几个词的用法

A.besides, except , but的用法区别

1. 三者均可表示“除了”，但

besides 表示一种累加关系，意指“除了什么之外，还有…”；

Besides his wife, his daughter also went to see him.

What has he done, besides reading the paper?

He had other people to take care of besides me.

”把除去的东西包括在整体\总数之内”. There will be five of us for dinner, besides John.

except 或but 则表示一种排除关系，意指“除了什么之外，不再有…”：

You can park anywhere except [but] here.

但是，在否定句中，besides 也表示“除…… ”，与but, except 同义：

No one passed the exam besides [except] Jim.

No one writes to me besides you.

2. but 与except略有差别：but侧重完整性，而except侧重指后面除去的部分：

All are here but one.

All are here except one.

but用法十分有限，一般说来，它只能用在下列词语之后：

① no, no one, nobody, nothing, nowhere 等

No one but he [him] showed much interest in it.

② any, anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere 等

③ every, everyone, everybody, everything, everywhere 等

Everyone knows it but you.

I haven’t told anybody but you.

④ all, none 等

⑤ who, what, where 等

但是except 却没有以上限制：

The window is never opened except in summer.

The window is never opened but in summer.

3. 关于except 与except for except that.

except 主要用来谈论同类的东西，而except for 则主要用来谈论不同类的东西，有时含有惋惜\修正\补充说明之意：All compositions are well written except yours.

His composition is good except for\ except that there are a few spelling mistakes.

若用于句首，则except for与except 同义(但except 通常不用于句首，另外but也不能用于句首)：

Except for me, everyone passed the exam.

B.no one ,none与

nothing之别

1.no one

1)不与of连用；2)谓语动词用单数；

3)只能指人，但不具体指什么人；4)一般用来回答who,及含anyone, anybody 引起的疑问句。如：

1)No one likes a person with bad ma nners.

2)——Who is in the room?

——No one.

3)——Is there anyone in the room?

——No one.

2.none

1)可与of连用；2)谓语动词用单或复数；3)具体指什么人或物；4)一般用来回答how many +n, how

much +n及含any+n的疑问句。

1)None of us have/has seen him.

2)——How many students are there in the room? ——None.

3)——Is there any water in the ther mos? ——None.

4)——How much money do you hav

e on you? ——None.

3.nothing

1)指物；2)谓语用单数；3)一般用来回答含anything的一般问句及what引起的特殊问句。请看：

1)——What is in the box? ——Nothi ng.

2)——Is there anything in the sky? ——Nothing.

3)——Can you see anything without glasses? ——Nothing.

下面的顺中溜将帮你记得更清楚。

No one与none好分辨。/具体人，

物把none填。

不知何人与何物，/No one nothing 是一路。

No one人nothing物，/保你不会出错误。

none这个词的用法极易与nothing, no one等混淆,以下是本人参考搜集的一些资料加以整理的:

一、none 与nothing的用法比较:

先请看下面一道题:

I want some coffee, but there

is _______ in the pot.

A. no one

B. something

C.

none D. nothing

现请看:

1) none = not any, not one 一点也没有；一个也没有，即数量概念。既可指人，也可指物，代指上文提到的事物，含特指概念。如:

He wants me to lend him some money, but I have none at hand. They asked for nine books, but there is / are none in the library at present.

2) nothing = not anything, 意为"没有任何东西;什么也没有"，强调内容，只能指物，泛指。如:

He felt hungry, but he could find nothing to eat in the kitchen. Nothing in the world is difficult if you put your heart into it.

Most of us would rather ride bicycles as bike-riding has_______ of the trouble of taking buses. (96上海)

A. nothing

B. none

C. some

D. neither

二、none与no one 的用法比较:

1) none作代词时,可以指人,是"一个人也没有"的意思。如:

The war broke out.All the people felt frighteded but none had left there. 另外,none后常接of短语,of后可接复数可数名词或代词,作主语时,谓语动词用单、复数形式皆可;of后也可接不可数名词,这时谓语动词必须用单数形式。如:

Sorry, but none of us speaks/ speak English.

None of the money on the desk is mine.

注意:none指的是三者或三者以上的人或物中"没有一个";如果指两者中"没有一个"应用neither。请比较:

There are many apples in the basket, but none of them are fresh.

There are two apples on the plate, but neither of them is fresh.

2) no one= nobody 只指人,“没有人”，不能指物,语气比none强,后面不能接

of构成的短语。no one作主语时,谓语动词只能用单数。如:

No one / Nobody likes a person with bad manners.

请看高考题:

We couldn't eat in a restaurant because _______ of us had ____ money on us. (MET91)

A. all; no

B. any; no

C. none;

any D. no one; any

三、用于简略回答时,none用来回答How many... 或How much....引起的问句以及含"any (one) of+名词"构成

的一般疑问句;

no one/ nobody用来回答Who...问句及含anyone/anybody构成的一般疑问句;

而nothing则用来回答What...问句及

含anything构成的一般疑问句。如:

① - How much water is there in the bottle?

- None.

② - What's in your hand?

- Nothing.

③ - Who will go to the party?

- No one/ Nobody.

④ - Did any one of the passengers get injured in the accident?

- No, none was injured.

⑤ - Do you have anything else to say for yourself?

- No, nothing else.

⑥ - Did anyone want to attend the meeting?

- No, no one/ nobody wanted to. 四、none用作副词,意思是"一点也不……",常构成none+the +比较级结构,还可与so或too等副词搭配使用。如: He is none the better since he left home. 他离家至今,情况并无好转。

I hope you're none the worse for your accident. 我希望你在事故中没

受一点儿伤。

Do you mean that the dog is none so lovely? 你的意思是说这只狗一点也不可爱。

You got home none too early, in fact. 事实上,你回家一点也不早。

C. aim at ,aim to: aim to do sth/ aim at doing sth./ aim

at sth 指望，旨在，针对

Businesses will have to aim at long-term growth, not the present profit.

aim sth at: aim a gun at the animal / aim a pipe at the puma

把…瞄准，把…指向；把…掷向

aim 靶子，目标/目的，志向；宗旨take aim at (对…)瞄准

aim at, aim to

aim at 是“瞄准”、“针对”的意思。例如：

He is aiming at the target.

他在瞄靶。

I am not aiming at you.

我不是针对你。

aim to do（美）= aim at doing（英），是“目的在于”的意思，但在具体句子中可以有不同的含义。例如：

He aims at mastering English.

他目的在于掌握英语。

He aims to master English.

（同上）

下面两句= I hope to finish it tomorrow.

I aim at finishing it tomorrow.

I aim to finish it tomorrow.

我想在明天完成它。

下面两句= I try to learn ten new words by heart every day.

I aim at learning ten new words by heart every day.

I aim to learn ten new words by heart every day.

我要每天记十个新词。