虚拟语气(含答案)

实验中学2014届高三英语语法专项复习------虚拟语气

虚拟语气的概念---虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式，用来表达说话人的愿望，意图，建议，惊奇，设想等未能实现的情况，以及在说话人看来实现可能性很小的情况。

虚拟语气的特点：

１．虚拟语气表达的是与客观现实相反的观念。

２．虚拟语气常由一个表示条件的从句和一个主句构成。

３．由于虚拟语气中条件从句中的条件是与客观事实相反，因此其主句的结论也只能是想象的，非真实的。

４．虚拟语气的特点决定了它句中动词形式的使用与真实句中的动词形式的是不同的。含if条件句的虚拟语气按时间的不同，分成以下三种形式：1）与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。

2）与过去事实相反的虚拟语气

3）与将来事实相反的虚拟语气

一．在不同时间下，含if条件句的虚拟语气的3种形式：

与现在事实相反

were might

if+主语+ 过去式动词would

，主语+ could + V

should

与过去事实相反

might

would + have + 过去分词If +主语+had +过去分词, 主语+ could

Should

与将来事实相反

were might

if + 主语+ were to +v 主语+ would + V

should + v. could

注：１.虚拟语气中助动词be的过去时(无论句子的主语是第几人称，是单数还是复数)一律用were，不用was。

２.含if条件句的虚拟语气句子中，如果“if”从句中含有“were, had ”或“should ”时，则可省略连词“if ”，而把“were, had ”或“should”移至主语之前，构成倒装句。

1.与现在事实相反

１）If I had a car, I should be very happy.

=Had I a car, I should be very happy.(将had提到句首，再将if省略，构成倒装句)

2) If I were a bird, I could fly.

= Were I a bird, I could fly. (将were提到句首，再将if省略，构成倒装句) 3) If it weren’t raining, we should go for a picnic.

2.与过去事实相反(试试将下列句子改为倒装句)

1) If I had known her telephone number, I would have called her.

2) If you had come ten minutes earlier, you could have met that famous film star.

3) If I had realized the importance of English study, I should have worked much harder.

3.与将来事实相反(试试将下列句子改为倒装句)

1）If I were to be twenty years old, I would take the course of computer science.

2) If I did /should do/were to do that, she would feel very surprised.

3) If I failed, I would try again. （不可改成倒装句）

二．某些动词后宾语从句中的虚拟语气。

1. 在动词suggest“建议”, insist“坚持要求做…”, order, command, require, request , demand 等后面的宾语从句中，动词形式一般用“(should) + 动词原形，用以表示一种建议，劝说，命令，要求的语气。

例：１）The teacher suggested we (should )finish that task at the end of next week.

2) The officer ordered that the enemy (should) be surrounded in the village before daylight.

3) His uncle insists that he (should) go to the most well-known university instead of some common ones.

注意

1) 在It’s suggeste d /ordered /required/demanded/decided/necessary/important 等结构的主语从句中，或suggestion, order, idea等词的同位语从句和表语从句中，也应用should +动词原形，或省略should, 以适合于说话人所表示的建议或要求，命令的语气。

例：a. It’s suggested that a modern hotel (should) be set up at the front of the hill.

b. The general gave the order that the bridge (should ) be destroyed before 5 o’clock in the morning.

2)当suggest的主语不指人，而是指某一现象时，同时宾语从句不表示建议，而是暗示一种情况，这时宾语从句不用should +动词原形，而应根据内容而选择正确的时态。Insist表示“坚持认为”时，也不用should +动词原形，而应根据内容而选择正确的时态。

例：a. The expression on his face suggested that he was unhappy.

b. She insisted that her answer was right.

2.常见的要求使用虚拟语气的特殊动词，词组，句型。

1) It is + (high/about) time + that +主语＋should + V（较少用,这里的“should"不可省略）

V-ed （常用，在语法填空中一定填此形式）例：a. It’s about time that you ___B____ your store.

A . close B. closed C. have closed D. had closed

b. It’s high time that he __B__ to think how to deal with the money.

A. would begin

B. began

C. begin

D. will begin

2) “wish” + 宾语从句时

V-ed…. 表对现在的愿望

wish （that）+宾语从句的主语+ had done 表对过去的愿望

could/would/ might + V. 表对将来的愿望。例：(1) -----Do you have a type writer?

-----No, but I wish I ________.

A．have B. had C. do D. had had

(2) I wish I _______ my time when I was young.

A. didn’t waste

B. shouldn't have waste

C. hadn’t waste d

D. wouldn't have wasted

(3) I wish we _______ with my brother when he flies to England next week.

A would go B. had gone C. will go D. are going

答案: (1) B (2) C (3) A

注意:“If only…从句“表示一种愿望或是向往的假设，其意义是"要是……就好了”、“但愿……”。这个句型中的语序是正常语序，不倒装。另外，其谓语动词的虚拟式与wish后面宾语从句中谓语动词的虚拟式相同。

例句：If only I had visited you yesterday.("要是我昨天去了拜访你就好了"实际没有去)

3) as if, as though表不可能，不真实情况时的虚拟语气

例：a. They look rather puzzled, as if /though they didn’t know. 表现在

b. He talks as if he had been to the moon. 表过去

c. He is very happy as if /though he could win the game. 表将来

4) would rather在虚拟语气中的用法

V-ed表现在或将来

would rather +从句的主语+had done 表过去

例：a . I would rather you came tomorrow than today.

b.I would rather you hadn't said that.

5）It's necessary /important /natural/strange/right+ that从句，从句谓语要用（should）+V原型。

It's necessary /important that every party member (should ) take the lead and work well.

三、“情态动词+have done”的虚拟结构

1. “should +have done”表示过去应该做而没做。如：

You should have been here five minutes ago. 你本应该5分钟前就到这儿。

2. “could +have done”意思是过去本来能够做某事而没有做。如：

“There were already five people in the car, but they managed to take me as well.”“It couldn’t have been a comfortable journey.”

“车里已经有五个人了，他们又设法带上了我。”

“那一定不会是个舒服的旅程。”

3．“might +have done”意思是过去某个动作有可能发生，但实际上并没发生。She might have achieved greater progress, if you had given her more chances.

如果你多给她点机会，她可能已经取得了更大的成绩。

4．“would +have done”,意思是“过去本来会做而没做”。如：

Without your help, I wouldn’t have achieved so much.

没有你的帮助，我是不会取得如此大的成绩的。

5．“should +have done”含有指责对方或自责的意思，意为“本来应该做某事，而实际没做”。其否定式表示本不应该做某事而实际上做了。如：Tom, you are too lazy. The work should have been finished yesterday.

汤姆，你太懒惰了，这个活本来应该昨天就做完的。

6．“ought to +have done”表示过去应该做而实际没有做，意为“理应做……”，往往表示遗憾。其否定式表示过去本不应该做某事而实际上做了。如：

You ought to have given him more help. 你理应多帮助他

7．“need +have done”表示本来需要做某事而没有做，其否定式为本不必做某事而实际上做了。如：

I needn’t have bought so much wine—only five people came.

我本来没必要买这么多酒，只来了五个人。

练习题

一．用所给词的适当形式填空

1. I advised that Jane _______________（read）some newspapers in her spare time.

2. The situation required that China _________(open) its door to the outside world.

3. I ______________________ (buy) you a more valuable present for your birthday.

I was short of money at that time.

4. ----Do you want him to lend you some money?

-----I wish he ____________(will).

5. _______he came , the problem would be settled.

6. It was required that each student ____________ (bring) enough food on the trip.

7. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ____________(break).

8. I would rather she _____________(travel) by train with her friends than alone during the coming holiday.

9. It was ordered that no smoking ______________ (allow) in the library.

10. The teacher demanded that the exam _______________ (finish) before eleven.

11. She made the demand that the journalists __________(leave) at once for Iraq.

12. He talks as if he ____________(know) everything in the world..

13. The young man insisted that he _____________(do) nothing wrong and

_______________ (set)free.

14. The order came that the medical supplies _______________(send) to Beijing for the Sars soon.

15. It is important that we _____________ (protect) wild animals.

16. Had you listened to the doctor, you ________________ (be) all right now.

17. Should it rain, the crops ____________________(save) .

18. You look as if /though you___________________(see) a ghost.

19. I ____________________(lend) you some money, but I hadn’t any on me then.

20. --- “What will you do during the summer holiday?”

--- “I don’t know, but it’s high time I ____________(decide) something.”

二．翻译句子。

1. 我希望我没有犯那个错误。

2. 现在是我们努力读书的时候了。

3. 我宁愿你没帮过他。

4. 如果我是那间学校的校长，我会惩罚那些违纪的学生。

_____________ the principal/headmaster of that school, I ____________ those students who don’t obey the rules.

5. 他看上去很开心，好像没有伤心的事情发生过。

He looks happy, _________________________________________________ .

6. 如果我昨天早起5分钟，我就不会赶不上那趟车了。

__________________5 minutes earlier yesterday, I ________________ that bus.

7. 如果我是你的话，我会好好利用这次机会。

8. 我们的老师要求我们每天取得一点进步。

9. 如果将来我是个亿万富翁，我会捐很多钱给慈善事业。

10. 老板要求他的工人一天内完成任务

三、完成句子

1. 有关这事我本应该早告诉你。

I _______________________you about it earlier.

2.本来他能够通过考试，但是他太粗心。

He______________________ the exam, but he was too careless.

3.他或许会多给你一些帮助，即使他很忙。

He ______________________you more help, even though he was busy.

4.我本来会告诉你这个小男孩的故事，但是你没有问我。

I _______________________you all about the boy’s story, but you didn’t ask me.

5. 看，汤姆哭了，我本来不应该对他如此严厉。

Look, Tom is crying. I _________________________ so hard on him.

6.我理应上星期天回家的。

I ________________________________home last Sunday.

7.他本来需要快点去车站，那样的话，他就不会误了火车。

He ______________ to the station. In that case, he wouldn’t have missed the train.

Keys:

一．用所给词的适当形式填空

1.read

2. open

3. would have bought

4. would

5.If

6.bring

7. were broken

8. travelled 9. be allowed 10. be finished 11.leave

12. knew 13. had done, be set 14. be sent

15. protect 16. would be 17. would be saved

18. had seen 19. would have lent 20. decided

二．翻译句子。

1.I wish I hadn’t made that mistake.

2.It’s high time that we studied hard.

3.I would rather you hadn’t helped him.

4.If I were , would punish .

Were I the principal…..

5.as if/ though nothing sad had happened.

6.If I had got up , would not have missed

7.Were I you, I would make good use of this opportunity.

8.Our teachers require that we (should) make small/a little progress every day.

9.If I were to be /should be / were a billionaire, I would/might donate a lot of

money to the charity.

10.The boss demanded that the workers (should) finish the task within one day.

三、完成句子

1. should have told

2. could have passed

3. might have given

4. would have told

5. shouldn’t have been

6. ought to have gone

7. need have hurried