跨文化交际整理
UNIT 1
+Global Village: All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet. 世界各地通过电子通讯，特别是互联网，形成了一个整体。
+Melting pot: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. 不同背景和民族的人的社会文化同化。
+Assimilation: the process of adapting oneself to a new culture so much that he/she gradually loses his own culture.
+Cultural Diversity: refer to the mix of cultures and sub-cultures of a group or organization or region. 指一个群体、组织或地区的文化和亚文化的混合。
+Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations解释about beliefs, values, and norms规范, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people. 一组关于信仰、价值观和规范的共同理解，这些理解影响着相对较大的群体的行为。
Characteristics of Culture
+Culture is shared
+Culture is learned
+Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation.
+Culture is dynamic动态的
+Acculturation(文化适应): the process which one adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures. 一个人接受另一种文化带来的变化并在两种文化之间发展出更多相似之处的过程。
+Culture is enthnocentric(文化中心主义) : the brief that your own cultural background is
superior. 简单来说，你自己的文化背景更优越。
COMMUNICATOIN
Communication: meaning to share with or to make common, as in giving to another one a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.
Intercultural communication: communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. 文化认知和符号系统差异大到足以改变传播事件的人们之间的交流。
Components(组成部分) of Communication
1+Source
+The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.
2+Encoding
+Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol符号.
3+Message
+The term message identifies the encoded thought. 术语“message”标识了被编码的思想。
4+Channel
+The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. 术语“信道”在技术上指的是被编码的信息被传输的方式。
5+Noise
+The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts扭曲the message the
source encodes. 术语“噪声”在技术上指的是任何使源编码的消息失真的东西。
6+Receiver
+The receiver is the person who attends to the message.处理信息
7+Decoding
+The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received. 接收者通过赋予接收到的符号意义来积极参与交流过程。8+Receiver response
+It refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message. +它指的是接收者在处理并解码信息后所做的任何事情。
9+Feedback
+Feedback refers to that portion部分of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning. +反馈是指接收方
响应的那一部分，源方对此有认知、关注并赋予其意义。
10+Context环境/来龙去脉
+Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication. +通常情况下，上下文可以定义为
交流发生的环境，它有助于定义交流。
Characteristics of Communication
Dynamic 动态的
Irreversible不可逆
Symbolic象征的、符号的
Systematic系统的
Transactional 互动的
Contextual前后关系的
Discuss the four trends that make our world more interdependent相互依赖的.
(1 )convenient transportation systems便捷的交通系统) (2)innovative communication systems(革新通信技术) (3)economic globalization (经济全球化) (4)widespread migrations(广泛的移民)
Case1, 2 (p1-2)
Case1: different in showing concern
Chinese: usually expressed by statement通常用陈述句表达；
Western:mainly displayed with question主要用疑问句表达
Case2: difference in accepting offers
In Chinese culture, it was not polite to accept on the first offer
In western, communicative competence能力rules are unconscious and strong, and never make a second offer.
UNIT2-4 VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Pragmatics语用学: the study of the effect that languages has on human perceptions and behavior. 研究语言对人类感知和行为的影响。
Semantics语义学: the study of the meaning of words.
Denotation符号/意义: the literal meaning字面意义or definition of a word.
Connotation内涵/暗示: the suggestive暗示的meaning of a word.
Taboo禁忌: some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons. 由于宗教或社会原因，某些特定群体或特定文化中所回避的某些物体、言语或行为。
Euphemism委婉语: the act of substituting代替a mild温和的, indirect间接的, or vague含糊的term of one considered harsh严厉的, blunt直率的, or offensive. 用温和的、间接的或含糊的术语代替被认为是严厉的、直率的或无礼的术语。
Discuss the difference in addressing people between English and Chinese cultures (p33)讨论英汉文化在称呼人时的差异
The order of name
Commonly form of address常用地址形式
The use of titles/occupations头衔/职业的使用
The use of terms of relationship关系术语的使用
Case 1,2,4 (p17-21)
Case1 Twelve Cups of tea: Chinese hospitality好客
Case2:
Have you had your lunch?
The first question will be interpreted as an indirect invitation to lunch
Where are you going?
The second question might be regarded as a request for information and as an invasion of one’s privacy.第二个问题可能被认为是对信息的要求，是对个人隐私的侵犯。
Case4: Easterners’ over-modesty
Q: what was Li’s intension of saying such words?
A: He said the words to convey the meaning of respect.
Q: what was the restaurant owner’s reaction to LI’s words?
A: He thought it was an insult to his restaurant and asked for evidence.
Unit3
What are the social functions of compliments(赞美的社会作用)p60
Creating or reinforcing (加固) solidarity, greeting people, expressing thanks or congratulations, encouraging people, softening criticism(委婉批评) ,starting a conversation, or even overcoming embarrassment (窘迫).
Unit4
1.What does “gilding the lily” mean? P81
The literal meaning is that adding feet to a snake when drawing it. The connotation is that doing unnecessary things which is not only useless, but inappropriate.
字面意思是在画蛇的时候给蛇加上脚。其内涵是做不必要的事情，不仅无用，而且不恰当。
2.What is taboo? Give some examples of types(3) of taboos in either English or Chinese
culture. P.81
Taboo words refer to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a group of people for religious or social reasons.
The same taboo subjects in English and Chinese：Sex，something disgusting or sad
疾病Disease: cancer: the big C; 不治之症
月经menstruation: I am a woman for a week; 例假
上厕所Go to the toilet：toilet, rest room ;去方便
Case 1, 3 (p67,p69)
Case1 Shoes for Street Walking:
the two dimensions维度of meaning of words: denotation and connotation 外延和内涵street walking 妓女have a fit表达“勃然大怒，大发脾气”
Case3 look out: denotation and connotation
Unit5 NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
+Chronemics时间学: The study of how people perceive认识and use time.
+Monochronic time(M-time)单一时间模式: playing attention to and doing only one thing at a time.
+Polychronic time(P-time)多元时间模式: being involved with many things at once
+Proxemics: the perception and use of space.
+Kinesics人体动作学: the study of body language.
+Paralanguage副语言: involving sounds but not words and lying between verbal言语的and nonverbal不用语言的communication.
What are the different features of M-Time and P-time?
M-Time think time is perceived as a linear structure 认为时间是线性的
P-Time is less rigid（刻板）and clock-bound, more flexible and more human-centered. 多元时间模式没有那么死板，也没有那么多时间限制，而是更加灵活，更加以人为本。
Case 1, 3 ,7 (p85,87,91), Exercise E on p.144
Case1 Personal Space: Different perception感知of body distance
The man got too close so that the woman lost her sense of comfort
Case3: Difference in the concept of appointment
American: both should respect the appointment time
Chinese: appointment can be more flexible and casual 休闲
Case7 Misunderstanding of Seating Culture :
Different understanding of seating culture座位文化(put one’s feet on the desk) American: show one is comfortable
Asians/Latin American: rude and arrogant 傲慢的
Exercise E: figure reading
1.good luck
2.Sb is mad/crazy
3.Have no idea
4.Can’t hear
5.Stop talking
6.Bad/reject
7.Sth is strange
https://www.360docs.net/doc/3012577190.html,e here
9.Ok
10.Hello(Italy)
11.Surprise
12.relax
Unit6 CROSS-GENDER COMMUNICATION
+How is gender different from sex? P120 129
Sex: biological, permanent, with an individual property
Gender: Socially constructed, varied with time and culture, with a social and relational quality.
性:生物学的，永久性的，带有个人所有的
性别:社会建构，随时间和文化的不同而变化，具有社会性和关系性。
Exercise
T A lady might be feminine, masculine or a combination of both 一位女士可以是女性化的，男性化的，也可以是两者的结合
T Women are generally comfortable with building close relationships and confiding to others, while most men are reserved about involvement and disclosure. 女性通常乐于与他人建立亲密的关系并向他人倾诉，而大多数男性则对参与和倾诉有所保留
F Sex and gender are synonymous. 同义词
Gender and sex are not synonymous
+Sex +Gender
+Biological +socially constructed
+Permanent +vary with time and culture
+individual property +social and relational quality
Gender and sex are not synonymous. Sex is determined by genetics and biology, while gender is produced and reproduced by society.
性别和性不是同义词。性是由遗传学和生物学决定的，而性别是由社会产生和再现的。
What are the six principles for effective cross-gender communication?(p.127-128)
1) Suspend judgment 暂停判断
2) Recognize the validity of different communication styles 识别不同沟通方式的有效性
3) Provide translation cues 提供翻译提示
4) Seek translation cues 寻求翻译提示
5) Enlarge your own communication style 扩大自己的沟通方式
6) Suspend judgment 暂停判断
4 cases on p.124-126
Case1: support
Females: support others by expressing an understanding of their feelings
Males: support others by doing something helpful such as giving advice or solving the problem for them.
女性:通过表达对他人感受的理解来支持他人
男性:通过做一些有帮助的事情来支持他人，比如提供建议或为他们解决问题。
Case2: Feedback/response
F: Be responsive to let others know you hear and care about what they say.
M: Use response to make their own points and to outshine others.
女:积极回应,让别人知道你在听,关心他们说什么。
男:用回应来表明自己的观点,让别人相形见绌。
Case3: taking
F: Taking is a way to express and expand closeness
M: doing things and shared activities to create and express closeness
Case4: independence of males
F: Connections with others are generally sought and welcomed
M: Independence should be maintained so as not to appear weak or incompetent无能的. Unit7 p.138
+High-context culture
+Low-context culture
Discuss the concept of high context culture and low context culture. (p.153)
讨论“高语境文化”和“低语境文化”的概念。
Eastern culture favors verbal hesitance and ambiguity含糊in order to avoid disturbing or offending others, the burden of smooth顺利的communication effective is shared equally between all parties involved.
东方文化崇尚语言的犹豫和模棱两可，为了避免打扰或冒犯他人，顺利有效的沟通的负
担在所有相关方之间平等地分担。
The Western communicative mode is primarily主要地direct(直接), explicit (明确) ,and verbal, relying heavily on logical and rational perception (感知) ,thinking, and articulation. So the task of communicating effectively lies primarily on the speaker.
西方的交际模式主要是直接的、明确的和口头的，严重依赖于逻辑和理性的感知、思考和表达。因此，有效沟通的任务主要在于说话人。
Case1 (p.137) high context culture and low context culture
High context culture: Effective communication relies heavily on the context such as non-verbal communication, social status of the speaker and listener, relationship, etc. People try to avoid being too direct, and too explicit. They prefer uncertainty and ambiguity in their language.
Japan, China, Brazil, Africa, Arab阿拉伯, etc.
Low context culture: People interact mainly via verbal language. They prefer direct and explicit language.
America, Germany, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, etc.
UNIT9 Intercultural Personhood跨文化人格
+A planetary culture: a culture that integrates eastern mysticism with western science and rationalism (p.186). 一种将东方神秘主义与西方科学和理性主义相结合的文化
+Intercultural person: represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristic are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture (p.186). 代表一个人的认知、情感和行为特征不受限制，而是接受他
或她自己的文化的心理参量之外的成长
What are the American/Chinese culture values like in terms of Culture Orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck? 在Kluckhohn和Strodtbeck提出的文化定位方面，美国/中国的文化价值是什么?
What is the character of innate human nature人性的本质?
What is the relation of man to nature?
What is the temporal暂时的focus of human life?
What is the mode of human activity人类活动?
What is the mode of human relationships?人际交往模式
CHINESE CULTURE VALUES
As far as the human nature 人性is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it is good but corruptible易腐败的without proper education. As to the relation of man to nature, they think humankind can live in harmony with nature. They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal永恒的. They are also quite collective集体的and therefore they focus more on the benefits of the
group.
就人性而言，中国文化认为，没有适当的教育，人性是好的，但会腐败。关于人与自然的关系，他们认为人类可以与自然和谐相处。他们也有一个周期性的时间概念，因此他们是面向过去的。他们对活动有一种生与变的态度，认为人应该保持内心的平静，因为没有什么是永恒的。他们也是集体的，因此他们更关注集体的利益。
AMERICAN CULTURE VALUES
As far as the human nature is concerned, American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible可变的完美的through hard work. As to the relation of man to nature, they think humankind can conquer nature. They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented. They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem. They are quite individualistic个人主义and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.
就人性而言，美国文化认为它是邪恶的，但通过努力可以变得完美。关于人与自然的关系，他们认为人类可以征服自然。他们也有线性的时间概念，因此他们是面向未来的。他们专注于行动，认为只有行动才能解决问题。他们非常个人主义，因此他们较少关注群体的利益。
Identify the features of each of four Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and use them to analyze the cases.识别四个霍夫斯泰德文化维度的每个特征，并使用它们来分析案例。
Individualism vs. Collectivism
个人主义/集体主义(Individualism versus Collectivism)维度是衡量某一社会总体是关注个人的利益还是关注集体的利益。个人主义倾向的社会中人与人之间的关系是松散的,人们倾向
于关心自己及小家庭;而具有集体主义倾向的社会则注重族群内关系,关心大家庭,牢固的族群关系可以给人们持续的保护,而个人则必须对族群绝对忠诚。
Power Distance
权力距离(Power Distance)指某一社会中地位低的人对于权力在社会或组织中不平等分配
的接受程度。各个国家由于对权力的理解不同,在这个维度上存在着很大的差异。欧美人不是很看重权力,他们更注重个人能力。而亚洲国家由于体制的关系,注重权力的约束力。Uncertainly Avoidance
不确定性的规避(Uncertainty Avoidance)指一个社会受到不确定的事件和非常规的环境威
胁时是否通过正式的渠道来避免和控制不确定性。回避程度高的文化比较重视权威、地位、资历、年龄等,并试图以提供较大的职业安全,建立更正式的规则,不容忍偏激观点和行为,相信绝对知识和专家评定等手段来避免这些情景。回避程度低的文化对于反常的行为和意见比较宽容,规章制度少,在哲学、宗教方面他们容许各种不同的主张同时存在。
Masculinity vs. Femininity
男性化与女性化(Masculinity versus Femininity)维度主要看某一社会代表男性的品质如竞
争性、独断性更多,还是代表女性的品质如谦虚、关爱他人更多,以及对男性和女性职能的界定。男性度指数的数值越大,说明该社会的男性化倾向越明显,男性气质越突出;反之,则说明该社会的女性气质突出。
Terms
Global village 地球村Melting pot大熔炉
Cultural diversity 文化多样性Intercultural communication跨文化交际Assimilation 同化acculturation文化适应
Enculturation 文化适应pragmatics语用学
Semantics 语义学denotation外延
Connotation 内涵taboo禁忌
Euphemism委婉语chronemics时间关
Proxemics人际距离学/亲近性Kinetic运动的
Paralanguage 副语言Intercultural personhood跨文化人格Egalitarian平等主义ethnocentrism民族中心主义
Ten components of communication （unit1）通信的十个组成部分
Translation
Landscape engineer园林工程师tonsorial artist美发师Sanitation engineer环境卫生工程师shoe builder鞋匠
Soft in the head 弱智的
Reckless disregard for truth说谎
To take things without permission偷窃
Industrial climate劳资关系紧张
Nether garments裤子（下面穿的衣服）
Call the carriage for you请你离开（给你叫马车）
Plain朴素的patient耐心的 a lady of the town妓女
A man of doubtful taste低级趣味的人
谚语
Justice has long arms 天网恢恢，疏而不漏
Diamond cut diamond 棋逢对手
Golden saying 金玉良言
Fat office 肥缺
You will cross the bridge when you get to it 船到桥头自然直
Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion 宁做鸡头不做凤尾Drink like a fish 牛饮
Tread upon eggs 如履薄冰
Strike while the iron is hot 趁热打铁
More haste, less speed 欲速不达
To pass fish eyes for pearls 鱼目混珠
It takes two to make a quarrel 一个巴掌拍不响
A miss is as good as a mile 差之毫厘，谬以千里
Gliding the lily 画蛇添足
Life begins at forty 人到四十五，正如出山虎
A new broom sweeps clean 新官上任三把火
Many hands make light work 人多好办事
Don’t put off until tomorrow what you can do today 今日事今日毕Haste makes waste 欲速则不达
Where there is smoke there is fire 无风不起浪
The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence 这山望着那山高Beauty is only skin deep 美貌是肤浅的
Spare the rod and spoil the child 玉不琢不成器
Give a person a dose of his own medicine 以其人之道还治其人之身Absence makes the heart grow fonder 越是不见越是想念
An apple a day keeps the doctor away 每天一苹果，医生远离我
Let sleeping dogs lie 莫惹是生非
You can’t teach an old dog new tricks 年逾花甲不堪教
You can’t have your cake and eat it too 鱼与熊掌不可兼得
(完整word版)跨文化交际教学大纲
《跨文化交际》 课程教学大纲 课程名称：英语教学论 课程类别：专业必修课 考核类别：考试 适用对象：本科 适用专业：英语 总学时、学分：36学时2学分 一、课程教学目的 该课程旨在扩大学生的知识面，对西方文化的不同层面有所了解,以提高学生的交际能力。在传统的外语教学中, 人们往往忽视文化的重要作用, 只注重语言能力的培养而未能顾及交际能力的提高。近年来国内学者认识到外语教学必须引进文化知识的对比，训练学生灵活运用语言知识, 更好地与外国人沟通, 减少和避免误解。 1
二、课程教学要求 该课程教学要求学生提高对文化差异的敏感性, 更有效地与外国人进行交际，为英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高奠定基础。 三、先修课程 跨文化交际是英语专业的必修课, 是在完成了精读、泛读、综合英语、写作等基本技能训练后开设的，旨在增强文化差异的敏感性，增强跨文化交际意识，有助于英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高。因此，学生先期完成英语听说读写等技能训练基本课程，如《基础英语》、《英国文学选读》等课程。 四、课程教学重、难点 该课程教学重点在于培养学生对英语国家文化的 2
了解及跨文化交际意识, 提高驾驭英语语言的能力, 从而使其能得体地运用语言与操英语的外国人士进行交流。教师的讲授重点是帮助学生认识中西文化的异同，分析文化差异的根源, 帮助学生深化对西方文化的理解。中西文化的差异在表层上很容易识别,但对造成差异的原因却需追根溯源。东西方在历史,思维方式以及哲学等方面的差异则是造成中国学生对西方文化不解的主要原因,也是该课程的难点。 五、课程教学方法（或手段） 教学方法：以课堂讲授为主，适当组织课堂讨论，鼓励学生充分利用课外资源进行探索性、研究性学习。 六、课程教学内容 Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures（4学时） 3
跨文化交际概论-课程各章节内容要点整理
第一章跨文化语言交际概述 第一节文化、语言和交际 一、关于文化的概念 （一）文化的内涵和特性 1、关于文化的内涵 概括地讲，文化即是人们所思、所言（言语和非言语）、所为、所觉的总和。在不同的生态或自然环境下，不同的民族创造了自己特有的文化，也被自己的文化所塑造。交际即文化，文化即交际，如果没有交际，文化是难以形成的。科学的提法是：“文化是冻结了的人际交流，而交际是流动着的文化。” 2、关于文化的特性 （1）文化由人们的内稳和外显的行为组成。 （2）文化是通过符号被人们习得和传授的知识。 （3）文化是群体行为规则的集合。 （4）文化与社会是潜在现实中两种类型或两个层面上的概念。 （5）文化是历史所衍生及选择的传统观念。 （6）文化和交际具有同一性。 （7）文化是动态多变的。 （8）文化具有选择性。 （9）文化是群体或民族中心主义的意识产物。 （10）文化是个非常复杂的系统。 （二）文化定势、群体文化、亚文化 1、文化定势和群体文化 世界上大多数社会中都可能存在着若干群体或社团，这些群体或社团对地域、历史、生活方式、世界观，以及价值观等方面的共享，使其成员形成并发展和强化了自己独特的文化和与其相关的交际文化。存在两种不同类型的文化范畴：一是全民族的文化，即整体的文化形象，二是具体的个性文化，即是按个人的社会情况或个人所属文化群体为基础的文化，有的学者把这种文化称之为群体文化或副文化。 2、亚文化与亚群体 在跨文化交际研究中，对文化分类的一种较为传统的做法是把文化分成主流文化和亚文化。亚文化是指存在于某一主流文化之中的一种非主流文化，某一少数群体的文化，这一文化中的行为模式区别于主流文化的行为模式。 二、关于语言的概念 （一）语言是交际工具 1、交际媒介 言语交际是人类社会中必需的另一种交换活动，交换的是信息、思想、情感。语言就是一个符号系统，一个人脑子里贮存了符号和符号的组合规则，他就可以和别人交际，传情达意，沟通信息。 2、符号功能 符号是用某种能感知的形式来代表某种事物或现象的结合体。符号由两个要素构成：一个是形式，必须是人们可感知的途径，如听觉、视觉、嗅觉、触觉等等；另一个是意义，即这个形式所代表的事物或现象。形式和意义结合，就成了“符号”。人类语言是一种有声语言，用声音形式来表示意义，通过听觉途径来感知和理解话语。 （二）语言是思维工具 “思维”和“思想”不完全相同：思维是人们认识现实世界的过程；而思想是人们对现实世
跨文化交际 期末复习资料 重点笔记
精品文档 Culture: Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, down and passed are shared, learned institutions and communication patterns that through the generations in an identifiable group of people. law, food, etiquette, religion, literature, language, Objective Culture: history, and customs. are and how they feelings and attitudes about how things Subjective Culture: communication family, spaces, friendship, love, concept should be –the of time, pattern, etc. Learned, transmitted from generation to generation, based on ： Characteristics symbols, dynamic, ethnocentric. It is meant to be a contrast to learning “about”culture underscores Doing Culture: of meaning, process of making communicating across cultures is a the idea that build another, know one so they can get to another people understanding one relationships, and solve problems together. It should not be words on paper, but ideas in practice. individuals which process through Communication: Human communication is the respond to and create messages ––in relationships, groups, organizations and societies to adapt to the environment and one another. Dynamic and interactive Characteristics:interaction between : Communication Generally speaking, it refers to Intercultural people from different cultural backgrounds, such as interactions between people from Hispanic and whites and African Americans, between America and China, between Japanese Americans The form of Intercultural Communication people from different races a. Interracial communication – different but of the same race Interethnic communications –the parties are of b. ethnic origins. same the between members of c. Intercultural communication –communication multiple or hold dual or both of the participants one culture, in which ）（gay, disabled, Mexican American, African American, or https://www.360docs.net/doc/3012577190.html,munication Competence (ICC competence) how much one know about communication. The cognitive component –The affective component –one's motivation to
新编跨文化交际期末复习资料
1.Iceberg:{Edward. 7. Hall.--
跨文化交际整理
Unit 1 1 economic globalization(经济全球化）：the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. 2 barter system(物物交换）：exchange without money –Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money. –Human society has always traded goods across great distances. 3 global village(地球村）：the world form one community –All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet. 4 melting pot(大熔炉）：a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. 5 culture(文化）：can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. 6 cultural diversity(文化融合）：refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong. 7. Communication(交际）: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge. 8 intercultural communication(跨文化交际）：communication between people whose cultural backgrounds and distinct(不同）enough to alter（改变）their communicaion。 9 components of communication（交际的十大要素） ①source(来源）：the person who desires to ②encoding(编码）：the process of putting on idea into a symbol ③message(信息）：identifies the encoding thought ④channel(渠道）：the means of transmission(传播途径） ⑤noise(干扰）：anything distorts the messages ⑥receiver(接受者）：the person who attends to the message ⑦decoding(解码）：assigning meaning to the symbols received ⑧receiver response(接受者反应）：anything the receiver does ⑨feedback(反馈）：the portion which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning ⑩context(场景）：help define(使明确）the communication
跨文化交际知识点
跨文化交际知识点： 1.L.S.Hams认为，在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段：语言的产生、文字的使用、印刷术的发明、近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展、跨文化交际。近20年来的交际是以跨文化交际为特征的。 2.跨文化交际学首先在美国兴起，与人类学、心理学、传播学关系密切。 3.Edwar Hall《无声的语言》是跨文化交际的奠基之作。 4.1970年，国际传播学会承认跨文化交际学是传播学的一个分支，成立了跨文化交际学分会。 5.1972年，第一届跨文化交际学国际会议在日本东京召开。 6.70年代影响最大的书籍是《跨文化交际学选读》。 7.Jenny Thomas《跨文化语用失误》：语用—语言失误；社交—语用失误。 8.前苏联的跨文化交际学主要表现在国情语言学方面。 9.传播种类：(1)人类传播①社会传播A交集传播B组织传播C大众传播②非社会传播(2)非人类传播 10.早期影响最大的传播模式是Harold Lasswell提出的5w模式。即who、say what、in what channel、to whom、with what rffects。 11.1949年Claude Shannon和Warren Weaver共同提出了线性模式，增加了“噪音”（干扰因素），把媒介分解。 12.50年代，Charles Osgood和Wilbur Schramm提出循环式的模式，加入“反馈”。 13.社会学家Jack Lyle与M.Lyle把传播过程看作是社会过程之一，特点是把传播放在社会环境中考察。 14.我国最早的辞书《尔雅》。 15.萨丕尔—沃尔夫假说基于对印第安语的研究。 16.red caipet treatment用红毯接待red-light district红灯区red flags提高警惕预防出事的状况in the red赤字 17.politics—“中性”含贬义，为争权夺利不惜采取各种手段的意思；政治—“中性”，实际用时有褒义。 18.intellectual—致力于研究的人，衍生出纸上谈兵的贬义；知识分子—受过大学教育的脑力劳动者。 19.peasant—没有受过教育，举止粗鲁、思想狭隘的人；农民—直接从事农业生产劳动的人。 20.dragon—表示罪恶、邪恶，令人感到恐怖，战争的旗帜，形容人指飞扬跋扈令人讨厌；龙—用于好的意思。 21.phoenix—“再生”、“复活”；凤凰—天下太平，有圣德的人。 22.owl—智慧的鸟，比喻人聪明；猫头鹰—不详之鸟。 23.peacock—通常是贬义，含有骄傲、炫耀、洋洋得意的意思；孔雀—吉祥的象征，大吉大利。 24.dog—中性褒义的情况多；狗—一般用于贬义。 25.Cinderella（灰姑娘）泛指不受重视的人或部门或指有才干但一时未被赏识的人。 26.Shylock（夏洛克）指心肠狠毒唯利是图的小人。 27.to meet one’s Waterloo遭到决定性失败 28.Catch-22进退维谷，左右为难 29.韩国人写文章—归纳法；美国人写文章—演绎法。 30.美国人的思维模式是“桥式”，直接明白地传达给对方。 31.日本人的思维方式是“垫脚石式”，采取迂回、隐含的手法。 32.非语言交际的特点：（1）没有正式的规则和模式，没有固定的结构（2）没有一套具有明确意义的符号（3）有连续性的（4）一部分是本能，一部分是后天习得（5）信息右脑处理 33.阿拉伯人在讲话时总是盯着对方的眼睛。 34.将手掌平放在脖子下面，中国指杀头，英国指吃饱了。 35.食指和中指轻叩桌面，广东指感谢，北方表示不耐烦。 36.美国人站在公路旁边伸出拇指（thunb a ride）表示希望搭车。 37.英美人把中指放在食指上面（let’s keep our fingers crossed.）表示希望某事成功。 38.手兜起来，放在耳后，表示听不见或听不清楚。
跨文化交际学概论笔记汇总
跨文化交际学概论笔记 第一章跨文化交际 一、什么是跨文化交际——具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程跨文化交际之所以在今天日益引起人们的注意，主要原因是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展，使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。L.S.Harms 认为，在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段：语言的产生；文字的使用；印刷技术的发明；近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展；跨文化交际。近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。 二、第二章跨文化交际学 跨文化交际学在美国Intercultural Communication (与人类学、心理学、传播学关系密切) 1.首先在美国兴起。美国有来自各个国家的移民，有各自的文化系统和风俗习惯，逐渐在美国社会形成了多元文化的格局；美国与各国交往频繁。 2.Edwar Hall 《无声的语言》跨文化交际学的奠基之作。认为不同文化背景的人们在使用时间、空间表达意义方面表现出明显的差异。（对时间、空间、交际的关系作了深入探讨） 3.1970 年是具有重要意义的一年在这一年，国际传播学会承认跨文化交际学是传播学的一个分支，成立了跨文化交际学分会。1972 年，第一届跨文化交际学国际会议，日本东京。 第四章交际 一、交际与传播 这两词来源于同一英语communication表示的是同一个概念，不同学科背景的人采用不同术语。有语言学背景的学者大多使用“交际”，从事传播学教学和研究的学者都采用“传播”。 三、传播的种类 传播可分为人类传播和非人类传播；人类传播又可分为社会传播和非社会传播。非社会传播指内向传播（自我传播），社会传播包括人际传播，组织传播，大众传播。 内向传播（intarpersonal communication)只一个人自己脑子里在自我交流活动或是自言自语 人际传播（interpersonal communication)两个人或以上的信息传受过程。如交谈，书信，小组讨论，大会演讲等。 组织传播（organizational communication)在学校,公司，工厂，机关，军队，党派，群众团体等内部的传播，不都是自上而下的，可具有不同模式，纵式或横式，要注意因文化差异造成的传播不通的局面。 大众传播（mass communication)职业化的传播机构利用机械化，电子化的技术手段向不特定的多数人传送信息的行为或过程，如报刊杂志，广播电视，因特网信息等。 第四章语言交际 一、语言与文化密不可分 （语言反映一个民族的文化，同时有受到文化的巨大影响。）语言与文化有着密切的关系。由于语言的产生和发展，人类文化才得以产生和传承。不存在没有语言的文化，也不存在没有文化的语言。广义的文化包括语言，同时文化又无时无刻不在影响语言，使语言为了适应文化发展变化的需要而变得更加精确和缜密。语言既是文化的载体，又是文化的写照。 E.g.①亲属称谓是语言反映文化的一个突出例证。汉族不仅注重长幼顺序,而且对于是父系、母系或婚系亦十分重视。古人有强烈的传宗接代的观念，按血缘远近区别亲疏,家族里又有内外嫡庶之别。——后来亲属称谓的简化，意味着家族关系在社会生活中不占那么重要的地位。在我国个别地区的亲属称谓中，只有男性称谓，没有女性称谓，可能是古代父系社会的
跨文化交际 期末复习资料
Part 1 Comprehensive Check （15*2）每课的练习A Part 2 Multiple Choice （25*1）每课的练习E复习题的变体；另外请中看第五章 Part 3 E-C Translation（10*1）每课的练习C Part 4 Term-matching（10*1） Part 5 Multiple function（5*5）其中三道是简答题，两道是案例分析。 Terms/questions: 1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. 2. Barber system –Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money. –Human society has always traded goods across great distances. 3. Global village：real time events 、the time and space compression –All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet. 4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. 5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong. 6. Intercultural communication: refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. Perception 7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation 9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures. 10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):the belief that your own cultural background is superior. 11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge. 12. Components of Communication： Source交际邀请 The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate. Encoding编码 Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message编码信息 The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object. Channel交际渠道 The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.
(完整word版)跨文化交际试题
1.Three international developments have made intercultural contact more pervasive (无处不在), they are .（D ） A. new technology and information system B. changes in the world’s population C. a shift in the world’s economic arena D. A, B and C 2.___C___ has evolved that lets societies share cultural experiences with one another as films are produced and shown around the world. A. Show business B. I.T. C. international film industry D. Mass media 3.__A____ in the United States, because they have been profoundly affected by population and immigration increases, are a primary setting for domestic intercultural contact. A. Schools B. Community C. Workplace D. club 4. It is difficult to find a single definition of human communication because__D____. A. the complex nature of communication B. the issue of intentionality C. the issue of unintentionality D. A, B and C 5. To Reusch and Bateson, communication often takes place __A___. A. without awareness B. consciously C. intentionally D. deliberately 6. Which of the statements of communication is not true? D A. Communication is dynamic https://www.360docs.net/doc/3012577190.html,munication is symbolic https://www.360docs.net/doc/3012577190.html,munication is Interpretive D. Communication is static 7. Communication has a consequence means that ___D___. A. Communication is irreversible B.Our response to message does not have to be immediate C. The nature of our responses to messages is rooted in our culture D. A, B and C 8. Which of the item is not the basic component of culture? C A. Values B. Emotions C. Personality D. Attitudes 9. We learn our culture not through __D______. A. proverbs B. art C. mass media D. self-taught 10.Although many aspects of culture are subject to change, the _B______ of a culture resists major alterations. A. history B. the deep structure C. background D. tradition 11. ___C___ is at the core of intercultural communication. A. sender B. receiver C. culture D. language 12. Although cultures change through several mechanisms, which of the following item is not the three most common ones.C A. Diffusion B. Acculturation C. Invention D. Innovation 13. One of the most difficult tasks for foreigners in learning a new language is learning the _____A____ and ________ in which they are used. A. different styles, the contexts B. grammar, accent C. different styles, the speech acts D. vocabulary, the pronunciation 14. Language is accompanied by a continuous flow of nonverbal communication, which involves not only ____ but also ____ and _____.B A. the tone, gaze, posture B. the voice, the face, the body C. the pitch, gaze, gesture D. the pace, the distance, touch 15. ___B__ is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of our physical and social world. A. Interpretation B. Perception C. Analysis D. Understanding
有关跨文化交际的读书笔记
《跨文化交际学概论》读书报告
《跨文化交际学概论》是胡文仲教授于1998在北京编写的。 胡文仲,1935 年生于天津，祖籍江苏。北京外国语大学教授，博导，《外国文学》主编。曾任北京外国语大学副校长，高校外语专业教材编审委员会副主任、主任；高校外语专业教学指导委员会主任；欧美同学会副会长；国务院学位委员会外文学科组成员。现任中国英语教学研究会会长；中国跨文化交际研究会会长；中国高校英语口语协会会长。由于长期从事英语教学和研究、跨文化交际研究和澳大利亚文学研究，他共出版了专著6部，教材4部，编著10部，译著5部，在国内外发表论文数十篇，并一直享有盛名。 早在80年代初期胡文仲就开始对跨文化交际学感兴趣，在国外的生活学习使他更加明白了学习英语国家文化习俗的重要性。回国后他也多次在杂志上发表过一些有关中西文化差异的文章，但随着更多的学习和研究，胡文仲发现目前我国的研究一般性的探讨较多，而基于大量数据研究比较少，他认为跨文化交际学的研究不应仅限于研究不同文化背景的人们在语际方面遇到的问题，还可以从心理学、人类学、社会学等不同的角度进行。因此，他开始编写《跨文化交际学概论》这本书，目的是通过理论和实例能够帮助不同层次的读者普及跨文化知识和理论，作为他们研究跨文化交际学的入门向导。 首先，对本书进行简单的概括介绍。《跨文化交际学概论》这本书共有十二章，被作者概括为五大部分。第一部分（第一章至第二章）主要是为跨文化交际进行定义及对跨文化研究的不同理解，并对跨文化交际学在世界各地的发展史及其成就做了详尽的描述。第二部分（第三章至第四章）是作者对文化和交际的定义，特征及在跨文化交际中的地位进行了阐述。第三部分（第五章至第九章）是跨文化交际的过程，这一部分内容被作者依次分为了语言交际、非语言交际、社会交往、人际关系和经营管理；在这几章中，胡文仲教授对每一个过程的作用和特征都通过举例做了说明。第四部分（第十章）是跨文化交际的核心内容---价值观。价值观是文化中最深层的一个部分，支配着人们的信念、态度和行动。因此，作者就价值观与交际的关系、价值观的特点、有关价值观的研究几个方面进行了描述。第五部分（第十一章至第十二章）的内容为提高跨文化意识，也就是教人们如何在实践中应对跨文化的有关问题。 胡文仲编写的这本书在很多观点上都有了新的突破，就像之前的文章大都只侧重于研究跨文化交际的一个角度，仅仅关心不同文化背景的人们在语言交际方面遇到的问题，没有更