【良心出品】Summary的写作技巧和常见句型

【良心出品】Summary的写作技巧和常见句型
【良心出品】Summary的写作技巧和常见句型

Summary的写作技巧和常见句型

一、概括原文

(一)阅读

1.读懂文章

读文章的时候,要养成良好的阅读习惯,划划写写,英文阅读的时候,用铅笔轻轻划出重点词汇。

认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解,就多读两遍。阅读次数越多,你对原文的理解就越深刻。

2.拆分文章

按照作者的思路,把文章分段,每个段落用几个词,几个短语概括。尽量简短,精炼。

段落中心句,在段落的开头或末尾。有时也会变态的在当中。

3.概括主旨

写出文章的thesis, 一句话概括文章的主旨。

(二)基本结构和技巧

1.重新拟定标题

给summary起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。

2.阐述观点

摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。写概述的时候,如果能够明确是他人写作的文章,注意要把作者的名字放在第一句(或者是the author…….)。接着写出要阐述的main ideas(主要观点)和supporting points(对主要观点的支持)。

3.词汇运用

注意概述的coherence(连贯性),运用好transition words(过渡词), like however, furthermore, nonetheless, besides, therefore etc.

4.删除细节

只保留主要观点。

5.选择一至两个有代表性的例子

原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子,你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。

6.把长句变成短句,把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。

“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”

可以概括为:“He was in financial difficulties.”

“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”

可以概括为:”He was very brave in battle.”

“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”

可以概括为:“He was in financial difficulties.”

6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子:

“Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.”

可以概括为:”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.”

7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词,比如:

“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”

可以概括为:”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”

8)使用最短的连接词。比如,可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though,不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常,使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。

9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称,从而把大段的对白简化,比如:Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul —it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful… like eating cardboard or sand… just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.”

可以用第三人称概括为:

Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul’s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Pa ul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.

7.注意问题

(1)避免重复

在原文中,为了强调某个主题,可能会重复论证说明。但是这在summary中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。

(2)不要把自己的观点强行添加给作者

(3)概述长度不要超过原文章的1/4

(4)不要过多照搬原作者的用词,用句

(尽可能用自己的话来写,但不排斥用原文的某些词句)。

(5)最后检查一遍,确保文中没有语病,没有语法错误和拼写错误。

二、论文摘要

摘要的基本结构和内容因为摘要本质上就是一篇高度浓缩的论文,所以其构成与论文主体的结构是对应的。因此,摘要应包括以下内容梗概:(1)目的:研究工作的前提、目的和任务, 所涉及的主题范围;(2)方法:所用的理论、条件、手段等;(3)结果(4)结果的分析、比较、评价、应用,提出的问题,今后的课题, 假设、启发、建议、预测等;(5)其他:不属于研究、研制、调查的主要目的,但具有重要的信息价值。

(一)引言部分

1.回顾研究背景

常用词汇有:review, summarize, present, outline, describe等。

This paper outlines some of the basic discusses about…….

2.阐明写作或研究目的

常用词汇有:purpose, attempt, aim等。另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的状语来表达。例如:To investigate the mechanism of…….

3.介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围

常用的词汇有:study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等。

Here we study the…….

This article includes a brief review of………

(二)方法部分

1.介绍研究过程

常用词汇有:test, study, investigate, examine, experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等。We present an analysis of …….

2.说明研究或试验方法

常用词汇有:measure, estimate, calculate等。

We have developed a……model to estimate ……..

This study presents estimates of……..

(三)结果部分

1.展示研究结果

常用词汇有:show, result, present等。

We show this cell death to be dependent upon……

Our results suggest that……

2.介绍结论

常用词汇有:summary, introduce, conclude等。

By m eans of a series of examples, we conclude that……

(四)讨论部分

1.陈述论文的论点和作者的观点

常用词汇有:suggest, report, present, explain, expect, describe等。

The results suggest that……

In this study, we describe …….

2.阐明论证

常用词汇有:support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等。

3.推荐和建议

常用词汇有:suggest, suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose, necessity, necessary, expect等。

SUMMARY的最常见格式是总分总.开头笼统的介绍以下,给读者一个大概的概念,然后分段总结这个你好总结的东东的各个方面.关键看你要写多少字,概括的是什么,再决定中间这部分是分小段还是一大段内,分开概括.最后就是总结了.有的时候你会感觉总结和开篇介绍很相似,确实是这样,但是总结只是更近一步的对这个事物进行了概括.这个时候,读者就应该对你所总结的事物有一种整体上的认识了.

一段好的摘要必须包括main idea和supporting details。main idea说明文章的主旨,作者主要诉说的故事是关于什么?supporting details则帮助发展或说明主题。

如何写英文摘要

概述

文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。

通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数,包括摘要部分不超过1万字。而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。因此,写摘要时,应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。

国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等,一般为200字-500字。而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面,内容上涵盖

全文,并直接点明全旨。语言上要求尽量简炼。摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。

科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要,这样可以节省读者的时间,使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。书籍摘要,一般放在封二或封三;论文和学术报告的摘要,一般放在正文前面。摘要应做到简明扼要,切题,能独立成文,使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。写摘要时,最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句,文长一般不超过200个词。

摘要分陈述性的(Descriptive)和资料性的(Informational)两类。陈述性摘要只陈述书籍或文章的主题,不介绍内容。资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外,还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。

它可以包括三个组成部分

①点明主题,解析文章或书籍的目的或意图;

②介绍主要内容,使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌;

③提出结论或建议,以供读者参考。

二、常见句型

1)This paper deals with..

2)This article focuses on the topics of (that, having, etc).

3)This essay presents knowledge that...

4)This thesis discusses...

5)This thesis analyzes...

6)This paper provides an overview of...

7)This paper elaborates on ..

8)This article gives an overview of...

9)This article compares...and summarizes key findings.

10)This paper includes discussions concerning...

11)This paper presents up

12)This article covers the role of chemicals in...

13)This paper addresses important topics including...

14)This paper touches upon...

15)This paper strongly emphasizes..

16)This essay represents the proceedings of .

17)This article not only describes...but also suggests...

18)This paper considers...

19)This paper provides a method of ...

20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...

21)This paper offers the latest information regarding...

22)This paper is devoted to examining the role of...

23)This article explores...

24)This paper expresses views on...

25)This paper reflects the state of the art in...

26)This paper explains the procedures for...?

27)This paper develops the theory of ..

28)This article reviews the techniques used in...

29)This paper investigates the techniques and procedures to...

30)This article is about...

31)This essay is related to ...

32)This paper concerns...

33)This paper gives an account of ...

34)This article tells of...

35)This paper tries to describe...

36)This paper provides an analysis of ...

37)This paper reports the latest information on ..

38)The author of this article reviews..

39)The writer of this paper discusses...

40)The writer of this essay tries to explore...

41)The aim of this paper is to determine..

42)The purpose of this article is to review...

43)The objective of this paper is to explore...

破题用语,一般有:

①The author of this article reviews (or: discusses, describes, summarizes, examines) something…

②This article has been prepared (or: designed, written )….

③The purpose of this article is to determine something….

④The problem of something is discussed …….

结论和建议,一般有以下几种写法:

①The author suggests (recommends, concludes)that……

②This article shows that….

③It is suggested that…….

④The author's suggestion (or: conclusion )is that …

⑤The author finds it necessary to ….

史上最全雅思写作逻辑连接词

史上最全雅思写作逻辑连接词 这是自己备考雅思过程中总结的,也附带了一些常用词组与句式。其中不少是从英文原著中总结的地道表达,比如《Justice,whats the right thing todo》。尤其是逻辑连接词,掌握后,就达到了“独上高楼,望尽天涯路”的境界,哈哈,之后就用起来随心所欲不逾矩了.一起来看看史上最全雅思写作逻辑连接词吧! 史上最全雅思写作逻辑连接词 因为雅思作文重在论述,论述重在逻辑,逻辑的表现就是逻辑连接词。灵活而不重样地使用这些词汇,即代表着语法的游刃有余,也代表着逻辑的清晰明了。 ______ART 1逻辑连接词_____ _ ##1.1 让步### 1. Despite+n/ving = in spite of 尽管. (不能加句子) Despite the fact that + 句子(太累赘) Despite myself, …情不自禁地… Her words were so satirical(讽刺的)that I lost my temper in spite ofmyself。 2. Although(更书面)= though(更口语) =even if (即使,更偏假设性)=eventhough(虽然,更偏事实性)+句子 注:不能与but连用。

Devoted though we are to prosperity and freedom, we cannot shakeoff the judgmental strand of justice.用倒装 3. No matter how/what/who等= 疑问句+ever No matter who/Whoever you are, you must keep the law. 注意:疑问句+ever 可以引导名词性从句 Whoever(≠no matter who)comes will be welcome. 4. …, as long as… You can do what you want, as long as you like. 5. 名词/表语/动词+ as(though)倒装,。。。,表“纵使” Object as/though you may, I’ll go。 Small as atoms are, they are made up of still smaller units。Lover of towns as I am, I realize that I owe a debt to my earlycountry life. 6. Whether…or…正反两方面,。。。表“不论。。。与否”Whether you believe it or not, its true. Youll have to attend the ceremony whether youre free or busy. 7. Notwithstanding +sth尽管 But notwithstanding its ancient lineage, it is open to thefollowing challenge. 8. albeit 虽然即使 You are to be given one method of communication with your rival,albeit indirect communication.

怎么写摘要(summary)

怎么写SUMMARY摘要(summary)是一种对原始文献(或文章)的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文.它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的,不加主观评论和解释,但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容.摘要写作(summary writing)是一种控制性的作文形式,它能使学生通过阅读原文,吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处,写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文.另外,对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助,有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到,事无巨细,一一罗列的不良倾向.这种写作既要准确理解原文,又要能综合概括;既能培养欣赏能力,又能训练书面表达能力.因此,用英文写摘要,对学习英语写作的学生来说,不失为一种切合实际的方法. 下面谈谈怎么写好英文摘要. 1)细读原文.首先要仔细阅读全篇作品,然后对作品进行整体分析,掌握原文总的意思和结构,明确全文的主题(the maintheme)和各段的段落大意(the main idea). 2)弄清要求.搞清楚是写全文概要,还是写某一部分的概要,或者就某些问题写出要点.3)列出原文要点.分析原文的内容和结构,将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序.在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分. 4)草拟写作提纲并写出初稿.将挑选出的要点作为框架草拟详细的提纲,以所列的提纲为依据写出摘要的初稿.在写作时要特别注意下面几点: (1)摘要应包括原文中的主要事实(main facts);略去不必要的细节(unnecessary details).(2)安排好篇幅的比例.摘要应同原文保持协调,即用较多的文字写重要内容,用较少的文字写次要内容.(3)注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接.要用适当的转折词语贯通全文,切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子. (4)尽可能用自己的话来写,但不排斥用原文的某些词句. (5)计算词数,看是否符合规定的词数要求. 如何写一篇文章的摘要?–下文是对《英语写作手册》相关章节的翻译 摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述.它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题.写摘要主要包括三个步骤:(1)阅读;(2)写作;(3)修改成文. 第一步:阅读 A.认真阅读给定的原文材料.如果一遍不能理解,就多读两遍.阅读次数越多,你对原文的理解就越深刻. B.给摘要起一个标题.用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题.也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题.主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾.一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想. C.现在,就该决定原文中哪些部分重要,哪些部分次重要了.对重要部分的主要观点进行概括. D.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西. 第二步:动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长.因此首先数一下原文的字数,然后除以三,得到一个数字.摘要的字数可以少于这个数字,但是千万不能超过这个数字. B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成.不要引用原文的句子.

Summary_常用句式

Summary 常用句式 1.This article/ passage mainly tells (a story) about…… 2.This passage mainly deals with/discusses/explores/…… 3.In this passage (about ……), the author …… 4.In this passage about ……, the author …… 5.The author began the essay/ passage by telling/ presenting…… 6.First/Firstly/ In the beginning/In the first part, the author argues/ explains/ mentions/ states/ points out (that)…… 7.Secondly/ Next/ Further on/ Then/ In the next part/ In the main part, the author goes on with…… 8.Finally/ As a conclusion/, the author concludes/ adds/ stresses that…… 9.Finally, the author summarizes that …… 二、常见句型 1)This paper deals with.. 2)This article focuses on the topics of (that,having,etc). 3)This essay presents knowledge that... 4)This thesis discusses... 5)This thesis analyzes... 6)This paper provides an overview of...

超级实用初中英语作文常用连接词复习过程

初中英语作文常用连接词 (1)表示增加的过渡词:also,and,and then,too,in addition,furthermore,moreover,again,another,first/ second/ third等。 (2)表示时间顺序的过渡词:now,then,before,after,afterwards,earlier,later,immediately,soon,next,in afew days,gradually,suddenly,finally 等。 (3)表示空间顺序的过渡词:near(to),far(from),in front of,behind,beside,beyond,above,below,to the right/ left,around,outside等。(4)表示比较的过渡词:in the same way,just like,just as等。 (5)表示对照的过渡词:but,still,yet,however,on the other hand,on the contary,in spite of,even though等。 (6)表示结果和原因的过渡词:because,since,so,as a result,therefore,then,thus,otherwise等。 (7)表示目的的过渡词:for this reason,for this purpose,so that等。(8)表示强调的过渡词:in fact,indeed,surely,necessarily,certainly,without any doubt, above all等。 (9)表示解释说明的过渡词:for example,in fact,in this case, actually 等。 (10)表示总结的过渡词:finally,at last,in conclusion,in brief,in short,in general,on the whole等。

Essay写作的7个建议

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有关s u m m a r y的写作技 巧 Company number:【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】

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2020年高考英语新题型写作技巧一 五种基本句型和常用谚语附答案

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Essay四大类型及写作技巧

1. 辩论文 Argument essay: Title: Purpose: Asks the question, describes the issue or dilemma Description: Contains key words about content and process. Introduction: Purpose: Includes a statement of position (or main thesis) Description: This introduces the issue to be discussed and gives essential background information. It focuses on and perhaps defines the key words and gives a list or a route map of what is to follow. Main body: Purpose: Presents a case or argument Description: Each new main point should have its own paragraph. You should use evidence to support the arguments you make in this section, referencing your sources appropriately. Conclusions: Purpose: Reinforcement of the statement of position Description: This sums up how the points in the body of the essay have made a case for your answer to the question. It should include a reference to the wording of the title. 2. 议论文 Discussion essay: Title: Purpose: Asks the question, describes the areas or issues to be discussed Description: Contains key words about content and process. Introduction: Purpose: The issues under discussion are spelt out Description: This introduces the issues to be discussed and gives essential background information. It focuses on and perhaps defines the key words and gives a list or a route map of what is to follow. Main body: Purpose: Arguments for and against Description: You should use evidence to support and challenge the issues you cover in this section, referencing your sources appropriately. You can either deal with all of the supporting and all of the challenging evidence separately or you can take each issue in turn and compare the the supporting and challenging evidence.

SUMMARY 格式及模板.

SUMMARY的最常见格式是总分总.开头笼统的介绍以下,给读者一个大概的概念,然后分段总结这个你好总结的东东的各个方面.关键看你要写多少字,概括的是什么,再决定中间这部分是分小段还是一大段内,分开概括.最后就是总结了.有的时候你会感觉总结和开篇介绍很相似,确实是这样,但是总结只是更近一步的对这个事物进行了概括.这个时候,读者就应该对你所总结的事物有一种整体上的认识了. 一段好的摘要必须包括main idea和supporting details。main idea说明文章的主旨,作者主要诉说的故事是关于什么?supporting details则帮助发展或说明主题。 如何写英文摘要英文摘要如何写如何写摘要 一、概述文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数,包括摘要部分不超过1万字。而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。因此,写摘要时,应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。 国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等,一般为200字-500字。而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面,内容上涵盖全文,并直接点明全旨。语言上要求尽量简炼。摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。 科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要,这样可以节省读者的时间,使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。书籍摘要,一般放在封二或封三;论文和学术报告的摘要,一般放在正文前面。摘要应做到简明扼要,切题,能独立成文,使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。写摘要时,最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句,文长一般不超过200个词。 摘要分陈述性的(Descriptive)和资料性的(Informational)两类。陈述性摘要只陈述书籍或文章的主题,不介绍内容。资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外,还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。它可以包括三个组成部分①点明主题,解析文章或书籍的目的或意图;②介绍主要内容,使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌;③提出结论或建议,以供读者参考。 二、常见句型 1)This paper deals with.. 2)This article focuses on the topics of (that,having,etc). 3)3)This eassy presents knowledge that... 4)4)This thesis discusses... 5)5)This thesis analyzes... 6)6)This paper provides an overview of... 7)7)This paper elaborates on .. 8)8)This article gives an overview of... 9)9)This article compares...and summarizes key findings. 10)This paper includes discussions concerning... 11)11)This paper presents up 12)12)This article covers the role of chemicals in... 13)13)This paper addresses important topics including...

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