托福写作满分词汇

写作词汇

i. Education类词汇Education:

1) 培养(某种素质)cultivate/ foster/ nurture(vts)促进学生身心发展promote the student‘s physical, mental ( 或者用intellectual) and emotional development 心理健康psychological soundness/ well-being/ welfare(nouns) 学习能力(先天就有的)aptitude/talent 学习能力( 后天学习到的) ability/ skill 学生接受的学校教育( 名词)schooling(noun) 儿童接受的家庭教育(名词)upbringing(noun) 给学生以动力give the students motivation to do something 或者motivate (vt) the student to do something 青少年adolescents/ youngsters/ youths

2) 传授知识impart(vt)/inculcate(vt) knowledge 灌输高尚的道德观念instill(vt) high moral values (注以values 复数比试价值观) 给学生以灵感stimulate the students; thought 或者give the students inspiration 家长教育子女的方式(名词)parenting/ upbringing 教学法teaching methodology/ pedagogical methodology 适应(动词) adapt to do something/adjust oneself to do something/ become accustomed to do something 适应能力adaptability 学生对老师所教授的知识的掌握students‘ grasp/ command(nouns) of what has been taught 就业技能employable/ marketable skill

3) 限制创造力的发展extinguish(vt)/ stifle(vt)/ constrain(vt) creativity(noun) 打击学生的积极性dampen/sap(vts) the students‘ enthusiasm 或者frustrate the students 产生不必要的压力beget/ create undue pressure 塑造某人的性格mould(BrE,vt) one‘s character 责任感a sense of obligation 学生不应该只是被动的接收简单知识的容器student should not be treated as passive receptacles of predigested ideas. 死记硬背learn thing by rote.

4) 记忆方程式,公式,定理,定律memorize equations, formulas, theorems and laws(nouns) 应用apply (vt) 盲从follow something blindly/ indiscriminately(adv) 用填鸭式教学教育学生force-feed(vt) the students 为了记忆而记忆memorize for memorization‘ s own sake

5) 把学生分开教育(比如根据智力或者课堂上的表现) segregate(vt) students 来自于其他同学的压力peer pressure 逆境adverse circumstances /adversity 团队精神team spirit(noun) 独立思考think independently(adv)

6) 在理解的基础上学习learn things through understanding 鼓励学生用辨证的眼光看问题encourage students to think critically(adv) 学生的反馈students‘ feedback 或者students‘ input 学生评价老师的教学students appraise / evaluate their teachers‘ performance

7) 学生学习的各门功课加在一起curriculum(noun) 具体的一门课的内容syllabus 课外活动

extra-curricular activity 学校是社会的缩影A school is society in miniature 不遵守纪律(名

词)indiscipline/ misbehavior/ mischief (nouns) 不遵守纪律的(形容词)学生disruptive/ unruly students

8) 理论知识theoretical knowledge 通才generalist 专才specialist 全面发展的well-rounded /versatile 为社会健康发展做贡献contribute to societal well-being/ welfare (注意这里welfare 不是―福利‖的意思)

9) 大学学科的分类可以分为:人文学科(包括文学、历史、语言学等)humanities 社会科学(包括政治、经济、社会学等)social sciences 艺术(包括音乐、雕塑等)arts 文科的总称也可以称为liberal arts 或者liberal studies 理科(包括物理、化学、生物等)sciences 工科(包括工程,自动化等)engineering 大学里的任何一个学科都可以叫做一个discipline 基础科学basic sciences 应用科学applied sciences 小学教育

primary-level education 中学教育secondary-level education 大学教育tertiary-level education 职业教育vocational education/ training 青少年adolescents/ youngsters/ youths

ii. Technology & media 类词汇

Technology

10) 尖端的技术cutting-edged(adj) technology 信息爆炸information explosion/ information overload 信息时代the information age/ the information era 无联网被广泛的使用the proliferation of the Internet 科技创新及发展technological innovations/ inventions/ advances/ progressions (nouns) 提高效率augment/ enhance/ boost(vts) efficiency 提高生产效率augment/ enhance/ boost(vts) productivity 减少人力的机器(计算机发明之前的技术) labor-saving machinery

11) 取代人力的机器labor-replacing machinery 自动化automation (noun)/ automated (adj) 生物技术biotechnology 克隆cloning (noun) clone (verb) 远程通讯telecommunications(noun) 太空探索(名词) space exploration 人的基因构成one‘s genetic makeup/ one‘s DNA programming

Media

12) 实事current affairs 新闻界the press 印刷媒体(如报纸、杂志) the print media 报道新闻的机构news outlets 电子媒体the electronic media 无处不在的prevalent/ ubiquitous/ pervasive 充斥着... be awash with/ be inundated with / be saturated with something 审查censor 删除delete/eliminate/ excise(vts) 过多的暴力与色情内容excessive/ gratuitous violent and pornographic contents

13) 有误导性的misleading/ misrepresented/ distorted 诈骗性的fraudulent 虚假的false/ bogus 报道非常详细的细节report something in graphic detail 媒体炒作media hype 夸大事实exaggerate things/ sensationalize things/ blow things out of all proportion(最后一个口语化说法,但作文也可用) 客观公正的objective and balanced 揭露expose/reveal

14) 侵犯隐私violate/intrude on/ infringe on /someone ? s privacy 毁坏某人的名誉

tarnish/sully/smear/besmirch one‘s reputation 狗仔队paparazzi(复数名词,不能加s) 名人a celebrity/ celebrities(plural) 丑闻scandals 掩盖(丑闻或罪行等)cover up/ gloss over/whitewash

15) 不客观的,不公正的biased/skewed/unobjective 如实描写factual accounts 可信的

reliable/trustworthy/dependable 及时的up-to-date/ up-to –the-minute (后者比前者更及时)信息量大的informative 娱乐性强的entertaining 有新闻价值newsworthy 道德准则code of ethic 或者code of conduct

iii. Tourism类词汇

16) 旅游景点tourist attraction/ tourist spots/ places of interest 开阔眼界push back/ expand one‘s vision/ horizons (注意horizons 必须是复数) 游客与当地人互动Tourists can interact with the locals 促进文化交流promote cultural communication 吸引draw/ attract/ appeal to (vts)/ be a magnet for somebody 亲身体验(名词) first-hand experience(noun) 多种感观体验的(如听觉、触觉等)

multi-sensory(adj) 冲突conflict(noun, vi+with) 争端discord/ dissension

17) 把游客和当地人隔绝seclude / isolate(vts) the tourists from the locals 商业化commercialize/ commodify(vts) 欺骗游客的手段tourist traps 间接体验(比如通过电视或者互联网,名词)second-hand experience/ vicarious experience 文化遗产cultural heritage 互联网不会让旅游业过时The Internet will not render tourism obsolete.

iv. Government 类词汇Government

18) 当局authorities 老百姓citizens/ the citizenry(全体公民,不可数) 规范,管理

regulate/administer/oversee(vts) 实施implement 立法legislate/make laws 严禁strictly prohibit/ ban altogether 严格的法律stringent laws/ legislation 监督scrutiny(noun)/ scrutinize(vt)/ monitor(vt)

19) 为...拨款allocate money to something/ subsidize(vt)/ be a patron of / invest in/ finance(vt)/ fund(vt) dedicate money to something 预算budget 税收tax revenue 政府在某方面的开支the government spending/ expenditure on something 削减curtail 增加augment 当务之急priority 把...当成当务之急give priority to something. 责任obligation/ responsibility

20) 军备竞赛arms race 自卫self-defense 国土安全national security/ homeland security缺乏远见的政策short-sighted policy 扩张expansion/ aggression 谋求霸权seek/ pursue(vts) hegemony 恶性循环 a vicious circle 地区不稳定因素destabilizing factor 规章制度rules and regulations

21) 太空竞赛space race 武器arms/ weapons/ armaments 下岗工人lay-off workers/ downsize workers 失业unemployment/ joblessness 基础设施infrastructure—比如public transport system 公共交通系统,power grid 电网pipelines 石油和天然气管道water supply and drainage system 给排水系统等, 民主与开放的政府a democratic and progressive government

v. Animals类词汇Animals

22) 动物权益保护主义者animal rights activists 医学研究medical research 残忍的cruel/ merciless/ inhuman/ callous/ brutal 活体解剖vivisection 麻醉anaesthetic 减轻动物的痛苦alleviate/ ease animals‘ pain 宠物是主人的伙伴pets are companions of their masters 给主人心理安慰afford their masters consolation and comfort 偷猎poach(vi,vt)/poaching(noun) 某一种事物是没有替代物的there are no replacement/substitutes/alternatives(单数则去掉s) for something.

vi. Language & Culture必备词汇

23) 一种可以通用的语言(比如英语) a lingua franca /a universal language/ a global language 英语的广泛应用the proliferation of English 英语的统治地位the dominant role/ the ascendancy / the hegemony

of English 方言dialect/vernacular/the indigenous language 小语种将会消亡Lesser-known language will become extinct/obsolete 小语种的消亡the extinction/ demise of lesser-known languages

24) 文化遗产包括有形跟无形两种,有形的入历史遗迹,无形的入风俗,仪式,传统道德观念等Cultural heritage can be divided into two groups, tangible cultural heritage, such as historic sites and intangible heritage, such as customs, rites, rituals and mores, etc. 保护preserve 祖先forefathers/ ancestors 后代descendants/posterity(后一个是不可数名词) 少数民族ethnic minorities

25) 民族团结the harmony between ethnic group/ race 文化融合cultural integration and synthesis 相互影响interaction 文化多元性cultural diversity 丰富enrich 狭隘的观念insular/provincial/parochial mentality 贬低deprecated/ denigrate/minimize the importance of /disparage/trivialize/discredit 某事不是一成不变的something is not set/carved in stone

vii. Development类常用词汇

26) 生活节奏加速the tempo/pace of life has accelerated 疲劳fatigue 导致人与人的疏远create alienation between people 过于功利的materialistic/ mercenary/ money-worshipping 追求最大限度利润pursue maximum profit 交通堵塞traffic jams/traffic congestions/grid block(最后一个是不可数名词) 阻碍impede/ hinder/ hamper/obstruct/inhibit(vts) 扶贫poverty alleviation 就业机会job opportunity/ employment opportunity 贫穷的needy/ poverty-stricken/ impoverished/ deprived/ destitute/ indigent 富裕的affluent/ wealthy/ well-off

27) 撞车car wrecks/ car accidents 行人pedestrians 交通肇事者traffic accident perpetrators 违章横穿马路jaywalk(可以记忆为:周杰伦走路――不走寻常路――美特斯邦威) 监控摄像头surveillance cameras

28) 有特殊审美价值的老房子old buildings of special aesthetic value (注意审美观的英文说法是aesthetic values 复数) 有历史特殊意义的老房子buildings of historic significance 民居vernacular dwellings 让城市更美观beautify the cities/ better the cityscape 破旧的房子

decrepit/rundown/rickety/dilapidated 拆除tear down a building/demolish a building/raze a building/ knock down a building 高楼high-rise building 摩天楼skyscrapers 城市化urbanization 城乡差距the disparity between the city and countryside 城市的urban 乡村的rural 搬迁relocate(vi,vt)

29) 在家上班(动词)telecommute 休闲leisure/recreation 精神上的享受amusement and enjoyment 娱乐entertainment/diversion 宽松的管理laissez-faire management 运营成本operating costs/overhead costs 雇用recruit 会导致效率降低的counterproductive 劳动力资源labor pool 抑郁症depression 失眠sleeplessness/ sleep-deprivation/insomnia 人口爆炸population explosion/population boom 控制人口birth control/family planning 爱慕虚荣的pretentious/ ostentatious 缺少运动的生活方式sedentary lifestyle 营养过剩over nourishment

viii. Environment类常用词汇Environment

30) 生态平衡ecological balance / ecological equilibrium 可持续发展sustainable development 环保主义者environmentalists/ conservationists 对环境无害的environmentally-friendly 节约使用conserve(vt)

保护preserve 再利用( 动词) reuse/recycle 各国必须携手解决环境问题:Countries on this planet must join forces/ make a concerted effort /unite to combat/tackle/resolve/address environmental problems. 增强公众关于...的意识raise/ elevate the public awareness of something 短缺shortage/ scarcity/ dearth/ lack 给资源造成很大压力put a strain on the already stretched resource 破坏自然资源wreak havoc on natural resources 看法森林deforestation 污染pollute/ contaminate 有毒的poisonous/ toxic

31) 增加农产品产量boost crop yield 可再生资源renewable resource 不可再生资源non-renewable resource(包括金属metal, 矿产minerals, 石油petroleum, 天然气natural gas, 煤coal 等, 后三种可以总称为fossil fuels) 消耗( 某种资源) consume/deplete 用尽use up/ exhaust 严厉的措施harsh action/ measures 生态系统ecosystem/ ecological system 某一地区所有的生物的总称the wildlife in a region/ the biota(=flora + fauna) of a region 生物多样性biodiversity

32) 污水effluent/sewage 排放discharge 温室效应greenhouse effect /global warming 严重的severe /grave 白色污染产生的垃圾non-biodegradable garbage / wastes that cannot decompose or break down/ inorganic trash 谴责而不是纵容condemn rather than condone(vts) something 臭氧层ozone layer 肥沃的土壤fertile soil 贫瘠的土壤infertile soil 耕地arable land/ farmland

ix. Globalization 类常用词汇Globalization

35) (一个国家或者地区的)文化特性(national or regional) cultural identity 全球文化同一化过程(名词,即地区文化特征的消失)global cultural homogenization 文化同一性

(或者叫文化均质性,名词)cultural homogeneity/cultural uniformity 全球化是一把双刃剑Globalization is a two-edge sword. 地球村the global village

x. Family类常用词汇

37) 老年人elderly people/ senior citizens 家庭成员间的情感纽带family bonds/ family ties 归属感a sense of belonging 对...的依恋an attachment to something/ an affinity for something 贫穷的家庭deprived families 富裕的家庭affluent families 单亲家庭single-parent household 虐待mistreat/ abuse 家庭暴力domestic violence 毒品上瘾addiction to drugs/ be addicted to drugs

3 分词汇=20 分

Topic

Education

Media

Technology

Government

Tourism

Vocabulary

1 parenting

2 schooling

3 cultivate

4 awareness =sense =recognition

5 contribute to

6 motivation

7 adapt to

8 afford sth

9 prevalent 10 journalist 11 the press 12 coverage 13 misleading 14 dependable 15 up‐to‐the minute 16 transform17 advance 18 a staggering rate 19 information overload 20 enhance 21 innovation 22 technological 23 telecommunications 24 solve=combat=tackle =resolve=address 25 alleviate=ease 26 Invest in =allocate money to 27 authority 28 ban=forbid=prohibit 29 scrutinize 30 administer=regulate 31 tax revenue 32 obligation 33 broaden one‘s horizon 34 conflicts 35 promote 36 local residents local inhabitants

Language

Culture

Development

Globalization

Women

Family

37 mutual understanding 38 enrich one‘s experience 39 the proliferation of...

40 Plays a dominant role in... 41 go extinct 42 lesser‐known language 43 the widespread use of

44 ancestors 45 descendants 46 time‐honored 47 cultural heritage 48 cultural diversity 49 cultural identity 50 ethnic minorities 51 the pace of

=the tempo of life 52 the gap between the urban

area and the rural area 53 inferior

54 facilities 55 alienated 56 materialistic 57 the present situation

=the current situation

=the status quo 58 affluent

59 impoverish 60 sweeping trends 61 synthesize the Asian and

Western cultures 62 erode

63 universal 64 a double‐edged sword 65 domestic violence 66 gender equality 67 discrimination 68 an enlightened society 69 household chores 70 be tied down by 71 offspring 72 personality clashes 73 household

Crime

Animals

Environment

74 generation gap 代沟75 family bonds 亲情76 harmony n. 和谐77 crimes=offense n. 犯罪=criminal acts 78 commit a crime 犯罪79 stringent a. 严厉的80 punishment n. 惩罚81 the crime rate=the incidence 犯罪率of crime 82 rampant a. 猖獗的83 violate the law 违法的84 curb v. 遏制(犯罪、污染等) 85 preserve v.保护(某种资源,比如natural resources 或old buildings)保护人用protect

86 inhumane a. 残酷的87 biodiversity n. 生物多样性88 companions n. 伙伴89

replacements=alternatives n. 替代物(比如化妆品实验用动物作替代物而不用人做实验) 90 habitat n. 栖息地

91 endangered species 濒危动物92 sustainable development 可持续发展93 exploit natural resources 开采自然资源94 the ecosystem 生态系统95 profound impact 深远的影响96 conserve v. 节约=save 97 deteriorate v. 如果某种现象自身恶化,就可以aggravate说它deteriorate, 如果某种失误导致别的现象恶化,就用aggravate sth. 或者用被动

98 discharge v. 排放(污染物) 99 consume=deplete v. 消耗(资源) 100 eco‐friendly a. 有益于环保的101 scarcity n. 短缺

准5分词汇=30分Education

cultivate=foster=nurture promote the student‘s physical, mental (intellectual) and emotional development psychological soundness (or well‐being/welfare) aptitude=talent ability=skill schooling upbringing give the students motivation to do sth.= motivate the students to do sth.

adolescents=youngsters=youths Impart (or inculcate) knowledge instill high moral values (values 复数表示价值观) give the students thought (or inspiration) parenting=upbringing teaching (or pedagogical) me thodology adapt to sth.=adjust oneself to sth.=become accustomed to sth. adaptability students‘ grasp (or command) of what has been taught employable (or marketable) skills force‐feed the students Students should not be treated as passive receptacles of predigested ideas. learn things by rote memories for memorization‘s own sake a sense of obligation Memories equations, formulas, theorems and laws

apply follow sth. blindly=follow sth. indiscriminately entinguish=stifle=constrain creativity dampen (or sap) the students‘ enthusiasm=frustrate the students beget (or create) undue pressure mould one‘s character segregate students peer pressure adverse circumstance=adversity team spirit think independently learn things through understanding encourage the students to think critically

学生的反馈students‘ feedback=students‘ input 学生评价老师的教学student appraise=evaluate their teachers‘ performance 各门功课总称curriculum 具体一门课的内容syllabus 课外活动extra‐curricular activities 学校是社会的缩影A school is society in miniature 不遵守纪律

indiscipline=misbehavior=mischief (n.) 违反纪律的学生disruptive=unruly students 理论知识theoretical knowledge 通才generalist 专才specialist 全面发展的well‐rounded=versatile 为社会健

康发展作贡献contribute to societal well‐being (or welfare) 人文学科humanities 社会科学social sciences 艺术arts 文科总称liberal studies=arts 理科sciences 工科engineering 学科(统称) discipline 基础学科basic sciences 应用科学applied sciences 小(中、大)学教育primary‐level (or secondary‐level/tertiary‐level) education 职业教育vocational education (or training) 青少年

youths=youngsters=adolescents Technology 尖端的技术cutting‐edged technology 信息爆炸information explosion (overload) 信息时代information age (or era) 互联网的广泛使用the proliferation of the Internet 科技创新及发展technological innovations (or inventions/advances/progressions) 提高效率augment (or enhance/boost) efficiency 减少人力的机器labor‐saving machinery 取代人力的机器labor‐replacing machinery 自动化automation/automated 生物技术biotechnology 克隆clone/cloning 远程通讯telecommunications 太空探索space exploration 人的基因构成one‘s genetic makeup/ one‘s DNA programming Media 时事current affairs

新闻界the press 印刷媒体the print media 报道新闻的机构news outlets 电子媒体the electronic media 无处不在的prevalent=ubiquitous=pervasive 充斥着。。。be awash with=be inundate with=be saturated with sth 审查censor 删除delete=eliminate=excise 过多的暴力和色情内容excessive (or gratuitous) violent and pornographic contents 有误导性的misleading=misrepresented=distorted 欺骗性的fraudulent 虚假的false=bogus 报道非常详尽的细节report sth. in graphic detail 媒体炒作media hype 夸大事件exaggerate things=sensationalize things=blow things out of proportions 公正客观的objective and balance 揭露expose=reveal=recover 侵犯隐私violate (or intrude on/ infringe on) someone‘s privacy 毁坏某人的名誉tarnish (or sully/smear/besmirch) one‘s reputation 狗仔队paparazzi 名人celebrities/the celebrity 丑闻scandals 掩盖cover up= gloss over=whitewash 不客观的

biased=skewed=unobjective 如实的描述factual accounts 可信的reliable=trustworthy=dependable 及时的up‐to‐date=up‐to‐the‐minute 信息量大的informative 娱乐性强的entertaining 有新闻价值的newsworthy 道德准则code of ethnics=code of conduct Government 当局authorities 老百姓citizens=the citizenry 规范,管理regulate=administer=oversee 实施implement 立法legislate=make laws 严禁strictly prohibit=ban altogether 严格的法律stringent laws (or legislation) 监督

scrutiny=scrutinize=monitor 为。。。拨款allocate money to sth. =subsidize=be a patron of=invest

in=finance=fund=dedicate money to sth. 预算budget税收tax revenue 政府开支the government spending expenditure on sth. 削减curtail 增加augment 当务之急priority 把。。。当作当务之急give priority to sth. 责任responsibility=obligation 缺乏远见的政策short‐sighted policy 恶性循环a vicious circle 地区不稳定因素destabilizing factors 下岗工人laid‐off workers=downsized workers 失业unemployment=joblessness 基础设施Infrastructure 公共交通系统public transport system 民主与开明的政府a democratic and progressive government Culture 保护preserve 祖先forefathers=ancestors 后代descendants=posterity 民族团结the harmony between ethnic groups (or races) 互相影响interaction 文化多元性cultural diversity 丰富enrich 狭隘的观念insular (or provincial/ parochial) mentality 贬低deprecate=denigrate=minimize the importance of=disparage=discredit 。。。不是一成

不变的Sth. is not set carved in stone. Development 生活节奏加速The tempo/pace of life has accelerated 疲劳fatigue 导致人与人之间的疏远create alienation between people 交通堵塞traffic jams=traffic congestion=gridlock 阻碍impede=hinder=hamper=obstruct=inhibit 扶贫poverty alleviation 贫穷needy=poverty‐stricken=impoverished=deprived=destitute=indigent 富裕的

affluent=wealthy=well‐off 有特殊审美价值的老房old buildings of special aesthetic value 有特殊历史

意义的老房buildings of historic significance 让城市更美观beautify the cities=better the cityscape 破旧的(房子) decrepit=rundown=rickety=dilapidated 高楼high‐rise building=skyscrapers 城乡差距the disparity between the city and the countryside 精神上的享受amusement and enjoyment 娱乐entertainment=diversion

抑郁症depression 失眠Sleeplessness=insomnia 人口爆炸population explosion=population boom 控

制人口family control =birth control 缺少运动的生活方式sedentary lifestyle Globalization 文化同一性global cultural homogenization=cultural uniformity=cultural homogeneity 全球化是一把双刃剑Globalization is a two‐edges sword. 地球村global village Tourism 旅游景点tourist attractions=tourist sports=places of interest 开阔眼界push back (or expand) one‘s vision (or horizons) 游客与当地人的互动tourists can interact with the locals 促进文化交流promote cultural communication 吸引draw (or attract/appeal to/ be) a magnet for sb. 亲身体验first‐hand experience 多种感官体验的(听触觉等) multi‐sensory Environment 生态平衡ecological balance=ecological equilibrium 各国必须携手解决环境问题Countries on this planet must join forces= make a concerted effort unite

to combat (or tackle/resolve/address) environmental problems 增强公众关于。。。的意识raise (or elevate) the public awareness of sth.

短缺shortage=scarcity=dearth=lack 资源造成很大压力put a strain on the already stretched resources 破坏自然环境wreak havoc on natural resources 砍伐森林deforestation 污染pollute=contaminate 可再生的资源renewable resources 不可再生的资源non‐renewable resources(metals, minerals, petroleum, natural gas, coal,后

三种为fossil fuels) 消耗Consume=deplete

用尽use up=exhaust 严厉的措施harsh actions=measures 严重的Severe=grievous 白色污染产生的

垃圾Non‐biodegradable garbage=wastes that cannot decompose or break

down=inorganic trash 谴责而不是纵容condemn rather than condone sth.

臭氧层ozone layer 肥沃的土壤fertile soil 贫瘠的土壤Infertile soil Animals

动物权益保护主义者animal right activists 医学研究medical research

残忍的cruel=merciless=inhuman=callous=brutal 宠物是主人的伙伴Pets are companions and friends of their masters. 给主人心理的安慰afford their masters consolation and comfort

同义词替换表

人类the human race=humanity=man=humankind=Homo sapiens 在当代In contemporary society=in present‐day society=in this day and age 解决Tackle=resolve=address=combat 破坏

Destroy=impair=undermine=jeopardize=devastate 影响

impact=repercussions=implications=ramifications 危险Perils=hazards=dangers 明显的

Manifest=apparent=evident=obvious 从事Carry out=conduct=perform=go about 积极的,好的Beneficial=advantageous 消极的,坏的Baneful=detrimental 好处和坏处Advantages and disadvantages=strengths and weaknesses=the upside and the

downsides=pros and cons=boons and banes 无处不在的Prevalent=pervasive

大量的A host of=a multitude of=a vast number of(后跟可数名词)=a great deal of=a vast amount of(后跟不可数名词)

需要Require necessitate=call for 增进Enhance=improve 贫穷的Impoverished=poor 保护Preserve=protect

富裕的Affluent=wealthy=rich 污染Contamination=pollution

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