英文法律案例研读心的

《英美法案例研读》法律出版社，何主宇编著2007年12月

案例的基本结构：

1----判例的名称或抬头case name or caption

2---案例编号case number or citation

3--判例总结syllabus or prefatory statement

4----分类标题及法律摘要topics and head notes

5--钥匙序号和定位数字key number and location number

6---代理律师的姓名names of the attorney who represented the parties

7---主审法官presiding judges

8----法庭判决意见the opinion begins

普通法判例的结构和顺序

1 案件的起诉和上诉历史discussion of the procedural posture of the case

2 事实概要summary of the case

3 待决法律争议legal issues before the court

4 法庭判决结果court's decision/holding in the case

5 判决理由court's reasoning

6 判决产生的法律规则rule emerging from the decision

7 后续诉讼程序指示procedural decision

8 另类判决理由concurring /dissenting opinion or both

原告的诉求被驳回dismissed 诉讼送达被认定无效quashed 申请被拒绝denied 法院撤销已有判决vacated 上诉法院维持下级法院的判决affirmed ,上级法院推翻下级法院的判决reversed 上诉案件被发回原审法院继续审理remanded 具有强制力的法律依据mandatory authority

多数法官的意见majority opinion 同意多数法官意见，但有不同理由的称为concurring opinion 反对的dissenting opinion

学习案例的有效的六个步骤：

一总结并研究所有重要相关事实（relevant and determinative facts)

界定具体法律争议（defining the legal issue)

为法律争议的正反双方提出所有可能的辩护（formulating arguments for both sides of the legal issue)

分析和比较所有法官的意见（analyzing both both majority and dissenting opinions of the court)

评估所学判例的具体适用对象和范围（evaluating the impact of the court's decisions) 解决所有法律英语语言方面的难点和疑问

怎样研读案例的事实部分--------- 发生了什么what happened -------有谁涉案who are the people/organizations /companies involved?------涉案人的行为动机为何what motives of the people involved--------------如为上诉案件，原审法院如何认定争议事实how did the lower courts find for the case ----------------哪些属于关键事实which facts are the material/key facts-----哪些属于辅助事实which facts are supportive but non-determinative 哪些事实缺失但你认为对断案有帮助which facts don't you have but you would like to have ----法庭在描述关键事实时都选择使用了什么样的词汇和语句，你理解吗how did court describe the key facts

如何彻底理解法庭在描述关键事实时所使用的词汇和语句：找出并列出案件中所有和关键事实有关的用词-----查找权威词典找出关键用词的所有同义词和类似表达----------比照同义词和类似表达对关键事实用词进行分析：如，案件涉及到卡车truck 和自行车bicycle相撞，而法庭却频繁使用车辆vehicle 来指代卡车，就必须加以分析。名词有抽象名词和具体名词，抽象名词会对事实起到弱化的作用，而具体名词会对事实起到强化作用，再加上感知的形容词，强化作用更强。同样的，动词也有具体动作的动词和抽象动作的动词。具体动词强到相关的事实，而抽象动词弱化相关的事实。名词化的动词也会弱化事实。

法庭对于语句的使用----被动句一般弱化动作的发出者，主动句更具有说服力-----单句用来陈述重要的事实----从句可以使事实陈述更显逻辑性

如何界定具体法律争议---------可以通过回答四个问题达到这个目的：1 who was the actor (who did sth ) 2 who was the recipient of the action (to whom was it done ) 3 what was the action that caused the controversy (what was done ) 4 what law or specific part of the constitution/statute is involved )

为诉讼双方提出所有可能的辩护-----明确诉讼双方的价值观和诉讼目的，以法律体现的立法者意志来衡量。

分析和比较所有法官的意见-----

法律英语词典----black's law dictionary -----------www. https://www.360docs.net/doc/2219396012.html,

英美判例的引文-----言之有理---理reason---言之有据---据authority

一级依据---primary authority/primary sources 英美法系承认判例有binding force 大陆法系不承认

宪法引用格式美国宪法+第几条+第几款+第几项

u.S.const.+artI+§9,+cl.3

立法法律引用格式法律名称+美国法典第几卷+第几章第几款+出版日期

行政法的引用格式第几篇+行政法的缩写+第几条第几款+出版日期

已经生效的判决被推翻--overruled 或被限制be restricted 或被分类be distinguished

美国法院是双轨制----联邦和州法院都分为三级

联邦最高法院u.S state supreme court ---联邦上诉法院或联邦巡回法院u.S state courts of appeals /u.S circuit courts------{1 联邦地方法院u.S district courts {2 联邦专属法院{(1)联邦国际贸易法院 {(2)联邦破产法院

{(3)联邦知识产权法院

联邦国际贸易法院---u.S court of international trade

联邦破产法院-------u.S bankruptcy court

联邦知识产权法院-----u.S court of intellectual property

美国法院判例汇编缩写---美国判例汇编 u.S

---最高法院判例汇编 s.ct.(supreme court reporter)

----美国判例汇编律师版L.Ed(lawyers edition)

Charge sb with some crime 指控某人犯有某罪

Possession of narcotics 拥有毒品

Running through a red light 闯红灯

Civil dispute 民事纠纷

Person /property 人身/财产

Civil liability for the accident 交通事故的民事责任

Damage :损害 damages :可用金钱量化的损害赔偿 damages 的种类：1actual damages 实际损失;2 compensatory damages 补偿性损失3 consequential damages 间接损失赔偿;4 direct damages 直接损失赔偿;5 exemplary damages or punitive damages惩罚性赔偿 ;6incidental damages附带损失赔偿 ;7liquidated damages已定赔偿、约定赔偿 ;8 un-liquidated damages数额待定赔偿 ;9 pecuniary damages金钱赔偿、可用金钱赔付的损害赔偿 ;10 speculative damages臆测损失赔偿、难以确定的损失赔偿; 11 statutory damages法定赔偿 .

Joint and several liability 共同连带责任

The person who has been wronged 受害人

Retainer 律师聘请协议、律师服务费押金（或保证金）

Enter 向法院正式提出enter an appearance 向法院递交出庭通知书

Attorney of record （经法庭记录在案的可代理当事人出庭的）代理律师

Withdraw 终止代理

案情摘要1

Gipson suffered grave injury as a result of the crash .From whom could he ask for damages?And who was liable for the accident ?Was sawyer at fault ?Was each of them jointly and severally liable ?Gipson hired attorney adrian neff to represent him .Once gipson signed a retainer ,neff would enter an appearance and become gipson's attorney of record.

案情摘要2

Neff ,the attorney ,then explained that some factors should be considered before deciding on the forum. Gipson might be able to sue in several places :(a)in the state trial court where gipson lives ,(b) in the state trial court where Tord lives,(c) in the state trial court where Sawyer's estate is located (d) in the federal district court sitting in Gipson's state (e）in the federal district court sitting in Tord's state, or (f) in the federal district court sitting in the state where Sawyer's estate is located . The reason Gipson could sue in a federal district court was the existence of diversity of citizenship .Neff suggested that Gipson sue in a federal court .The suit would be brought in the U.S.District court sitting in Gipson's own state since this would be the most convenient venue for Gipson .

Forum ---有管辖权的法院申诉----petition

1 Forum actus --行为地法院

2 forum contractus----签约地法院

3 forum domicilii----住所地法院

4 forum conveniens--方便法院

5 forum non conveniens--不方便法院（如拒绝行使管辖权decline jurisdiction)

6 forum shopping ---法院选择(辖区jurisdiction)

Estate ----遗产、遗产法人

Will---遗嘱

Diversity of citizenship 州籍多样性

Enue---审判地、适审地

对人和対事管辖权----personal and subject matter jurisdiction

主要被告的居住地--residence of a principal defendant

合同签约或履行地---where a contract was executed or performed

事故发生地---where an accident took place

案情摘要3

Having decided on a court ,neff started preparation for the incoming suit:he drafted a complaint ,the first pleading of the case ,naming Gipson as the plaintiff (原告）and stating a cause of action in tort for negligence against Tord and Sawyer's estate as codefendants(共同被告）。After this issue of law ,neff then summarized and submitted several issues of fact that he felt could establish a cause of action for negligence .Some of the allegations were based upon personal knowledge of Gipson ,while others were based upon information and belief .The ad damnum clause of the complaint demanded $100,000.00 in damages .Finally ,he attached a written demand for a injury trial to the complaint and filed (正式提交） both documents with the court.

Complaint ---起诉状

Pleading document ----诉讼文件

Grounds------理由

Relief----司法救济

Pleading ----诉辩行为

Court proceeding --------法庭诉讼程序、过程

Defenses---答辩理由

Particular form and format ---特定的表格和样式

Pro se party ----自辩当事人

Fact pleading ----事实性诉辩（侧重于讲明基本事实）

Notice pleading --通知性诉辩（侧重于告知对方自己的诉求）

Action---诉讼

Proceedings----诉讼文书和行为

Cause of action ----诉由、诉求

Judicial relief----司法救济or remedy

Legal claim----一般诉求

Invasion of privacy ----侵犯隐私

Slander----口头诽谤

Malpractice----专业人员的不当执业

Intensional infliction of emotional distress---故意造成精神损害

Unjust enrichment----不当得利

Quantum meruit ---合理补偿

Tort---侵权

Private or civil wrong or injury---民事过错或伤害

Omission----不作为

Commission ---作为

1 gross negligence ---重大过失、严重过失

2 negligence per se ---明显过失、法定过失

Legal duty of an aggravated character----性质严重的法律责任

Municipal ordinance ----市政条例

Dictate---要求、命令

Issue of law --法律争议

Legal points in contention ---法律争议、待决法律问题

Matter of law---法律问题

Burden of production---举证责任

Verdict is returned ---陪审团已作出裁决

Demurrer---法律抗辩

Filing a formal answer ---提交正式答辩状

Warranting trial ---必须开庭加以审理

Issue of fact ----事实争议

The province of jury ----陪审团的职权范围

Material allegation ---主要事实主张

answer ----答辩状

Matter of fact----事实问题

Established fact---确证的事实、法庭接受的事实

On information and belief ---虽非亲眼所见、亲耳所闻，但确信它的真实性Ad damnum ---损害赔偿要求

Jury trial----陪审团审理

Grand jury---大陪审团

Hear the evidence adduced on the part of the state --听审由政府提交的证据Indictment----公诉、公诉书

Probable cause does not exist---立案理由不充分

Accusatory body---检控机构

Hung jury----陷入僵局的陪审团

Jury size---陪审团人数

Constitutional infirmity or deficiency--违宪、不合宪法规定

Deliberation---陪审团审议、考量

Mistrial of the case ----案件审理失败

Great notoriety ----极具社会知名度

Sequestration of jury ---隔离陪审团（be isolated from the public)

While trial not in session --当休庭时

For the duration of the trial ---在整个案件的审理过程中

Tampering--幕后操作、认为干扰

in the custody of the court ---由法院管控

Petit jury----普通陪审团

案情摘要4

The next proceeding is service of process. It was achieved when a copy of the complaint and summons was served on both Tord and the legal representatives of Sawyer's estate .Neff did not serve (向。。。送达）these parties himself ;he retained a process server who ,after serving the defendants ,filed an affidavit of service with the court indicating the circumstances under which the service was accomplished .Service was made before the statute of limitations. Once the defendants were properly served ,the court acquired in personam jurisdiction over them . In the pre-trial proceedings that ensued (接着进行），Tord filed a motion to dismiss ,claiming Gipson 's failure to state a cause of action. The court denied the motion.

Service of process----诉讼送达（程序）

亲自送达---personal delivery

传票-----subpoena

Constructive service of process----推定送达

Personal service ----亲自送达、实际送达

Service by publication -----公告送达

Substituted service ----替代送达

Summons----传唤、传票

Appear ---出庭

Process server----送达执行人

法警-----deputy sheriff\court marshal

法警部门-----sheriff's department

联邦法警----US Marshal

Affidavit-----书面宣誓证词

Affiant-----誓证人

主持宣誓、监誓------take oaths

Subscribe----在。。。。。。上签名

Affirmant ---自证证人

Affirm-----自我誓证

Aver---确认、确证

Depose ----口头宣誓作证

In like manner ----以同样的方式

Attestation----宣誓、确认

In conscience -----一定、肯定、从良心上

Imprecation-----发誓诅咒

Swear----宣誓、发誓

Pleading ---主张、诉求

Verify----宣誓证明、郑重证明

Statute of limitation----诉讼时效

杀人---homicide

Import a verity ----表明真实性

Sanctity----神圣

Minor ---未成年人

Criminal charge ----刑事指控

Laches----因疏忽而丧失诉权、非立法规定的诉讼时效

Equity---衡平法

Operate as bar ----造成不能提起诉讼

Operate to the prejudice of defendant ---给被告造成损害或不利影响

Jurisdiction---管辖权、司法管辖区

Issue---争议焦点

Hear and determine a judicial proceeding ---听审并裁定一起司法诉讼

Has cognizance of --对。。。有审理权

In personam jurisdiction or personal jurisdiction---属人管辖权

In personam judgement ----对人判决

In rem jurisdiction ----对物管辖权

Dispose---处置

An action over thing ----对物提起的诉讼

Quasi in rem jurisdiction----准对物管辖权

Absent---不在法院管辖区

Within the jurisdiction of the court----在法院辖区

Submit to the court's jurisdiction---接受法院管辖

Subject matter of the action----诉因、诉由、诉讼标的

Connection involving minimum contact----有最低联系的关联

Territorial jurisdiction---地域管辖

Jurisdiction by submission---服从管辖

Jurisdiction by agreement----协议管辖

Concurrent jurisdiction---共同管辖

Exclusive jurisdiction ----排他管辖、独有管辖

Court to be seized ----受诉法院

Governing law clauses---法律选择条款

Jurisdiction clauses----管辖权选择条款

Subject matter jurisdiction ---対事管辖权、诉因管辖权

Federal question jurisdiction ----联邦法律专属管辖权

Acts of congress----国会立法

Treaties---国际条约

Diversity jurisdiction ---州籍多样管辖权

Entertain----受理

Universal jurisdiction ----国际法上的普遍管辖权

Long arm jurisdiction----越境管辖权、长臂管辖权

Forum state---法院地州

Offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice--违反传统的程序公平和实体正义的理念

Pre-trial proceeding ---审前程序

Called at the discretion of the court----由法庭主持召开的

Stipulations as to matters-----约定无争议事实

Motion---动议、请求

Rule or order---裁决或命令

On notice ----事先通知相关各方

Without notice ---无需事先通知

Ex parte motion ----单方面动议、无需给对方事先通知的动议

Consent motion---原被告双方共同提出的动议

Motion to dismiss ----请求驳回起诉的动议

Prosecution--- 检控方

Chamber----法官办公室

Motion for judgement on the pleadings----请求法庭依诉讼文书做出判决

Payer for relief ----司法救济请求、赔付请求

General appearance---全面到庭应诉

Motion for summary judgement---速决动议

No genuine issue of material fact can be in dispute--关键事实无争议

Dispositive motion---如被批准即可终结诉讼的动议

Motion in limine ---请求预先排除有关证据

Be more prejudicial than probative---证据的负面影响大于其证明效力

Motion for a directed verdict----请求法院以原告举证失败为由判其败诉

Rested its case ---完成庭上陈述、举证完毕

Motion for judgement notwithstanding the verdict--请求法庭推翻陪审团裁决并作出相反的判决

Motion for new trial ----请求法庭原案再审

Lodging of an appeal---提起上诉

Motion to set aside judgement ---请求撤销原判决

Vacate or nullify---撤销

Motion to compel ----请求法庭强迫对方给予配合

Failure to state a cause of action---无法定诉由

Failure of proof----举证失败、证据不足

Alleged facts---事实依据

案情摘要5

Because the suit had been brought in a federal court ,the governing procedural law would be found in the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure(美国联邦民事诉讼程序规则，简称Fed .R. Civil P),which provides Defendant with two kinds of response :pre-answer motion or answer .If without a pre-answer motion ,Tord and Sawyer’s estate must file an answer to Gipson’s complaint within twenty days ,according to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure .Tord filed his answer almost immediately .Since Sawyer was dead and unable to communicate with his attorney about the accident ,the attorney for the estate had a number of difficulties in drafting and filing an answer within twenty days .To avoid a default judgment against the estate ,the attorney filed a motion asking for an extension of thirty days .

Procedural law –程序法

Judgment on merit –实体法判决，完全判决

Default –缺席判决

Dismissal without prejudice –程序法判决，非终局性驳回

Without prejudice ---无既判力的，非终局性的，可再起诉的

Res judicata ---既判力。终局性。禁止重复诉讼

With prejudice –具有既判力的，不可再诉的，终局的

Judgment of dismissal –驳回起诉的判决

案情摘要6

Affirmative defense积极抗辩，新事实抗辩

Contributory negligence 共同过失

Comparative negligence 相对过失，比较过失

Strict liability 严格责任

Absolute liability 绝对责任

Cross claim 共同被告之间的交互诉讼请求

Counterclaim 反诉（而原告对被告的反诉做出的答辩称为reply，）（原告诉状complaint，被告答辩称为answer）

Preponderance of evidence 比较优势证据，优势证据标准

Give 。。。leave 。。给。。。许可

Lack of jurisdiction 法院无管辖权

Statute of limitations or laches 诉讼时效

Assumption of risk 甘冒风险

Duress 胁迫 estoppel 禁止反言（或不得翻供）

Reasonable reliance 合理信赖

Consent 同意

Force majeure 不可抗力

Novation 合同更新

Accord and satisfaction 和解并清偿抵偿

Arbitration and award ，discharge in bankruptcy 因破产而免除

Failure of consideration 缺失合同所需对价

Fraud 欺诈

Illegality 非法

License 合法授权

Payment 已支付

Res judicata既判力，一事不二审

Statute of frauds 不符合防欺诈法要求

Waiver 放弃，弃权

Release 免责免除

Contractual provision 合同约定

Merger doctrine融合原则

Insanity精神失常

Necessity 紧急避险

Self-defense 正当防卫

Act or omission 作为或不作为

Want of 缺失

A hazardous or defective products 危险或瑕疵产品

Concept of strict liability in tort 侵权法中的严格责任概念

Invoke 援引----to invoke this doctrine 为了援引这个原则

Accused 被控方，

Due diligence 克尽勤勉

Retaliatory 报复性诉讼请求

案情摘要7

Discovery ---审前证据开示程序、证据发掘

Interrogatory ---书面质证,书面问卷

Deposition---庭外口头质询，当面质询

Court reporter 法庭书记员

Contested issues 争议事项

Established fact---既定事实，无争议事实

Stipulated fact—约定事实，无争议事实

Request for production ---请求出示证据以供检查

Request for examination---请求做身体或精神检查

Order-法庭或法官的命令

Hearing—听证会

Adversary hearing-双方听证会

Ex parte hearing—单方听证会

Summary judgment---建议判决

Genuine issues –真实争议

Material fact –重要相关事实

Bench trial –单一法官审理。无陪审团审理

Panel trial ---集体审判

Trial de novo 重新全面审理

Trial en banc 所有法官参加的审理

Trial on merits –对实体问题的审理

案情摘要8

Magistrate ---助理审判员

Pretrial conference –审前预备会议

Tangible evidence—有形证据，具体证据

Discretion—自由裁量权

Expediting the disposition of the case –加速结案

Brief—上诉用的法律意见书

Practicing attorney –执业律师

Lifetime tenure—终生职位

Joint ballot –联合选举，联合投票

Power to declare a law unconstitutional –有权宣布某项法律违宪Contempt of court 有权惩处藐视法庭的行为