考研英语长难句精读

1. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. (2005. 阅读. Text 2) 【译文】最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批来自国家科学院的专家团，他们告诉我们，地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖，而这个问题主要是人为造成的。【析句】句子的主干是The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences to tell us that...and tha t...。主系表容易辨认，to tell us作目的状语，两个并列的that引导tell 的宾语从句。令整个句子略显复杂的是插入语enlisted by the White House，割裂了这句话的整体性。

2. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions. (2005. 阅读. Text 2) 【译文】但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导，关键是我们的国家和整个的世界在做重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断作为依据。【析句】首先，句子的主干science does provide us...future and it is critical...。and连接两个并列的句子，前句是个简单句，容易理解；后句中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句，因为从句很长，若放在句首，句子则显得头重脚轻。that主语从句中，our nation and the world 是主语，base是谓语，important policies是宾语，on the best judgments 是宾语补足语，而judgments后有that引导的定语从句。注意，concerning the futrue...actions中的concerning此处是介词，意为“关于，就……而论”。

3. Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. (2005. 阅读. Text 2) 【译文】就像吸烟问题一样，来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整。在我们证实这件事之前可以向大气中不断地排放气体。【析句】句子的主干是voices now come from many quarters,insiting that...,that... 中，insisting是现在分词作定语，相当于that insist; 两个that引导的都是宾语从句，作insist的宾

语。第二个that从句中，还包含until引导的时间状语从句。

1. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different. (2005.

阅读. Text 1) 【译文】但是，当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两

个房间里，能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行

为就会变的明显不同。【析句】主句是简单句，their behaviour became markedly different.从句比较复杂，首先是when引导时间状语从句，so that引导结果状语从句，其中，what the other was getting 是observe 的宾语从句。

2. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. (200 5. 阅读. Text 1) 【译文】如果一只猴子根本无需用代币就能够得到一颗葡萄的话，那么另外一只就会将代币掷向研究人员或者扔出房

间外，或者拒绝接受那片黄瓜。【析句】句子的主干是if one received a grape, the other either tossed ...chamber,or refused to ........... cucumber. 先看if 引导的条件状语从句，without having to provide..... in exchange 是介宾结构；再看主句，主语是the other,有两个由or连接的动作toss...at or out of和refused to accept。

3. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. (2005. 阅读. Text 1) 【译文】但是这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成，还是来自三千五百万前他们共同的祖先，这还是一个悬而未决的问题。【析句】例句3和例句1看起来结构相似，其实大有不同。例句3中，主语较长, 有两个主语从句构成，whether such a sense of fairness evolved...or whether it stems from the common ancestor, 第二个主语从句中，that 引导定语从句修饰ancestor。系表结构是is an unanswered question.

1.Ravitch’s latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms,

traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits. (2004. 阅读. Text 4)

【译文】莱维西最新著作《落后：一个世纪的失败学校改革》探索

学校里反智主义倾向的根源，书中的结论是：美国学校绝没有抵制美国人对才学追求的厌恶。【析句】句子的主干是Ravitch's latest book traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools. 其中，book后的插入语是书名，concluding they are anything...puisuits是现在分词引导结果状语从句，注意其中的短语anything but相当于only。

2. Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing. (2004. 阅读. Text 4) 【译文】拉尔夫?瓦尔多?爱默生和其他一些先验主义哲学家认为学校教育和严格的书本学习限制了孩子们的天性。“我们被关在中小学和大学的朗诵室里十年或十五年，最后出来满肚子墨水，却啥都不懂。【析句】整句话的主句是Ralphph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philophers thought,后面是省略了that的宾语从句,从句的主干是We are shut up and come out and do not known a thing. 注意冒号，实际上将这段话分成了前后两句。

3. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and milit antly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”(200

4.阅读.Text 4) 【译文】霍夫斯塔特说，掌握我们国家教育体系的人“沾沾自喜地、霸气十足地公然宣称敌视才学，迫不及待地认同那些看来在才学方面最难造就的孩子。” 【析句】先看主句Hofstadter says, 后面也是省略了that的宾语从句。从句中，our country's education system是主语，is in the grips of people 是系表结构，who引导定语从句修饰people。定语从句的主干是who proclaim hostility to intellect and eagerness,to indentify with children作定语，children后又是who引导的定语从句。可以看出，例句3和例句

2 中都引用了别人的话即引号内的内容。

1. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet. (2004. 阅读. Text 2)

【译文】但是有一种隐蔽的形式还在蔓延：按字母表顺序排名。对于尚未意识到其危害的人来说，它指的是对那些姓氏起始字母位于字母表后半部的人的歧视。

【析句】句子的主干是This refers to discrimination against those。其中，for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage是插入语，those是介词for 的宾语，形容词短语unaware of作those 的定语；第二个those 是against的宾语，后面是whose引导的定语从句修饰those。

2. Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’s predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. (2004. 阅读. Text 2)

【译文】如此这般，美国的总统和副总统的姓氏分别是以B和C字母起头。乔治·布什的前任有二十六位（包括其父）的姓氏均在字母表的前半部，而姓氏在字母表后半部的却仅有十六位。

【析句】句子的主干是the American president and vice-president have surnames...; and 26 of...predecessors had surnames。其中，and”将本句分为两个并列分句，第一个分句即“American president and

vice-president have surnames”，第二个分句是“26 of…had surnames”。第一个分句的宾语“surnames”后是现在分词结构“starting with”作定语；第二个分句宾语紧跟的介词结构“in the first half of the alphabet”作定语。

3. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening. (200

4. 阅读. Text 3)

【译文】消费者看起来略显忧虑，并没有惊慌失措。许多人虽然稍微勒紧腰带，但他们说对于经济的长期前景还是乐观的。

【析句】先看句子主干Consumers seem only mildly concerned,and many say...。not panicked作插入语，对mildly concerned 的进一步说明；say之后是宾语从句they remain optimistic...prospects,even as引导让步状语从句。

1. It's an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. (2004. 阅读. Text 1)

【译文】它的特点是互动，允许访问者自定求职要求诸如工作地点、职位和薪水，当资料库里出现与个人要求相匹配的工作岗位时它就会通过电子邮件通知求职者。

【析句】句子的主干是It's an interactive feature that lets...then E-mail s...。主句是简单句It's an interactive feature, that 引导定语从句修饰feature。定语从句中，有两个并列的谓语分别是lets vistors...和

E-mails them，第二个谓语后还有我很引导的时间状语从句。

2. When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs -- those it considers the best matches. (2004. 阅读. Text 1)

【译文】比如，当求职网代理向注册服务的用户发送信息时，它只提供三个它认为最可能匹配的岗位。

【析句】句子的主干结构比较常见，when引导时间状语从句，主句为简单句。其中，时间状语从句中those后是who引导的定语从句，主句后，也有those+定语从句的结构，先行词that省略。

3. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. (200

4. 阅读. Text 1)

【译文】有些人利用搜索代理密切观察对于本行业的需求或搜集有关加薪的信息以备增薪谈判时胸有成竹。

【析句】句子的主干是Some use them to...or gather...when negotiating..。主句中有多个介词短语如keep a close watch on密切关注, demand for需求，要求,compensation to...,减少了动词的使用；when引导的时间状语从句中，由于前后主语相同，将主语省略，谓语用动名词，相当于when they negociate...。

1. Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless. (2003.阅读. Text 4)

【译文】由于医疗费用由第三方支付，我们常常要求用尽所有的医疗手段，即使它们不会有任何作用。

【析句】这是由一个带有定语从句的主句、两个从句构成的复合长句，主句是we demand everything，that引导定语从句；shieled by... our care是过去分词作状语表原因；even if则引导让步状语从句。注意，分词作状语也是导致长句结构复杂、理解困难的原因之一。

2. Physicians -- frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient --too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. (200

3. 阅读. Text 4)

【译文】医生由于不能治愈疾病，同时又担心病人失去希望，常常采用极端大胆的治疗方法，这些方法远远超出了科学能够认同的界限。

【析句】首先将破折号之间的插入语放在一边，先抓住句子主干Physicians offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is ...justified, beyond后是宾语从句；再看插入语frustrated by...disease and fearing loss...patient体现了分词（现在分词、过去分词）作状

语。

3. These leaders are living proof that prevention works and that we can

manage the health problems that come naturally with age. (2003. 阅读. Text 4)

【译文】这些领导人就是活生生的证据，证明对疾病的防治是有意

义的，证明我们能够对付年龄带来的健康问题。

【析句】本句共有三个that容易让考生困惑。句子的主句是These leaders are living proof，第一个和第二个that引导的是完整的句子prevention works和we can manage the health problems作living proof的同位语从句；第三个that则引导同位语从句中problems的定语从句。

1. Scientists need to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates, who se arguments are confusing the public and thereby threatening advances in health knowledge and care. (2003. 阅读. Text 3)

【译文】科学家应该对动物权利鼓吹者做出强有力的回应，因为他

们的言论混淆了公众的视听，从而威胁到卫生知识和卫生服务的进步。

【析句】本句结构比较简单，主句是Scientists need to respond... advocates，后面有whose引导的定语从句修饰advocates，定语从句中主语是whose arguments，有两个并列的谓语结构are confusing the public and threatening advances...。

2. For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines. (200

3. 阅读. Text 3)

【译文】例如，在近期的一次集市上，一位老奶奶站在动物权利宣

传点前散发小册子，规劝人们不要使用动物制品和动物实验制品——肉类，毛皮，药物。

【析句】句子的主干是 a grandmotherly woman was distributing a brochure。其中，staffing an animal rights booth是动名词作定语相当于who staffed...；that encouraged ...anything作a brochure的定语从句；anything后也有that引导的定语从句，并且从句里有两个并列的

谓语结构comes from...和is tested...。

3. Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only

well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment. (2003. 阅读. Text 3)

【译文】最后，因为最终决定因素是病人，医疗研究机构不仅应该积极争取斯蒂芬?库柏这样的名人的支持——他对动物实验的价值勇敢地进行了肯定——而且应该争取所有接受治疗的病人的支持。【析句】首先抓句子主干，because the ultimate stakeholders...patients,t he health research community should recruit to its cause not only...but a ll...。because引导原因状语从句比较简单，不赘述；主句中，注意谓语动词should recruit后有两个宾语well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper和all,每个宾语后分别有who引导的定语从句。

1. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect,” a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects -- a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen -- is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. (200

2. 阅读. Text 4)

【译文】尽管裁决认为，宪法没有赋予医生帮助病人自杀的权利，然而最高法庭实际上却认可了医疗界的“双效”原则，这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为，如果某种行为具有双重效果（希望达到的好效果和可以预见得到的坏效果），那么，只要行为实施只是想达到好的效果，这个行为就是可以允许的。

【析句】复杂的长句首先抓主干，Although it ruled that...suicide, the Court in effect supported that the medical principle of double effect is permissible if the actor ...effect。先看although引导的让步状语从句，ruled后有一个that引导的宾语从句；再看主句，主句中的主句是the Court supported that...，supported 后也是宾语从句，但要注意，宾语

从句中，a centuries-old moral principle是主语the medical principle of "double effect"的同位语，同位语中holding that... 是现在分词作定语相当于which holds;破折号之间是插入语，对two effects做进一步的解释说明。最后if引导的条件状语从句是主句中的从句。

2. George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. (2002. 阅读. Text 4)

【译文】波士顿大学健康法律系主任乔治·安纳斯坚持认为，只要医生是出于合理的医疗目的开药，那么即使服用此药会加速病人的死亡，医生的行为也没有违法。

【析句】句子的主干是George Annas maintains that the doctor has done nothing illegal as long as ...purpose. 主句中，chair of the health law department是George Annas的同位语；maintains后是宾语从句。宾语从句中的主句是the doctor has done nothing illegal, as long as“只要..."引导条件状语从句,even if“尽管，即使”则引导让步状语从句。

3. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “in

effectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life

care. (2002. 阅读. Text 4)

【译文】报告指出了医院临终关怀护理中存在的两个问题：对病痛处理不力和大胆使用“无效而强制性的医疗程序，这些程序可能会延长死亡期，甚至会让死亡期难堪”。

【析句】本句有一些医学专业词汇，增加了理解的困难，但只要抓住句子的主干，就不会受到干扰。句子的主干是It identifies the undertreatment of pain and aggressive use of ...as the twin problems of...care。it指代上文中的theNational Academy ofScience 。注意其中的短语identity..as“将...定义为..., 认为...是...”。identifies有两个宾语，the undertreatment of pain和the aggressive use of ...。难点在第二个宾语，procedures后是that引导的定语从句。