工程
safety valve 安全阀
safflower oil 红花油
saffron 擦粉
safranal 藏花醛
safranine 藏红
safrole 黄樟素
saggar 烧箱
sagger 烧箱
sal soda 苏打晶体
salad oil 生菜油
salicin 水杨甙
salicyl alcohol 水杨醇salicylaldehyde 水杨醛salicylamide 水杨酰胺
salicylate 水杨酸盐
salicylic acid 水杨酸
saligenin 水杨苷
saligenol 水杨醇
salimeter 盐液密度计
salimetry 盐度测量法
salina 制盐所
salinity 盐浓度
salipyrine 萨利比林
salivary gland hormone 唾液腺激素salmine 鲑精朊
salol 萨罗
salsoline 萨苏林
salt 盐
salt bath 盐浴
salt bath furnace 盐浴炉
salt bridge 盐桥
salt effect 盐效应
salt error 盐误差
salt glaze 盐釉
salt grainer 成盐蒸发器
salt mine 盐矿
salt of sorrel 草酸氢钾
salt shrinking 盐缩
salt spray cabinet 盐雾室
salt spray test 盐雾试验
salt water 盐水
salt works 制盐所
saltern 制盐所
salting 盐腌
salting out effect 盐析效应saltpeter 硝石
salvage 废弃物
salvaged material 废弃物salvarsan 塞佛散
samarium 钐
samarium poisoning 钐中毒samarskite 铌钇矿
sample 样品
sample bottle 样品瓶
sample solution 样品溶液sampler 采样器
sampling 取样
sampling method 取样方法
sand blast 砂喷
sand cracking 砂子炉裂解
sand culture 沙基培养
sand filter 砂滤器
sand lime brick 石灰砂粒碳sand paper 砂纸
sandalwood oil 檀木油sandarac 山达尸
sandbath 砂浴
sandmeyer reaction 散得麦尔反应sandpaper 砂纸
sandstone 砂岩
sandwich moulding 夹层模塑sandwich structure 夹层结构sanforizing 防缩处理
sanitary chemistry 卫生化学sanitary ware 卫生陶器sanitizer 消毒剂
santalol 檀香醇
santalyl acetate 乙酸檀香酯santonin 山道年
santoninic acid 山道年酸
saponarin 皂草苷
saponated cresol solution 煤酚皂溶液saponid 合成洗涤剂
saponifiability 皂化性
saponification 皂化
saponification equivalent&
nbsp;皂化当量
saponification number 皂化值saponification value 皂化值
saponifier 皂化剂
saponifying agent 皂化剂
saponin 皂荚苷
sapphire 蓝宝石
sapphire whisker 氧化铝纤维
saran 偏氧纶
sarcolysine 溶肉瘤素
sarcosine 肌氨酸
sardine oil 沙丁鱼油
sarkomycin 肉瘤霉素
sassafras oil 黄樟油
sassoline 天然硼酸
satellite 伴线
satin spar 纤维石膏
satin white 缎白
saturated acid 饱和酸
saturated activity 饱和活性
saturated calomel electrode 饱和甘汞电极saturated compound 饱和化合物saturated fatty acid 饱和脂肪酸saturated hydrocarbon 饱和烃saturated solution 饱和溶液
saturated vapor pressure 饱和蒸汽压saturation 饱和
saturation curve 饱和曲线
saturation point 饱和点
saturation temperature 饱和温度saturator 饱和器
sawdust 锯屑
saxin 糖精
saybolt chromometer 赛波特比色计saybolt viscometer 赛氏粘度计
scale 标度
scale beam 秤杆
scale coefficient 生垢因数
scale pan 天平盘
scale up 尺度放大
scaling 剥落
scaling factor 污垢因子;缩尺因数
scaling law 相似律
scaly structure 鳞状构造
scandium 钪
scanning acoustic microscope 扫描声学显微镜scarlet 深红色
scattered spectrum 散射光谱
scattering 散射
scattering coefficient 散射系数
scattering cross section 散射截面
scattering of light 光散射
scattering plane 散射面
scavenger 净化剂
scent 气味
scheele's green 许雷绿
scheelite 白钨矿
schist 片岩
schmidt number 施密特数
schradan 八甲磷
schulze hardy's rule 舒尔茨哈代规则schungite 半石墨
schweinfurth green 巴黎绿
scintillation 闪炼
scintillation counter 闪炼计数管sclerometer 硬度计
scleroprotein 硬朊
scopolamine 莨若胺
scopoline 莨若林
scorching 早期硫化
scorification 熔融法
scorifier 试金坩埚
scouring 精练
scouring agent 精练剂
scouring soap 擦洗皂
scrap paper 废纸
scrapped rubber 废橡皮
screen 筛子
screen analysis 筛析
screen printing 筛网印花
screening 筛分
screening agent 遮蔽剂
screening constant 屏蔽常数screening effect 屏蔽效应screening machine 筛选机screw compressor 螺旋式压缩机screw conveyor 螺旋运输器screw feeder 螺旋进料机
screw mixer 螺旋式混合机scrubber 煤气洗涤器scrubbing 涤气
scrubbing bottle 洗气瓶scrubbing tower 涤气塔
scum 浮渣
scummer 消泡剂
sea floor 海底扩张说
sea salt 海盐
sea water 海水
sea water magnesia 海水镁sealant 嵌缝填料
sealed tube 封闭管
sealing compound 嵌缝填料sealing wax 密封蜡
seaweed 海藻
sebacate 癸二酸盐
sebacic acid 癸二酸sebaconitrile 癸二腈
second class ore 进厂矿石secondary accelerator 辅助促进剂secondary air 次级空气secondary alcohol 仲醇secondary amine 仲胺secondary battery 次级电池secondary carbon atom 仲碳原子secondary cell 次级电池secondary electron 二次电子secondary plasticizer 次级增塑剂secondary reaction 副反应secondary valence 副价secondhand energy 二次能源secretin 肠促胰液素
secretion 分泌
sectional titration 分区滴定sectrometer 真空管滴定计sediment 沱殿物
sedimentary rock 沉积岩
sedimentation 沉积酌sedimentation analysis 沉淀分析sedimentation balance 沉降天平sedimentation coefficient 沉降系数sedimentation constant 沉降常数sedimentation equilibrium 沉降平衡sedimentation velocity 沉降速度sedimentation volume 沉降容积sedoheptulose 景天庚酮糖
seed crystal 晶种
seed disinfectant 种子消毒剂
seed fiber 种子纤维
seed grain 晶种
seepage 渗透
segregation 偏析
seignette salt 罗谢尔盐
selection rule 选择定则
selective absorption 选择吸收selective adsorbent 选择性吸附剂selective adsorption 选择吸附selective corrosion 选择腐蚀selective extract
ion 选择提取
selective fermentation 选择发酵selective flotation 选择浮选selective permeability 选择渗透性selective polymerization 选择聚合selective reaction 选择反应selective reagents 选择试剂selectivity 选择性
selectivity coefficient 选择系数selectivity factor 选择系数selenate 硒酸盐
selenic acid 硒酸
selenic anhydride 硒酐
selenide 硒化物
selenite 亚硒酸盐
selenium 硒
selenium cell 硒光电池
selenium oxide 氧化硒
selenium rectifier 硒整流selenochemistry 月球化学selenone 硒砜
selenonic acid 硒代磺酸
selenous acid 亚硒酸
self absorption 自吸收
self baking electrode 自动烧结电极
self catalysis 自催化酌
self cleaning 自净
self coagulation 自凝聚
self decomposition 自分解
self discharge 自动放电
self filtering 自滤
selfenergy 自能
selfextinguishing effect 自动灭火效应selfignition 自燃
selfignition temperature 自燃温度selfluminous pigment 自发光颜料
semi coking tar 低温焦油
semiacetal 半缩醛
semiautomatic electroplating 半自动电镀semiautomatic machine 半自动机器semibatch chemical reactor 半连续化学反应器semibituminous coal 半烟煤semicarbazide 氨基脲
semicarbazide hydrochloride 氨基脲化氢氯semicarbazone 半卡胞腙
semicellulose 半纤维素
semichemical pulp 半化学纸浆
semicoke 半焦炭
semicolloid 半胶体
semiconductor 半导体
semiconductor rectifier 半导体整流semidine 半联胺
semidry process 半干法
semidrying oil 半干性油
semiebonite 半硬质胶
semifinished product 半成品
semihard rubber 半硬橡胶
semihydrate 半水合物
semimetal 半金属
semimicro analysis 半微分析
semimicro balance 半微量天平
seminose 甘露糖
semioxamazide 氨基草酰阱semipermeability 半透性
semipermeable membrane 半透膜semiplastic explosive 半塑性炸药
semipolar bond 半极性键semipolar linkage 半极性键semiporcelain 半瓷器semiquinone 半醌
semirigid plastics 半刚性塑料semisilica brick 半硅砖semisolid 半固体
semisynthetic fiber 半合成纤维semitransparency 半透明semiwater gas 半水煤气senarmontite 方锑矿
sensibility 感度
sensible heat factor 显热因子sensible heat flow 可感热流显热流sensitive emulsion 感光乳剂sensitive layer 感光层
sensitive paper 感光纸sensitivity curve 灵敏度曲线sensitivity limit 灵敏度限度sensitivity speck 敏化中心sensitization 敏化
sensitized fluorescence 增感发光sensitizer 敏化剂
sensitizing dye 敏化染料sensitometer 感光计sensitometry 感光度测定
sensor 感受器
separating funnel 分液漏斗separating power 分离能力separation 分离
separation coefficient 分离系数separation of isotope 同位素分离separator 分离器
sepia 乌贼墨颜料
septic matter 腐败物
septic poison 腐败毒sequestering agent 掩蔽剂
sericin 丝胶朊
sericite 绢云母
series connection 串联
series of spectral line 光谱系serine 丝氨酸
seromycin 环丝氨酸
serotonin 血清素
serpentine 蛇纹石
serum 血清
serum albumin 血清蛋白
serum globulin 血清球蛋白servomechanism 伺服机构sesame oil 芝麻油sesquiterpene 倍半萜烯
setting 凝结
setting agent 硬化剂
setting point 凝固点
setting temperature 加硫
setting time 凝结时间settlement 沱殿物
settler 沉淀箱
settling 沉淀
settling chamber 沉淀室
settling curve 沉降曲线
settling ratio 沉降比
settling vat 沉降桶
settling velocity 沉降速度sewage 污水
sewage disposal 污水处理
sewer gas 下水道气体
sex hormone 性激素
shaft furnace 竖式炉
shaking 摇动
shaking apperatus 摇动机shaking machine 摇动机
shaking screen 振动筛
shaking sieve 振动筛
shale 页岩
shale oil 页岩油
shape factor 形状系数
shape memory alloy 形状记忆合金shaping 成形
shaving c
ream 刮脸膏
shaving powder 刮脸粉
shaving soap 刮脸皂
shear modulus 剪切模量
shear rate 剪切速率
shear resistance 剪切阻力
shear strength 剪切强度shearing 剪
shearing stress 剪应力
sheet 薄板
sheet glass 板玻璃
sheet rubber 生胶片
shelf burner 搁板炉
shelf life 贮藏寿命
shell and tube condenser 列管式冷凝器shell and tube heat exchanger 列管式换热器shell model 壳模型
shell structure 壳结构
shellac 虫胶
shellac varnish 虫胶清漆
sherardizing 粉镀锌法
sherwood number 舍伍德数
sherwood oil 石油醚
shift reagent 变位试剂
shikimic acid 莽草酸
shikonin 紫草醌
ship bottom paint 船底涂料
shock 碰撞
shock absorber 冲稽收器
shore hardness 肖氏硬度
short fiber 短纤维
short mash process 短时间糖化法
short oil varnish 短油清漆
short period 短周期
shot capacity 注塑容量
shrinkage 收缩
shrinkage allowance 收缩容许量shrinkage crack 缩裂
shrinkage limit 收缩限度
shrinkage water 收缩水
shrinking percentage 收缩率
shutter test 快门试验
sialic acid 唾液酸
sialomucin 唾液酸粘蛋白
siccative 干燥剂
side chain 侧链
side chain isomerism 侧链异构
side fermentation 副发酵
side reaction 副反应
siderite 菱铁矿
siderophile element 亲铁元素
sienna 富铁黄土
sieve 筛子
sieve analysis 筛析
sieve residue 筛渣量
sieve shaker 振动筛
sieve tray 筛盘
sieve tray column 筛盘塔sieving 筛分
sieving machine 筛选机sigma bond 结合
signal 信号
signal lamp 信号灯
signal oil 信号油
silane 硅烷
silane coupling 硅烷耦合silanol 硅烷醇
silent discharge 无声放电silica 硅石
silica brick 硅砖
silica gel 硅胶
silica glass 石英玻璃
silica modulus 硅酸率
silica sand 石英砂
silican 甲硅烷
silicate 硅酸盐
silicate paint 硅胶漆silication 硅化酌
siliceous slag 硅土矿渣
silicic acid 硅酸
silicic acid anhydride 二氧化硅silicide 硅化物
silicification 硅化酌silicochloroform 硅氯仿silicoethane 乙硅烷silicofluoride 氟硅化物silicomethane 甲硅烷
silicon 硅
silicon bromide 溴化硅silicon carbide 碳化硅
silicon chloride 氯化硅silicon dioxide 二氧化硅silicon fluoride 氟化硅
silicon hydride 硅氢化合物silicon nitride 氮化硅silicone 硅酮
silicone grease 硅润脂silicone oil 硅酮油
silicone resin 硅酮尸
silicone rubber 硅酮橡胶silicosis 硅肺
silicotungstic acid 硅钨酸
silk 绸
silk glue 丝胶朊
sillimanite 硅线石
siloxane 硅氧烷
siloxene 硅氧烯
silver 银
silver acetate 醋酸银
silver acetylide 乙炔银
silver amalgam 银汞剂
silver arsenite 亚砷酸银
silver azide 叠氮化银
silver bromide 溴化银
silver carbide 碳化银
silver carbonate 碳酸银
silver chloride 氯化银
silver chloride cell 氯化银电池silver chromate 铬酸银
silver compound 银化合物silver cyanide 氰化银
silver fluoride 氟化银
silver foil 银箔
silver fulminate 雷酸银
silver halide 卤化银
silver iodide 碘化银
silver leaf 银箔
silver mirror test 银镜试验silver nitrate 硝酸银
silver oxide 氧化银
silver plating 镀银
silver protein 蛋白银
silver salt 银盐
silver selenide 硒化银
silver telluride 碲化银silvering 镀银
simazin 侮三嗪
similar transformation 相似变换similarity 类似性
simple cell 初基胞
simple distillation 粗蒸馏
simple elongation 简单伸长
simple lattice 初基点阵
simple protein 简单蛋白质
simple substance 单质
simulation 模拟
simultaneous reaction 联立反应single bath process 一浴法
single bond 单键
single crystal 单晶
single electrode 单电极
single electrode potential 单电极电位single fiber 单根纤维
single fluid cell 单液电池
si
ngle phase system 单相系
single screw extruder 单螺杆压出机singular equilibrium 独平衡singular point 奇点
sintered diamond 烧结金刚石sintering 烧结
sintering furnace 烧结炉
sintering machine 矿石烧结机siphon 虹吸管
sisal 剑麻
sitosterol 谷甾醇
six membered ring 六元环
size 胶水
sizing 上胶
sizing agent 上浆剂
skatole 粪臭素
skein dyeing 绞纱染色
skeletal vibration 骨架振动
skid defied tire 防滑轮胎
skim milk 脱脂乳
skimmer 消泡剂
skin effect 囚效应
skin friction 表面摩擦
slack coal 粉煤
slack wax 疏松石蜡
slag 炉渣
slag brick 矿渣砖
slag cement 矿渣水泥
slag wool 渣棉
slaked lime 消石灰
slant culture 斜面培养
slate 石板
slime 稀矿泥
slime bacteria 粘液细菌
sling psychrometer 摇动湿度计slip 泥浆
slit 缝隙
slit ultramicroscope 缝隙超显微镜slow accelerator 缓动促进剂slow combustion 缓慢燃烧
slow match 导火线
slow oxidation 缓慢氧化slowing down 减速
sludge 泥渣
sludge acid 淤渣酸
slurry 泥浆
slushing oil 防锈油
smalt 大青玻璃粉
smaltite 砷钴矿
smectic phase 碟状液晶分子相smelt 熔融
smelting 冶炼
smelting furnace 熔炉smithsonite 菱锌矿
smoke agent 烟雾剂
smoke point 烟点
smoke screen 烟幕
smokeless combustion 无烟燃烧smokeless fuel 无烟燃料smokeless powder 无烟火药smokeless propellant 无烟推进剂snapshot 快摄照片
sni mechanism sni机构soakage 浸透
soaking 浸透
soaking drum 浸水转鼓
soap 皂
soap builder 肥皂配合剂
soap flakes 皂片
soap kettle 皂煮锅
soap powder 皂粉
soap spent lye 皂液
soda 苏打
soda ash 苏打灰
soda feldspar 钠长石
soda lime 碱石灰
soda lime glass 钠钙玻璃
soda lye 苛性钠溶液
soda microcline 钠斜微长石
soda nitre 天然硝石
soda pulp 碱纸浆
soda soap 钠皂
sodalite 方钠石
sodation 碳酸钠去垢
sodium 钠
sodium acetate 醋酸钠
sodium alum 钠矾
sodium aluminate 铝酸钠
sodium amalgam 钠汞齐
sodium amide 氨基钠
sodium arsenate 砷酸钠
sodium arsenite 亚砷酸钠
sodium azide 叠氮化钠
sodium bicarbonate 碳酸氢钠
sodium bichromate 重铬酸钠
sodium bismuthate 铋酸钠
sodium bisulfate 硫酸氢钠
sodium bisulfite 亚硫酸氢钠
sodium borohydride 氢化硼钠
sodium bromate 溴酸钠
sodium bromide 溴化钠
sodium carbonate 碳酸钠
sodium chlorate 氯酸钠
sodium chloride 氯化钠
sodium chloroplatinate 氯铂酸钠sodium chromate 铬酸钠
sodium citrate 柠檬酸钠
sodium cobaltic nitrite 亚硝酸钴钠sodium cyanide 氰化钠
sodium dichromate 重铬酸钠
sodium dihydrogenphosphate 磷酸二氢钠sodium dithionite 亚硫酸氢钠
sodium ethoxide 乙醇钠
sodium ethylate 乙醇钠
sodium ferricyanide 铁氰化钠
sodium fluoride 氟化钠
sodium fluoroacetate 氟醋酸钠
化学专业英语翻译1
01.THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01元素和元素周期 表。 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 原子核中的质子数的原子称为原子序数,或质子数,卓电子数的电中性的原子也等于原子序数Z,总质量的原子是非常接近的总数量的质子和中子在原子核。这被称为质量数,这个数的原子中的中子,中子数,给出了所有的数量 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. To the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of
化学专业英语(修订版)翻译
01 THE ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE 01 元素和元素周期表 The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z. 质子的数量在一个原子的核被称为原子序数,或质子数、周淑金、电子的数量在一个电中性原子也等于原子序数松山机场的总质量的原子做出很近的总数的质子和中子在它的核心。这个总数被称为大量胡逸舟、中子的数量在一个原子,中子数,给出了a - z的数量。 The term element refers to, a pure substance with atoms all of a single kind. T o the chemist the "kind" of atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z = 1 to Z = 107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters, for example: 这个术语是指元素,一个纯物质与原子组成一个单一的善良。在药房“客气”原子的原子数来确定它,因为它的性质是决定其化学行为。目前所有原子和Z = 1 a到Z = 107是知道的;有107种化学元素。每一种化学元素起了一个名字和独特的象征。对于大多数元素都仅仅是一个象征的英文名称缩写形式,一个或两个字母组成,例如: oxygen==O nitrogen == N neon==Ne magnesium == Mg
应用化学专业英语翻译完整篇
1 Unit5元素周期表 As our picture of the atom becomes more detailed 随着我们对原子的描述越来越详尽,我们发现我们陷入了进退两难之境。有超过100多中元素要处理,我们怎么能记的住所有的信息?有一种方法就是使用元素周期表。这个周期表包含元素的所有信息。它记录了元素中所含的质子数和电子数,它能让我们算出大多数元素的同位素的中子数。它甚至有各个元素原子的电子怎么排列。最神奇的是,周期表是在人们不知道原子中存在质子、中子和电子的情况下发明的。Not long after Dalton presented his model for atom( )在道尔顿提出他的原子模型(原子是是一个不可分割的粒子,其质量决定了它的身份)不久,化学家门开始根据原子的质量将原子列表。在制定像这些元素表时候,他们观察到在元素中的格局分布。例如,人们可以清楚的看到在具体间隔的元素有着相似的性质。在当时知道的大约60种元素中,第二个和第九个表现出相似的性质,第三个和第十个,第四个和第十一个等都具有相似的性质。 In 1869,Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev,a Russian chemist, 在1869年,Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev ,一个俄罗斯的化学家,发表了他的元素周期表。Mendeleev通过考虑原子重量和元素的某些特性的周期性准备了他的周期表。这些元素的排列顺序先是按原子质量的增加,,一些情况中, Mendeleev把稍微重写的元素放在轻的那个前面.他这样做只是为了同一列中的元素能具有相似的性质.例如,他把碲(原子质量为128)防在碘(原子质量为127)前面因为碲性质上和硫磺和硒相似, 而碘和氯和溴相似. Mendeleev left a number of gaps in his table.Instead of Mendeleev在他的周期表中留下了一些空白。他非但没有将那些空白看成是缺憾,反而大胆的预测还存在着仍未被发现的元素。更进一步,他甚至预测出那些一些缺失元素的性质出来。在接下来的几年里,随着新元素的发现,里面的许多空格都被填满。这些性质也和Mendeleev所预测的极为接近。这巨大创新的预计值导致了Mendeleev的周期表为人们所接受。 It is known that properties of an element depend mainly on the number of electrons in the outermost energy level of the atoms of the element. 我们现在所知道的元素的性质主要取决于元素原子最外层能量能级的电子数。钠原子最外层能量能级(第三层)有一个电子,锂原子最外层能量能级(第二层)有一个电子。钠和锂的化学性质相似。氦原子和氖原子外层能级上是满的,这两种都是惰性气体,也就是他们不容易进行化学反应。很明显,有着相同电子结构(电子分布)的元素的不仅有着相似的化学性质,而且某些结构也表现比其他元素稳定(不那么活泼) In Mendeleev’s table,the elements were arranged by atomic weights for 在Mendeleev的表中,元素大部分是按照原子数来排列的,这个排列揭示了化学性质的周期性。因为电子数决定元素的化学性质,电子数也应该(现在也确实)决定周期表的顺序。在现代的周期表中,元素是根据原子质量来排列的。记住,这个数字表示了在元素的中性原子中的质子数和电子数。现在的周期表是按照原子数的递增排列,Mendeleev的周期表是按照原子质量的递增排列,彼此平行是由于原子量的增加。只有在一些情况下(Mendeleev注释的那样)重量和顺序不符合。因为原子质量是质子和中子质量的加和,故原子量并不完全随原子序数的增加而增加。原子序数低的原子的中子数有可能比原子序数高的原
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译
Unit 1 The RootsofChemistry I.Comprehension. 1。C 2. B3.D 4. C 5. B II。Make asentence out of each item by rearranging the wordsin brackets. 1.Thepurification of anorganic compoundis usually a matter of considerabledifficulty, and itis necessary to employ various methods for thispurpose。 2.Science is an ever-increasing body ofaccumulated and systematized knowledge and isalsoan activity bywhic hknowledge isgenerated。 3.Life,after all, is only chemistry,in fact, a small example of c hemistry observed onasingle mundane planet。 4.Peopleare made of molecules; someof themolecules in p eople are rather simple whereas othersarehighly complex。 5.Chemistry isever presentin ourlives from birth todeathbecause without chemistrythere isneither life nor death. 6.Mathematics appears to be almost as humankindand al so permeatesall aspects of human life, although manyof us are notfully awareofthis. III。Translation. 1.(a)chemicalprocess (b) natural science(c)the techni que of distillation 2.Itis theatoms that makeupiron, water,oxygen and the like/andso on/andsoforth/and otherwise. 3.Chemistry hasa very long history, infact,human a ctivity in chemistrygoes back to prerecorded times/predating recorded times. 4.According to/Fromthe evaporation ofwater,people know /realized that liquidscan turn/be/changeinto gases undercertain conditions/circumstance/environment。 5.Youmustknow the propertiesofthe materialbefore y ou use it. IV.Translation 化学是三种基础自然科学之一,另外两种是物理和生物.自从宇宙大爆炸以来,化学过程持续进行,甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。人们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果,第一步非常快,其余两步相当慢.这三步
化学专业英语翻译4
04.GROUPS IIIB—VIIIB ELEMENTS Group I-B includes the elements scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, and actinium1, and the two rare-earth series of fourteen elements each2—the lanthanide and actinide series. The principal source of these elements is the high gravity river and beach sands built up by a water-sorting process during long periods of geologic time. Monazite sand, which contains a mixture of rare earth phosphates, and an yttrium silicate in a heavy sand are now commercial sources of a number of these scarce elements. B组包括元素钪,钇,镧,和actinium1,和2稀土系列十四each2镧系和锕系元素的系列。这些元素的主要来源是重力高与海滩砂建立起来的water-sorting过程在漫长的地质年代。独居石砂,其中包含一个混合稀土磷酸盐,和一个钇硅酸盐在沉沙现在商业来源的一些这些稀有元素。 Separation of the elements is a difficult chemical operation. The solubilities of their compounds are so nearly alike that a separation by fractional crystallization is laborious and time-consuming. In recent years, ion exchange resins in high columns have proved effective. When certain acids are allowed to flow down slowly through a column containing a resin to which ions of Group III B metals are adsorbed, ions are successively released from the resin3. The resulting solution is removed from the bottom of the column or tower in bands or sections. Successive
《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译 完整版
Unit 1 Chemical Industry 化学工业 1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin‘s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). 1.化学工业的起源 尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代,我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代(才开始的)。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间,大约在1800年,并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。比如制肥皂所用的碱,棉布生产所用的漂白粉,玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。有机化学工业的开始是在十九世纪六十年代以William Henry Perkin 发现第一种合成染料—苯胺紫并加以开发利用为标志的。20世纪初,德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究,到1914年,德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。这方面所取得的成绩对德国很有帮助。特别是由于1914年第一次世界大仗的爆发,对以氮为基础的化合物的需求飞速增长。这种深刻的改变一直持续到战后(1918-1939)。 date bake to/from: 回溯到 dated: 过时的,陈旧的 stand sb. in good stead: 对。。。很有帮助
应用化学专业英语及答案
黄冈师范学院 2009—2010学年度第一学期期末试卷考试课程:专业英语考核类型:考试A卷 考试形式:闭卷出卷教师:杨一思 考试专业:化学考试班级:应用化学200601 一、Translate the following into English(20 points) 1.过滤 2.浓缩 3.结晶化 4.吸附 5. 蒸馏6.超临界的 7.二氯甲烷 8.热力学平衡 9.亲电性 10.表面张力 11.共轭的 12.酮 13.平衡常数 14.丙基 15.丁基 16.亚甲基 18.环己酮 19.同位素 20.标准熵 二、Translate the following into Chinese(20 points) 1. methyl propanoate 2. rate constant 3. ethyl methyl ketone 4. free energy 5. radical intermediate 6. isobutyl methyl ether 7. 3-chloropropene 8. primary radical 9. n-propyl bromide 10. bond energy 11. circulating electrons 12. local magnetic fields 13. tetramethylsilane 14. mass to charge ratios 15 phenylamine 16 amide 17. amine 18. nucleophile 19. perchlorate 20. carbocation 三、Translation the following into chinese (40 points) A卷【第1页共 3 页】
化工专业英语lesson4翻译资料
仅供参考 Introduction to Organic Chemistry 1. Sources of Organic Compounds The major sources of organic chemicals are coal, petroleum, and agricultural products. Both coal and petroleum were formed through the geologic processes of changing animal and plant remains into carbon-containing residues. About one-third of all organic chemicals are derived from coal and about one-half from the petroleum industry 有机化合物的来源 有机化学药品的主要来源是煤、石油和农产品。动植物的遗体通过地质作用变成含碳残基然后形成煤和石油。三分之一的所有有机化合物品是从煤中得到的,一般来自于石油工业。 2. The Methods and Objectives of Organic Chemistry Because of the tremendous number of organic compounds known, and of the many more being synthesized daily, the study of organic chemistry is not the study of individual compounds, it is the study of groups or families of compounds all closely related to each other. Obviously, the former approach would be prohibitive[prE5hibitiv]. Once the structural relationships of certain typical members of a particular group or family of compounds are understood, these structural features are understood for any one of the many members of the family, even though some may not be known compounds. 因为已知的有机化合物的数目庞大,而且还在逐日合成更多的品种,所以有机化学不是研究单个的化合物,而是把彼此密切相关的化合物按类或族来研究。显然,以前的方法是不可取的,一旦典型的一类特殊化合物被认识,这些结构特征将适用于这类化合物,甚至是一些未知的化合物, For each group or family of compounds often called homologous series of compounds, structural features are important. In studying organic chemistry, it is not enough to know the identities of the elements and how many atoms of each element are present in a given molecule. More importantly, the order in which these atoms are linked together to form
应用化学专业英语翻译(第二版)
Unit10 Nomenclature of Hydrocarbons碳氢化合物的命名 Alkanes烷烃 理想的,每一种化合物都应该由一个明确描述它的结构的名称,并且通过这一名称能够画出它的结构式。为了这一目的,全世界的化学家接受了世界纯粹与应用化学会(IUPAC)建立的一系列规则。这个系统就是IUPAC系统,或称为日内瓦系统,因为IUPAC的第一次会议是在瑞士日内瓦召开的。不含支链的烷烃的IUPAC命名包括两部分(1)表明链中碳原子数目的前缀;(2)后缀-ane,表明化合物是烷烃。用于表示1至20个碳原子的前缀见表 表中前4个前缀是由IUPAC选择的,因为它们早已在有机化学中确定了。实际上,它们甚至早在它们成为规则之下的结构理论的暗示之前,它们的地位就确定了。例如,在丁酸中出现的前缀but-,一种表示在白脱脂中存在的四个碳原子的化合物(拉丁语butyrum白脱(黄油))。表示5个或更多碳原子的词根来源于希腊或拉丁词根。 含取代基的烷烃的IUPAC名称由母体名称和取代基名称组成,母体名称代表化合物的最长碳链,取代基名称代表连接在主链上的基团。 来源于烷烃的取代基称为烷基。字母R-被广泛用来表示烷烃的存在.烷烃的命名是去掉原烷基名称中的-ane加上后缀-yl。例如,烷基CH3CH2-称为乙基。 CH3-CH3乙烷(原碳氢化合物)CH3CH2-乙基(一个烷基) 下面是IUPAC的烷烃命名规则: 1. 饱和碳氢化合物称为烷烃。 2. 对有支链的碳氢化合物,最长的碳链作为主链,IUPAC命名按此主链命名。 3. 连接在主链上的基团称为取代基。每一取代基有一名称和一数字.这一数字表示取代基连接在主链上的碳原子的位置。 4. 如果有多于一个的相同取代基,要给出表示支链位置的每个数字。而且,表示支链数目的数字由前缀di-,tri-,tetra-,penta-等表示。 5. 如果有一个取代基,主链碳原子编号从靠近支链的一端开始,使支链位号最小。如果有两个或多个取代基,支链从能使第一个取代基位次较小的一侧编号。 6. 如果有两个或多个取代基,它们按字母顺序排列。当排列取代基时,前缀iso-(异)和neo-(新)也按字母排列,前缀sec-(仲)和tert-(特)在字母排列中忽略 此外,按字母排列取代基时,表示倍数的前缀2,3,4等也被忽略。 Alkenes烯烃 烷烃的碳原子间只有单键。烯烃在两个碳原子间有双键(两个键)。考虑到两个碳原子间以双键相连。因为双键用去了两个碳原子的共4个电子。所以只剩下4个电子以供成
应用化学专业英语翻译
10级应用化学(2)班郑禄春 B2010063224 Lessen 24 ChemicalReactions Conservation of mass and energy(质量与能量守恒) Two conservation laws(定律) applyto allchemical reactions: E nergy can neither be created nor destroyed, andmattercanneither be created nor destroyed. Thus the atoms taking part in a chemical reaction may be rearranged, but all the atoms present in the reactan ts must also be present in the products, and the totalmass of the reactants must equal thetotalmass ofthe products. 化学反应 质量守恒和能量守恒 两个守恒定律(定律)适用于所有的化学反应:能量既不能创造也不能消灭,物质也不能创造也不能消灭。因此原子参与化学反应可能重新安排,但所有的原子出现在反应物必须包含在产品,反应物的总质量必须等于生产物的总质量。 What is a chemical reaction? A chemicalreaction occurs when substances (the reactants) collide (碰撞)with enough energy torearrange to form different c ompounds (the products). The change in energy that occurs when a reaction take place is described by thermodynamics(热力学)andt he rate or speed at which a reactionoccursis described by kinetics (动力学) . Reactions in which the reactantsand productscoexist are considered to be in equilibrium(处于平衡). A chemical equation consists of the chemical formula(化学式)of the rea ctants, and the chemical formula of the products. The twoare separated byan → usually read as“yields”andeach chemical formula is separated from others by a plus sign (加号). Sometime s a triangle is drawn over the arrow symbol todenote energy must be addedto the substances for the reaction to begin. Each chemical formula may be preceded by a scalar(数量的) coefficientindicating the proportion (比例) of that substance necessary to produce the reaction in formula. Forinstance, theformula for the burning of methane(CH4 + 2O2 →CO2 + 2H2O) indicates that twice as much O2 as CH4 is needed, and when they react, twiceas much H2O as CO2 will be produced. This is because during the reaction,each atom of carbon needs exactly two atoms of oxygen to combine with, to produce the CO2, and every twoatoms of hydrogen need an atom of oxygen tocombine withto produce theH2O. If the proportions of the reactantsare not respected, when they are forced toreact, either not all ofthe substance used willparticipate in the re action, or the reaction that will take place willbe different from the one notedin the equation.. 什么是化学反应 一个化学反应发生在物质(反应物)碰撞有足够的能量去重新排列,形成不同的化合物(产品)。当反应发
化工专业英语课文翻译
Unit 5 Basic Chemicals 基本化学品 我们将化学工业部门分成两类,生产量较大的部门和产量较低的部门。在产量高的部门中,各种化学品的年产量达上万吨至几十万吨。结果这样所用的工厂专门生产某一个单个产品。这些工厂的连续方式进行操作,自动化程度高(计算机控制)归类于产量高的部门有硫酸,含磷化合物,含氮化合物,氯碱及其相关化合物,加上石油化学品和商品聚合物(如聚乙烯)(生产部门)。除商品聚合物外,其它的均为重要的中间体,或基本化学品。这些基本化学品是其他许多化学品的生产原料,其他许多基本化学品的需求量很大。 相反,产量低的部门主要从事精细化学品的生产。单个化学品的年产量只有几十吨到几千吨。然而,与高产量的产品相比,这些产品单位重量具有很高的价值。通常,精细化斜坡的生产与间歇方式操作在工厂中,而且这些工厂常进行多种产品的生产。低产量生产部门生产农用化学品,染料,药品和特种聚合物(如聚醚醚酮)。 基础化学品在化学工业中得不到支持,它们不那么引人注意(如药品),有时候利润不很高。其利润来自于经济盛衰时难以预测的周期。 这些基本化学品不被公众注意到和直接使用,因此其重要性常得不到理解。即使在化学工业中,其重要性也得不到足够的重视。然而,如果没有这些基本化学品,其他工业就不复存在。 基本化学品处于原料(及那些从地下通过采矿、开采或用泵抽出来的物质)和最终产品的中间位置。 基本化学品的一个显著的特征就是它们的生产规模,每一种(基本化学品)的生产规模都相当大。图2-1表示在1993 年美国市场上的25 中化学品。(为了使我们了解化学品的分类与生产量有关。)通常,基本化学品生产于那些年产量上万吨的工厂。年产量10 万吨的工厂每小时要生产1.25 吨。基本化学品的另一显著重要的特征是其价格。大多数价格相当便宜。 基本化学品工业所作的工作(或任务)是找到经济的途径将原来转变为有用的中间体。生产厂家要对它们的产品收取较高的价格几乎没有余地,因此,那些最低费用生产产品的厂家可能获得的利润最高。这就意味着,厂家就必须不断准备寻求新的,更经济的生产和转变原料的方法。 许多基本化学品为石油精炼的产物,而部分基本化学品工业----硫、氮、磷和氯碱工业是把除C 和H、S 外的元素转变为化学品。总之,这些产品和石化工业的基本产物两者结合起来可生产无数重要的化学物质,这些重要的化学物质可作为其余化学工业的原料。 基本化学工业现在面临着其历史上中最大的挑战之一,该工业中的产品消费部门---农业以停止增长。同时大大减小了对肥料的需求。西方的农场主生产了大多的食物,政府减小了对农业部门的津贴,结果导致了更少的土地用于耕种和所需的肥料减少。过量肥料的流失而引起的环境的关注也减少了对肥料的需求。 诸如含氯化合物之类的产品,已收到了来自环境学家的压力。根据《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔白皮书》,一些产品将受到禁止。而其它的物质,可以受得住环境学家的压力。基本化学品工业再也不会依靠在需求量方面的长期增长。 为了实现更好的规模经济和某一特殊产品更好的市场地位,厂家相互交换工厂(车间),该工业注重不断合并联合。这使从事某一工业的人员减少,使该工业达到更好的供需平衡和更好的利润。基本化学品工业正逐渐转向为其他化学工业服务,而越来越小地为农业服务。 基本化学品受到的压力是许多大规模过程引起的(觉察得到的)较大的环境污染。尽管许多大厂家的生产效率较高,但是该工业要实现最好的环境标准还有很长的路要走。增加重复利用的驱动力和理想化的无排放的工厂,是影响接下来十年该工业发展的主要因素。 技术的进步不会停止,我们将日益重视无污染的工厂和过程。厂家将在效率上展开竞争。那些能以最低的成本生产最高质量产品的厂家将繁荣昌盛。这需要厂家在技术改进方面保持投资。基本化学品的合成有用的中间体的新颖方法将不断被人们发现。在基本化学品工业中,仍然还有许多工作有待去做。 Unit 8 Petroleum Processing P79 Para.2 The processes used include various cracking units (which make small molecules from large ones), polymerization, reforming, hydrocracking, hydrotreating, isomerization, severe processing known as coking, and literally dozens of other processes designed to alter boiling point and molecular geometry. 翻译:所用工艺包括各种裂解单元操作(可以把大分子变成小分子),聚合、重整、加氢裂解、加氢处理、
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版(课后答案和课文翻译)
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版(课后答案和课文翻译)
Unit 1 The Roots of Chemistry I. Comprehension. 1.C 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. B II. Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets. 1. The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerable difficulty, and it is necessary to employ various methods for this purpose. 2. Science is an ever-increasing body of accumulated and systematized knowledge and is also an activity by which knowledge is generated. 3. Life, after all, is only chemistry, in fact, a small example of chemistry observed on a single mundane planet. 4. People are made of molecules; some of the molecules in people are rather simple whereas others are highly complex. 5. Chemistry is ever present in our lives from birth to death because without chemistry there is neither life nor death. 6. Mathematics appears to be almost as humankind and also permeates all aspects of human life, although many of us are not fully aware of this. III. Translation. 1. (a) chemical process (b) natural science (c) the technique of distillation 2. It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the like/and so on/and so forth/and otherwise. 3. Chemistry has a very long history, in fact, human activity in chemistry goes back to prerecorded times/predating recorded times. 4. According to/From the evaporation of water, people know/realized that liquids can turn/be/change into gases under certain conditions/circumstance/environment. 5. You must know the properties of the material before you use it. IV . Translation 化学是三种基础自然科学之一,另外两种是物理和生物。自从宇宙大爆炸以 来,化学过程持续进行,甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。人 们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果,第一步非常快,其余两步相当慢。这三 步是:(I )物理进化(化学元素的产生),(II )化学进化(分子和生物分子的 形成);和(III )生物进化(有机物的形成和发展)。 V . Solution: (1)The relative mass of 1H and 12C atoms can be calculated from their absolute masses in grams. 1 24 1223H 1.6735100.083986C 1.992610--?==?