2020全国高考英语 过去分词现在分词考点精析 精品

2020全国高考英语 过去分词现在分词考点精析 精品
2020全国高考英语 过去分词现在分词考点精析 精品

现在分词和过去分词的用法异同历来是学习中的难点和高考测试的重点。众所周知,两种分词的区别很多,但它们之间的根本区别是:过去分词在时态上强调动作已经完成,在语态上侧重于被动;而现在分词在时态上强调动作正在进行,在语态上侧重于主动。这种根本的区别具体体现在两种分词分别充当的各种句子

成份中。细述如下:

分词有两种:现在分词 doing和过去分词 done。

分词动词具有动词的特征:

可以带宾语和状语构成短语。如:waiting there(动状关系)。

本专题必须掌握:

①动词分词的基本形式――时态和语态的变化,比如一般式、完成式、被动式等。

②它们在句中的功能――充当什么成分,特别是在某些特定结构中应用哪一种动词分词。

动词分词的时态与语态

分词的时态与语态形式

(l)现在分词有一般式与完成式,及物动词的现在分词有主动语态与被动语态,不及物动词的现在分词

没有被动语态。过去分词只有一种形式。

物动词的过去分词只表示动作完成或状态,没有被动的意思。

The man standing there is our group leader.

正站在那边的人是我们的组长.(主动,进行)

This is the house built by my father last year. (被动,完成)

区别boiling water 正在开的水 boiled water 开水(开过了)注:boil vi 沸腾

试译:China is a developing country while the United States is a developed country.

falling leaves和fallen leaves, the rising sun和the risen sun.

(3)现在分词的一般式常表示与谓语动词的动作同时发生,有时也可以先于或后于谓语

动词的动作。

The man talking with our teacher is his father. (与谓语动作同时发生)

Sitting in an armchair, he told me he would go abroad. (在谓语动作之前发生)

坐在扶手椅上他对我说他将出国。

He told me he would stand by the roadside, watching the parade.

他告诉我他将站在路边,观看游行.(与被修饰的从句谓语动词would stand同时发生,

都表示过去将来时间)

The man rose from the ground, beating the dust off his clothes.

那个男子从地上站了起来,拍掉衣服上的尘土。(分词动作后于谓语动作)

(4)现在分词的完成式表示动作先于谓语的动作发生,常用作时间状语和原因状语。

Having finished my homework, I went to bed. 我做完作业以后,就上床睡觉了。

Having met with an accident,he couldn’t go to school.由于遇到意外事故,他不能上学.注:现在分词的动作先于谓语动词的动作时,一般用它的完成式表示。

Not having seen her before, he did not know she was his daughter.

由于他从前从未见过她,他不知道她是他的女儿。

Having missed the bus, we had to walk home.由于误了公共汽车,我们只得走回家。

相对于过去分词来讲,动词的-ing形式形式多样,结构复杂,内涵丰富,功能较多,最能体现英语独特的形式特征,又极易给考生带来麻烦,因此,命题人热衷于使用它们作为考查工具就不足为怪了(每年平均有2-3个题目)。

不容置疑,高考将继续加强对非谓语动词的考查,试题的特征将继续呈现出“情景化”和“设问角度的多样化”的趋势,但试题的难度将会有所控制。

非谓语动词的句法功能及比较

非谓语动词的句法功能如下表:

说明:分词具有形容词和副词的特征。

作表语

现在分词(分词短语不能作表语)作表语表示主语的性质或特征,过去分词作表语表示主语的状态。

The basketball match was exciting. 令人兴奋的

We are excited at the good news. (人)感到兴奋的

The book is interesting. I’m interested in it.

★考点:区别由现在分词和过去分词转化而来的形容词。

注:excited vt. 使……兴奋move vt. 感动frighten vt. 使……害怕tire vt. 使疲劳, 使厌烦surprise vt. 使……吃惊astonish vt. 使……惊讶,惊愕

satisfy vt. 使……满意disappoint vt. 使……失望interest vt使……发生兴趣

please vt. 使……高兴inspire vt. 鼓舞

小结:修饰人的表情,眼神,眼泪,声音时,却要用-ed形式。

作定语(非谓语动词都能作定语)

(1) 区别现在分词和过去分词做定语

牢记:现在分词和过去分词都可以作定语,现在分词表示①主动②进行,过去分词表示①被动②完成,但Vi的过去分词,只表示完成,不表示被动(即表示主动的动作已经完成)。

(2)

注:现在分词和过去分词都可以作定语,它们的区别主要体现在时间上:现在分词强调正在进行,过去分词表示动作已经完成。本例中这三种形式与(所修饰的名词)会议存在被动关系。它们都可以改成一个相应的限制性定语从句。即

作状语

(1) __________ (see) from the top of the hill, we could see a beautiful city.

__________ (see) from the top of the hill, the city looked beautiful.

Key: Seeing; Seen

牢记:分词(短语)作状语时,常位于句首(也可位于句末),并用逗号隔开。用现在分词还是过去分词一要看分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间的主被动关系。二要看分词所表示的动作与谓语动作之间的时间

先后关系。

口诀:主动用-ing, 被动用-ed;

但被动如为完成或进行时,要用现在分词被动形式别忘记。

(2)分词短语作状语表示伴随状况或方式时(分词动作对谓语动词进行补充说明),可以改成一个并列谓语。

We stood there, watching the football match.

=We stood there and watched the football match.

The glass fell to the ground, broken to pieces. 玻璃杯掉到地上碎了。

作宾补

(1)

(有时) He had his horse running all day. 他让他的马整天跑。(主动,持续)

现在分词和过去分词都可以用在“Vt.+宾语+宾补”结构中作宾补。这时我们要分析宾语和宾补之间的关系。用现在分词表示两者存在主动关系和动作正在进行(有时表示动作一直持续,常带段时间状语);用过去分词表示存在被动关系。

能用现在分词作宾补的动词常见的有see,hear,watch,notice,find, feel, smell以及keep,set,leave等。(现在分词强调动作正在进行或一直持续)

We saw him coming. 我看见他正过来。

They had their lights burning all night long. 他们让灯整夜亮着。

Don’t leave her waiting outside in the rain. 别让她在外面雨中等着。(使……处于什么状态)

(2) 以下对非谓语动词作使役动词和感官动词的宾语补足语列表归纳总结:

注:“√”为宾补范围;表格中非谓语形式序号即为说明中序号。

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