最新2014中考英语语法总复习讲义
专题一名词
名词是中考考查的重点。考查内容主要为：
1. 名词单、复数的变化规律及其用法；
2. 不可数名词量的表达法；
3. 名词所有格的变化及其用法；
4. 名词作主语的一致问题；
5. 常用专有名词的表示法；
6. 具体语境中名词的词义和一些常用易混淆名词的区别。
Ⅰ.名词的定义
名词是表示人、事物、现象和其他抽象概念的名称的词。名词可分为专有名词和普通名词。
专有名词是具体的人和事物等特有名称。专有名词的第一个字母要大写，人名、地名、公共节日及月份、周日的名称等等都是属于专有名词。（见资料）
如：Yao Ming 姚明；China 中国；Christmas 圣诞节等。
Ⅱ. 可数名词和不可数名词普通名词按照其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。
1．可数名词可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。如：an apple; two apples 。
★注意：a 用于以辅音音素( 指音标) 开头的单数名词前；
an 用于以元音音素( 指音标) 开头的单数名词前。
如：a book/b uk/, a useful/ju:sful/ book ，an apple/’aepl/ ，a red apple , an hour/’aua/
2．不可数名词: 不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词，没有复数形式。
(1)物质名词。如：water; rice; tea; milk; food; fruit; meat; fish(鱼肉); chicken(鸡肉); beef; mutton; orange(橙汁)；sugar; salt; paper(纸); porridge; bread; sand; juice等。这类不可数名词需要计量时要在名词前加表示量的词。如：a cup of tea; two bags of rice; three bottles of water等。
(2)抽象名词。如：news; music; time(时间); information等。
(3)不可数名词不能与数词或不定冠词连用。
(4)注意有些名词既可做可数名词也可做不可数名词。
如：fish; time; glass; orange; room; noise; chicken等。但使用时一定要区分它们表达的不同意义。
Ⅲ. 名词的数
(1)元音或词尾发生变化
如：man→men; woman→women; Frenchman→Frenchmen; tooth→teeth; foot→feet; child→children
(2)单复数形式相同
如：sheep→sheep; fish→fish; Chinese→Chinese; Japanese→Japanese; yuan→yuan
(3)形式为单数意思为复数如：people，police（集合名词）
(4)形式为复数意思为单数如：news, maths, physics, the United States等。
(5)只用复数形式如：pants, shorts, clothes，glasses(眼镜)等。
3. 不可数名词的量的表示：（不能直接用数字；不能直接加a。an；无复数形式）
(1)表不定数量时，一般用much，(a)little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等词修饰。
(2)表确定数量时，一般用―数词＋量词＋of＋不可数名词。
如：a piece of paper, a piece of news, a bag of rice, two glasses of milk, four bottles of water
Ⅳ.名词的所有格：
1. 有生命的名词所有格
(1) 单数名词后加’s 。如：my brother’s book
(2) 不以s 结尾的复数名词后加’s 。如：the children’s football
(3) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加’ 。如：the boys’ game
(4) 以s 结尾的专有名词后直接加’ 。如：Dickens’ novels
(5)某物为两个名词共有时，在第二个名词后加’s : 如：To m and David’s room.
(6) 表示两个名词各自拥有的东西，在两个名词后都加’s: 如：Tom’s and David’s rooms.
2. 无生命的事物的名词所有格(of所有格)
(1)of＋名词。如：a photo of my family, the door of the classroom
注意：“of＋名词’s/名词性物主代词” 构成双重所有格如：a friend of mine, a friend of Jim’s。
(2) 表示时间或距离，国家，城市的方法。也可用’s来构成所有格
▲如：ten minutes’ drive十分钟车程；a month’s holiday一个月的假期。China’s capital
(3)表称呼、职业等名词的所有格可以表示人的住所或工作场所。所有格后面的名词一般被省去。
如：at his brother’s; at the doctor’s; at the barker’s; at Mr Read’s
(4)用所有格表示节日的方法：如：Teachers’ Day; Children’s Day
.（除了父亲节和母亲节其他节日我们都用名词复数的所有格表示。）如：Mother’s Day; Father’s Day.
▲（5）.由some、any、no、every与one、body 结合的复合不定代词something 、anything 等和else 连用时，所有格应加在else的后面。This is _________________(somebody else ) pencil .
四、名词作句子成分：
★1.名词作主语
1).表示时间、金钱、距离作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Two hours _______(be) enough for us to get there .
2).量词短语“数字+量词+ of +…”作主语时，谓语动词应与量词保持一致。
A pair of shoes _______(be) under the bed . Two pieces of paper _______(be) on the desk .
3).名词+介词（with、except 、along with ….）+名词作主语时，谓语动词应与前面的名词保持一致。
The teacher with the students _________(be) planting trees on the hill .
4).短语“neither…nor…、either…or…、not only…but also …‖连接主语时，谓语动词实行就近原则。
Neither he nor I ______ (be) a Frenchman .
★2.名词作定语
1).名词作定语时，一般用单数形式。变复数时，名词中的中心词变为复数形式。
如：a banana tree→banana trees; a shoe factory→shoe factories There is a shoe factory near the school .
2).名词作定语时，个别情况用复数形式。(sport )
The sports meeting will be held next week .
3).man、woman 作定语表示性别时，man、woman随后面的名词单复数而变。
one man teacher two women teachers
专题二冠词
中考对冠词的考查主要为：
不定冠词a和an的用法，定冠词the的用法，零冠词的用法，习惯用语中冠词的位置及使用。
Ⅰ.冠词的定义冠词是虚词。通常放在名词之前，用来说明名词所表示的人或事物。冠词分为不定冠词（a和an）和定冠词(the)两类。
Ⅱ.冠词的用法
1．不定冠词a, an的用法
(1)泛指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。A girl is waiting for you.
(2)不定冠词a 用在以辅音音素开头的单数可数名词前；a useful book; a desk;不定冠词an 用在以元音音素开头的单数可数名词前。如：an old man; an actor; an “m”。
(3)第一次提到某人或某物而非特指时。如：There is a book on the desk, but the book isn’t mine.
(4)表示人或事物的某一类。如：An elephant is bigger than a tiger.
(5)用于表时间、速度、价格等意义的名词之前，有“每一”的意思，相当every 如：three times a week.
(6) 表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈。I have a computer.
(7)用在序数词前，表示“又一，再一”I have three books. I want to buy a fourth one.
(8)可视为一个整体的两个名词前eg: a knife and fork 一副刀叉
(9)用在某些固定词组中：如：have a good time; have a swim ,have a cold , half an hour ,a lot(of), after a while , in a hurry , for
a long time, a few ,a little ,at a time ,
2．定冠词the的用法
(1)用来特指某人或某物，双方都知道的人或物的名词前如：Open the door, please.
(2)用于上文提到的某人或某物。There is a kite on the wall. The kite is new.
(3)表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前如：the sun; the moon; the earth; the sky
(4)用在序数词或形容词最高级前，如：March is the third month of a year. He is the cleverest boy in his class.
(5)用在某些形容词前，表示一类人。如：the rich; the poor; the young; the old等。
(6)用在西洋乐器名词前。如：play the violin
(7)用在表示方位的名词前。如：in the east/north/west/south
(8)用在表示山脉、海洋、江河、湖泊、群岛、建筑物、名胜古迹等专有名词前或用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。
如：the Yellow River; the Great Wall; the West Lake; the White House等
(9)用在姓氏复数形式前，表示“全家人”或“夫妻俩”。eg：The Greens are watchingTV now
(10)用于形容词或副词比较级等构成“ the...the... ”的句式中，表示“越……越……”。如：The more, the better.
(11)用于固定搭配中。all the same仍然；all the time一直；at the moment此刻；at the same time同时；by the way顺便说；do the shopping/washing买东西/洗衣服；in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/下午/晚上in the open air 在户外，在野外3．零冠词的用法
(1)棋类活动,球类运动,一日三餐，学科名词前不用任何冠词play chess play football have supper We all like English.
特例：当football，basketball指具体的某个球时,其前可以用冠词：I can see a football.我可以看到一只足球。Where’s the football？那只足球在哪儿？(指足球，并非“球类运动”)
(2)称呼语前不用冠词，表示头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词。
如：I don’t feel well today, Mum./ This is Professor Li/ /Hello, Lily.
(3)在节假日、星期、月份、季节等名词前，用零冠词.
如：Teachers’ Day; Mother’s Day; on Monday; in May; in summer
▲但若指某年的某月份或某年的某季节，需在月份或季节前加the, eg：The winter in 2008 was very cold.
(4)名词前已有物主代词(my，your，his，her等)、指示代词(this/these，that/those)、不定代词(some，any等)及名词所有格修饰时,不用冠词my book(正)；my the book(误)
(5)有些专有名词, 如人名,地名,国家名，抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词。
如：China; Japanese; milk; love等。Jim lives in China.
(6)不可数名词和复数名词表泛指时前用零冠词We can’t live without water./ Horses are good animals.
(7)用在“专有名词+普通名词”构成的街名，路名，山名等名词前Hainan Island / Nanjing Road
(8) by与火车等交通工具连用，用零冠词
eg：by bus/ by train/by car/ by bike 注意：take a bus/ on the bike/ in a boat
(9)在某些固定搭配里,名词之前常不用冠词.
如on foot; at home; at night; from morning till night, on time, in time, at first, at last等。
(10)用与不用冠词的差异
①in hospital住院/ in the hospital在医院里②in front of在…(外部的)前面/ in the front of在…(内部的)前面
③at table进餐/ at the table在桌子旁④by sea乘船/ by the sea在海边
⑤go to school(church…)上学(做礼拜…) /go to the school(church…)到学校(教堂…)去
⑥two of us我们当中的两人/ the two of us我们两人(共计两人)
⑦a teacher and writer一位教师兼作家(一个人)/a teacher and a writer一位教师和一位作家(两个人)
专题三：代词
中考对代词的考查主要为：人称代词，物主代词，反身代词，指示代词，疑问代词，不定代词，
He teaches _____(we) Chinese . / I’m waiting for you.(介词的宾语) / It’s me.(宾格做表语)
2.三种人称代词并列充当主语时时,顺序为:
单数:（二,三,一）——（You, she and I ）复数:（一,二,三）——(we , you and they )
注：:若把责任担,第一人称最当先,(即若做错事时,把第一人称放在最前面.)
eg：She and I have been to Beijing .（一般情况）Who broke the window ? I and Mike .（承担责任）
注：it 还有一些特别的用法。
1) 用在句型: “It seems that …”中.“看起来像。….”
2）用作形式主语,常用于“It’s +adj +to do sth”句型中.“做什么事情怎么样”
3) 用在句型: “It’s one’s turn to do sth”中.“轮到某人做sth”
4) 用在句型: “It’s time to do sth / for sth”中.“到了该做sth的时候”5) 用在句型: “It’s +adj +that 从句”中.
6) 用作形式宾语, 用来代替动词不定式.
主语+make /think /feel/find + it + adj (名词)+ to do sth . I find it difficult to remember these wors.
eg: My name is Tom.(
2、名词性物主代词，后面不能加名词,名词性物主代词常与of 连用 He is a friend of mine(我的一个朋友) eg ：Our classroom is as big as ______(they) . / This is a friend of ______(my). 注: 1) 名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+ 名词(上题中mine=my friends)
2)形容词性物主代词与own 连用时,后面可跟名词也可不跟名词. My own house = a house of my own
反身代词的常用搭配:
enjoy oneself 过得愉快 hurt oneself 受伤 teach oneself = learn..by oneslf 自学
help oneself to …随便吃/用 look after oneself leave sb by oneself 让某人独自留下
dress oneself 某人自己穿衣服 improve oneself 提高某人自己
四.指示代词
1、指示代词的用法： (1)this /these ①指较近的事和人: This is my pen. / These are my books.
②指下文提到的事eg ：Please remember this:No pains,no gains.
(2) that /thos e ①指较远的事和人: That is her sister. / Those are her sisters.
②指上面刚提到的事情eg ：He was ill.That ’s why he didn ’t go to school.
2. 注意 that / those 常用来代替前面出现的人或物,以避免重复. That 代替可数名词的单数或不可数名词. Those 代替复数名词. The weather in Guangdong is hotter than _____ in Qinghai .
The books in that shop are cheaper than ___in this shop. A.this B.that C.one D.those
3.在电话用语中,this 代替自己,而that 代替对方.
eg ：This is Tom speaking . 我是汤姆 Who is that ?你是谁？
五、疑问代词：(P93考点五)用来提出问题的代词称为疑问代词，通常位于句首，引出特殊疑问句。
如：who 作主语，表语，宾语但不能放介词后Who wants to go with me?
whom who 的宾格形式，作宾语To whom are you talking?
whose who 的所有格形式，作定语Whose wallet is this? 这是谁的钱包？ what 可询问职业What ’s your father? He is a teacher. who 可询问身份和姓名Who is the boy in red? He is Jim.
what 指不定数目中的那一个。“什么，哪一些，”无范围What would you like?
which “ 哪一个”指在一定范围内特指的人或物Which bike is yours? 哪辆自行车是你的
六.不定代词的区别.
1.one 与it 的区别: One 代替同类事物中的一种. 而it 代替上文中出现的某事物. This book is a good one . May I borrow it ?
2.some 与any 的区别①一般情况下,some 用于肯定句,any 用于否定,疑问句,
He asked me for some paper , but I didn ’t have any .
②但在疑问句中，若要表示说话人希望得到肯定的回答或表示请求、建议时应用some 。此类句型常以could, would 开头或what about /how about 的句中。 May I have some water ?( 希望得到肯定的回答)
3.many 与much 的区别
Many+可数名词的复数 ；Much+不可数名词，都相当于 a lot of +复数名词/不可数名词
注:a lot of 常不用于否定句中. 否定句中用many /much .
4.a few /few /a little /little 的区别
例题：His story is easy to read ，there are _____ new words in it .
Hurry up ! There is _____ time left . 5.each / every 的区别
★each 强调个体，表示两者或两者以上的人或物中的每一个. every 强调整体，表示三者或三者以上的人或物中的每一个.
There are trees and frowers on _____ side of the street . / ____ student has read a story .
★:each 可以与of 连用, each of 作主语时,谓语动词用单数.
而every 不能与of 连用.只能放在名词前作定语. Each of us _______(study )hard .
6. no one 与none 的区别
no one 指人，表示没有人, 不能与of 连用， 谓语常用单数。
none of +复数名词/ 代词，作主语时，既指人又可指物，谓语常用单数。.
The boys were all tired , but _____ of them stopped to have a rest .
7.both /neither /either /all / none / any 的区别
There are many trees on ____ side of the river . A. both B.any C.either D.all
注意:
1). both 的否定词是neither , all 的否定词是none.
2).both of 作主语时,谓语动词用复数； neither of 作主语时, 谓语动词用单数.
Neither of the answers ______(be) right . Both of my parents _______(be) workers.
3).词组
A) both …and …连接两个主语时,谓语动词用复数. 同义词组:
not only …but also … 反义词组: neither … nor …
Not only you but also she likes watching TV.= ____ you _____ she like watching TV .
B) either …or … 或者……或者…… , neither …nor … 既不……也不…… 连接两个主语时,谓语动词实行就近原则. Neither you nor he ______ (be ) right .
One of Lily and Lucy is going to the park. = _____ Lily _____Lucy _____ going to the park.
C) either 也可用于否定句中的 “也” He doesn ’t like the book,either.
4) how many /how much 的回答:用none 回答.
Who 的回答:用no one 回答. ； What 的回答: 用nothing 回答.
How many students are there in the classroom ? __________.
Who can answer the question ? _______. A. None B.No one C.Nothing
8.other /the other /others /the others 的区别
注释: 1) one …the other …表示两者之间的一个…另一个…… 2) some … others … 表示一些…… 另一些…… 3) another 表示三者及三者以上的不确定数
目中的另一个. 只能修饰可数名词的单数. ★ another +数字+ 复数名词= 数字+ more
+复数名词
表示 “ 另外几个……”another ten teachers=ten more teachers
I have two brothers , one is a teacher , ______ is a worker .
Some are cleaning the classroom , ______ are sweeping the window
9.复合不定代词.
注: 1.
复合不定代词作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. eg;Everything is ready.
2.形容词或else 修饰复合不定代词时，形容词或else 须放在复合不定代词后。： I want to give you something different to eat.. / something else （其它的东西）
3.动词不定式修饰不定代词时, 动词不定式放在不定代词之后. Would you like something to eat?
4.复合不定代词用于反义疑问句中,
1)指人的不定代词, everybody,nobody,anyone, 其反义疑问句中的主语用he 或they . Everybody is here,aren ’t they?
2)指物的不定代词, everything ,something,nothing 等 其反义疑问句中的主语用 it .
Everything ______(begin ) to grow in spring , _______ _______ ?
5.any ,anything ,anyone, anyboby 也可用于肯定句中,表示 “任何……/任何物/任何人”
6、
Every one of us has seen the film . Everyone should do their best .
专题四数词
数词是中考必考的一个语法点，基数词，序数词，分数
一、数词的分类数词主要分为基数词和序数词两类。
1. 基数词表示数目的词称为基数词。其形式如下：
A．从1——10：one，two，three，four，five，six，seven，eight，nine，ten．
B. 从11-19：eleven，twelve，thirteen，fourteen，fifteen，sixteen，seventeen，eighteen，nineteen．
这里除eleven，twelve，thirteen，fifteen，eighteen为特殊形式外，fourteen，sixteen，seventeen，nineteen都是由其个位数形式后添加后缀-teen构成。
C．从21——99：整数几十中除twenty，thirty, forty，fifty，eighty为特殊形式外，sixty，seventy，ninety都是其个位数形式后添加后缀-ty构成。表示几十几时，在几十和个位基数词形式之间添加连字符―-‖
①21 twenty-one ②76 seventy-six
D．百位数：1-9基数词形式加―hundred‖，表示几百，在几十几与百位间加上and．
101 a hundred and one 320 three hundred and twenty 648 six hundred and forty-eight
E．千位数以上：从数字的右端向左端数起，每三位数加一个逗号―，‖。从右开始，第一个―，‖前的数字后添加thousand，第二个―，‖前面的数字后添加million，第三个―，‖前的数字后添加billion。然后一节一节分别表示，两个逗号之间最大的数为百位数形式。①2,648 two thousand six hundred and forty-eight。②16,250,064 sixteen million two hundred and fifty thousand sixty-four。③5,237,166,234 five billion，two hundred and thirty-seven million，one hundred and sixty-six thousand，two hundred and thirty-four
★★F．基数词在表示确切的数字时，要用百、千、百万、十亿的单数形式；但是，当基数词表示不确切数字，如成百、成千上万，三三两两时，则以复数形式出现。
four hundred boys There are hundreds of people in the hall．
They went to the theatre in twos and threes．
注：several+ hundred/thousand/million /billion+复数名词eg：There are several hundred students.
G．表示人的不确切岁数或年代，用几十的复数形式表示。
1)表年龄: in one’s + 整十的复数,表示在某人几十岁时
①He became a professor in his thirties．他三十多岁时成为了教授②在他四十岁时: ___
2)表示年代: in the + 年份的复数,在几世纪几十年代. It was in the 1960s．那是在二十世纪六十年代。
H．基数词的句法功能
基数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语。
The two happily opened the box．（作主语）I need three altogether．(作宾语）
Four students are playing volleyball outside．（作定语）We are sixteen．（作表语）
They three tried to finish the task before sunset．（作同位语）
2. 序数词:表示顺序的词称为序数词。序数词的主要形式：
A．从第一至第十九：其中，one— first，two— second，three— third，five— fifth，eight—eighth，nine—ninth，twelve—twelfth为特殊形式，其它的序数词都是由其相对应的基数词后面添加―th‖构成。例如：six— sixth、nineteen— nineteenth．B．从第二十至第九十九：
整数第几十的形式由其对应的基数词改变结尾字母y为i，再加―eth‖构成。
twenty——twentieth thirty——thirtieth 第四十第五十
表示第几十几时，用几十的基数词形式加上连字符―－‖和个位序数词形式一起表示。
thirty-first 第三十一fifty-sixth 第五十六seventy-third 第七十三ninety-ninth 第九十九
C．第一百以上的多位序数词：由基数词的形式变结尾部分为序数词形式来表示。
one hundred and twenty-first 第一百二十一；one thousand，three hundred and twentieth 第一千三百二十
D.序数词可以用缩写形式来表示。主要缩写形式有。
first——lst second——2nd third——3rd fourth——4th
sixth——6th twentieth——20th twenty-third——23rd
注：lst，2nd，3rd为特殊形式，其它的都是阿拉伯数字后加上th。
E．序数词的句法功能：序数词在句中可作主语、宾语、定语和表语。
The second is what I really need．（作主语）He choose the second．（作宾语）
We are to carry out the first plan.（作定语）She is the second in our class．（作表语）
★序数词前常要加定冠词the；但若序数词前出现不定冠词a或an时,则表示“再一”“又一”。
We’ve tried it three times．Must we try it a fourth time? 我们已经试过三遍了还必须试一次（第四次）吗？
▲表编号结构:名词(首字母要大写) + 基数词= the +序数词 +名词
Lesson One = the first lesson the fifth page=Page 5（five）the twenty-first room=Room 21（twenty-one）
★二、时刻表示法
1.表示几点钟用基数词可以加o`clock,也可省略：5:00 读作five o`clock 或five
2.表示几点过几分，在分钟后加past，再加小时
eg: five past seven 七点过五分half past six 六点半 a quarter past eight 八点过一刻
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