北京体育大学英语博士入学参考内容
（一）
一、英译汉
In the summer of 2008, China hosted the Beijing Olympics. Since August, thousands of top athletes and millions of Olympics fans had poured into Beijing. To prepare for the Olympics, Beijing had planned a lot of new buildings, including stadiums, hotels for the Olympics fans, and the Olympic village where the athletes and coaches would live. Among these new buildings, some are unique compared with other buildings in the world, for example, the National Stadium which is called the bird's Nest". Even though it's made of steel and concrete, the stadium looks just like a giant nest made with branches.
2008年夏，中国北京主办了奥运会。自八月份以来，数千名顶级运动员和上百万奥运粉丝纷纷涌至北京。为了筹备奥运会，北京计划新建，其中包括体育场馆，奥运粉丝入住的酒店以及运动员和教练员居住的奥运村。和世界上其他建筑相比，这些新建筑中，有一些呈现出独一无二的特点，比如被称为“鸟巢”的国家体育场。虽然它由钢筋水泥建成，但体育场从外边看上去就像一个由树枝筑成的鸟巢。
二、英语作文
Michael Jordan I can accept fuilure, but I can't accept not trying
Trying can help you get closer to success
Success is what many people are persuing. Howerer, some people are not brave when facing failture and give up their goals while some still keep
trying regardless of failture. For each person, tryiny doesn’t mean you can succeed, but it is a way to help you improve and offer chances to get to success.
You can find your weakness or things to be improved while you are trying to achive your goal. Take cooking for example, you may fail to cook something as good as it is in the resturants for the first time trying, but you may get some experience of cooking. You may add some ingredients or adjust cooking time to make a better trying. As a saying goes “practice makes perfect”, the more you try, the better you do. Each of your trying will help you improve and get to succeed.
The more you try, the more chances you will gain to achieve your goal. People who are afraid of failture may refuse to try for their goals. Some even give up their goal after they failed in their first time trying. Those who give up before they become successful could only stay with failture, while those who keep trying make each chance an opportunity tolearn and improve. They may know new people and get help from others, which would help them achieve their goal. Therefore, the more people try, the more they would gain to help them succeed.
Giving up what you want just because of failture, then you will have no chance to change the result. However, if you keep trying is a way to provide yourself with more chances to work hard for your goal. You can take each chance to learn and to improve in the process, and you will find yourself getting
closer to seccess.(308)
（二）
一、英译汉
Table tennis is a sport which gains much popularity and praise in China. For a long time, it has really been the only sport in China and seemed to set football, basketball and baseball all rolled into one, but it was more popular. Anyone can play tabletennis, for all required are a pair of paddles and ball and a table and net, which are easy to be improvised. People can play it when taking a break or killing time. You can find table-tennistables in schools, factories or even some companies all over China.
乒乓球在中国是一项广受欢迎赞誉的运动。长久以来，它一直是中国唯一的一门似乎将足球、篮球和棒球融入其中的运动，但乒乓球在那时却更受欢迎。任何人都能打乒乓球，因为这项运动的所需只要一支球拍、一个球、一张桌和一个网，这些准备都非常简易。人们可以在休息或打发时间时大一打乒乓球。在全中国，你能在学校、工厂、甚至公司企业中看到乒乓球桌子。
二、英语作文
Politics of sports helps promote peace and progress In the background of globalization, there are more sports competitions and exchanges between countries. Sports games between different countries could strengthen communication and cooperation, enhance exchange and integration of one country and others’ cultures and improve the understanding, trust and friendship among peple from different countries.
Sports politics help people from different cultures understand each other and build up friendships in the cooperation. Sports competition is a way for cultural exchange. People from different countries take the chance to communcate, understand new cultures and learn great skills from the other. Although they are competitiors, they learn something from other countries through communication and share of friendships. Therefore, sports politics is a way to share understanding and friendness.
Sports politics pormotes learning and development between countries. The 2008 Beijing Olymic Game was a chance for people to learn languages. Many Chinese were excited to learn English to welcome foreign visitors, and Chanese became more popular around the world. Besides, a lot of new buildings were built in Beijing and more services were provided for the international game. These developments were beneficial for a country’s process .
Politics of sports has played an important role in pormoting world peace and progress. People frome different countries learn to understand each other and share cultures and friendness in the process. Besides, sports communications pormote a country’s development in economy, culture and politics. Therefore, sports politics is a good way to provide world peace, friendship and progress.(247)
北京体育大学博士入学考试历年试题(完整版)
北京体育大学博士入学考试历 年试题 （包括教育学、训练学、运动生理）
英语 由于北体的往年英语试题拿不到，所以一开始对于考试的题型完全不懂，后来通过多条渠道才了解到（这里感谢体育考博群的不死鸟友情提供）。 现在的英语题型有 词汇题（20 道，10 分）， 完形填空（20 道，10 分）， 阅读理解（6 篇，30 道，30 分）， 英语翻译汉语（20 分）， 汉语翻译英语（15 分）， 作文（15 分）。开始复习词汇时，自己以为考博至少应该是 6 级以上的，所以复习时以 6 级词汇和考研词汇为主，同时也做了一些其它高校的博士英语试题，但是见到题目后才知道我复习的这个思路错了。大部分的词汇都是词组，6 级词汇一个都没有出现，比如第一道是考 hang on ,hang up,等等词汇辨析，题目大意是：一个人在打电话，然后说——，我去拿一下笔和纸。所以基本 20 道都是考这种词组辨析。另外还有考语法，语法这个我当时猜到了，基本要是考语法就是考倒装和虚拟。所以这两部分搞清楚了语法应该可以拿的下来。完形填空就没有什么好讲的了，因为题量大，基本每道题目都是只看一遍，所以完型填空考得什么内容也想不起来了，但是总体感觉完型填空不会很难，不会到那种你自己都看晕的地步。阅读理解虽然有 6 篇，但是并不是每篇篇幅都很长，这次第 5 篇阅读很短，好像我记忆
中只有 8 行，只有 1 段，也算是一篇，所以只要看的顺，应该都来得及，但是所有的题目基本都是只看一遍答案就要出来，阅读文章是也是，一开始的几篇你还有时间回头找内容，到了后面基本就没有时间回头认真找了，我记得后面 20 分钟我做了 3 篇阅读。总体的难度我也不好说，因为一直以来我觉得英语分数是最难估分的，不过感觉就是看完后都可以找得到答案，不会像考研那样最终有两个让你不知道该选那个。很多人都说很简单，反正我没有这种感觉。还有一个很重要的是，北体考试有规定词汇和阅读理解做完后要收上去，然后才开始做英汉互译。词汇，完形填空和阅读规定 1.5 个小时做完。接下来英汉互译和作文 1.5 个小时。英语翻译汉语是翻译一篇文章，今年考得是翻译 NBA 明星克莱德。德雷克斯勒的运动生涯，有 5 段，翻译过程中会穿插着一些专业俗语，比如今年就考到灌篮、急停跳投等等一些篮球术语，除此之外还有一些人名和地名，比如他大学时效力的队伍，和奥拉朱旺还有其他人一起成为三大中锋等等。除了这些术语，其它的还好，不过很多人考出来后都说这部分时间花了很多，我也是，一开始的时候都想好好的翻译，结果这篇翻译下来就花了我40 分钟。还有人花了 1 个小时。所以时间上要把握好。汉语翻译英语是 5 个句子，在句子中也是出现了较多的地名和术语，今年出现了亚特兰大、巴西（郁闷，平常要是看到单词肯定知道，但是看到中文叫我写英文，我傻了）还有出现垒球、获得金牌等等。本人建议要是真打算考博，最好要好好的把体育英语学学，不管什么运动项目都要看看，听说前年考得是排球，再前年考得是骨骼肌的什么运动。 "
博士英语单词
Unit 1 1.to have early memory（记忆）of 2.the entire previous history of humankind （人类） 3.due principally (chiefly) to 4.to rescue (save) civilization from 5.the dread (fearful) shadow of diseases 6.the conscience(良心) and concern of scientists 7.driving forces (动力) 8.to advance/stimulate (promote) health 9.the amplification (增大) of the virus 10.tissue culture (培养) 11.killed and live attenuated (减弱) vaccines 12.national immunization (免疫) days 13.monitoring (监测) methods 14.the worldwide eradication(elimination) of polio 15.little reason for complacency (自满) 16.microbial (微生物) enemies 17.temporary (暂时) victories 18.be adept (good, skillful) at developing new defenses 19.to facilitate (使便利) the spread of epidemics 20.political and economic mismanagement (管理不善) 21.the deprivation (poverty) of populations 22.to address (reduce) the largest disease burden 23.major scourges (灾祸) such as malaria and AIDS 24.in an interdisciplinary (跨学科的) way 25.talented (有才能的) young scientists 26.to underwrite (support) their mission 27.the stunning pace (speed, rate) of change 28.the potential, passion, and perception (洞察力) of scientists 29.need to be tapped (explored) 30.to address (meet, satisfy) global health needs 31.to make deliberate (存心的) use of it 32.to bear (keep) in mind that 33.in this context (case) 34.strategically (战略上) placed on 35.the scientific underpinning (支柱) of policy 36.evidence-based (循证) policy 37.policy setting (establishment) 38.to bear on (影响) the well-being of people 39.a terminally ill patient (临终病人) 40.metastatic (转移) renal cancer 41.our beloved (热爱的) profession 42.our zeal (enthusiasm) for medical science 43.bedside (clinical) care 44.to conduct groundbreaking (突破的) research 45.a noble (崇高的) calling 46.an oral formulation (口服制剂) of morphine 47.bone metastasis (转移) 48.radicular (根的) pain 49.spinal (脊柱) root 50.to counsel (忠告/会诊) the terminally ill patient 51.to reflect upon (反省) my profession 52.caring and compassionate (有同情心的) 53.chemotherapeutic (化疗) agents 54.to shower their patients with genuine (true) love and compassion 55.the emotional and physical (身体的) support
博士生考试英语(第二学期)
天津XX大学博士英语考试试卷Array 2010 —2011 学年第二学期期末考试试卷（A 卷） 科目：博士生英语学院：专业： I. Listening Comprehension: (25%) Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. 1. A) She is a little tired. B) She is going to study. C) She wants to listen to music. D) She is going to make a reservation. 2. A) At an art exhibit. B) In a supermarket. C) In a shoe store. D) In a clothing store. 3. A) They had no time. B) They couldn’t afford it after buying their motor-bike. C) The old one was still working. D) They both want to buy a motor-bike. 4. A) She doesn’t understand the man’s question. B) She’ll have th e test ready in a few days. C) She has a few questions about the man’s schedule.
中国人民大学——英语博士研究生入学考试试题.doc
中国人民大学——英语2004年博士研究生入学考试试题 客观题部分 请用铅笔将此部分试题的答案填涂在答题卡上，否则无效！ II. Vocabulary (10 points) PartA (5 points) Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked iL B, C arm 1). Choose the:one thatbest completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET 1. Example: She prefers foreign wine to that produced__ A. previously B. vLrtually C. primarily D. domestically The sentence should read,; "She prefers foreign wine to that produce domesticany." Therefore, you should choose D. Sample Answer [A] [B] [C] [D] 1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages__ patriotism. A. obsolete B. aggressive C. harmonious D. amiable Z One call understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and __ to expressed thoughts. A. dilemmas B. countenances C. concessions D. junctions 3. People innately _____ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power. A. strive B. ascertain C. justify D. adhere 4. Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of, zoo or wildlife for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them. A. conservation B. maintenance C. storage D. reserve 5. According to the latest report, consumer confidence___ a breathtaking 15 points .last month, to its lowest level in 9 years. A. soared B. mutated C. plummeted D. fluctuated 6. Melissa is a computer___ that destroyed files in computers and frustrated thousands of users around the world. A. genius B. vires C. disease D. bacteria 7. The emphasis:on examinations is iby far the. worst form of competition in schools. A. negligent B. edible C. fabulous D. disproportionate 8. The boy seemed more _____ to their poverty, after seeing how his grandparents lived. A. reconciled B. consolidated C. deteriorated D. attributed 9. During his two-month stay, in China, Tom never____ a chance to practice his Chinese.
北京体育大学博士考试历年试题
英语 由于北体的往年英语试题拿不到，所以一开始对于考试的题型完全不懂，后来通过多条渠道才了解到（这里感谢体育考博群的不死鸟友情提供）。现在的英语题型有词汇题（20道，10分），完形填空（20道，10分），阅读理解（6篇，30道，30分），英语翻译汉语（20分），汉语翻译英语（15分），作文（15分）。 开始复习词汇时，自己以为考博至少应该是6级以上的，所以复习时以6级词汇和考研词汇为主，同时也做了一些其它高校的博士英语试题，但是见到题目后才知道我复习的这个思路错了。大部分的词汇都是词组，6级词汇一个都没有出现，比如第一道是考hang on ,hang up,等等词汇辨析，题目大意是：一个人在打电话，然后说——，我去拿一下笔和纸。所以基本20道都是考这种词组辨析。另外还有考语法，语法这个我当时猜到了，基本要是考语法就是考倒装和虚拟。所以这两部分搞清楚了语法应该可以拿的下来。 完形填空就没有什么好讲的了，因为题量大，基本每道题目都是只看一遍，所以完型填空考得什么内容也想不起来了，但是总体感觉完型填空不会很难，不会到那种你自己都看晕的地步。 阅读理解虽然有6篇，但是并不是每篇篇幅都很长，这次第5篇阅读很短，好像我记忆中只有8行，只有1段，也算是一篇，所以只要看的顺，应该都来得及，但是所有的题目基本都是只看一遍答案就要出来，阅读文章是也是，一开始的几篇你还有时间回头找内容，到了后面基本就没有时间回头认真找了，我记得后面20分钟我做了3篇阅读。总体的难度我也不好说，因为一直以来我觉得英语分数是最难估分的，不过感觉就是看完后都可以找得到答案，不会像考研那样最终有两个让你不知道该选那个。很多人都说很简单，反正我没有这种感觉。还有一个很重要的是，北体考试有规定词汇和阅读理解做完后要收上去，然后才开始做英汉互译。词汇，完形填空和阅读规定1.5个小时做完。接下来英汉互译和作文1.5个小时。 英语翻译汉语是翻译一篇文章，今年考得是翻译NBA明星克莱德。德雷克斯勒的运动生涯，有5段，翻译过程中会穿插着一些专业俗语，比如今年就考到灌篮、急停跳投等等一些篮球术语，除此之外还有一些人名和地名，比如他大学时效力的队伍，和奥拉朱旺还有其他人一起成为三大中锋等等。除了这些术语，其它的还好，不过很多人考出来后都说这部分时间花了很多，我也是，一开始的时候都想好好的翻译，结果这篇翻译下来就花了我40分钟。还有人花了1个小时。所以时间上要把握好。 汉语翻译英语是5个句子，在句子中也是出现了较多的地名和术语，今年出现了亚特兰大、巴西（郁闷，平常要是看到单词肯定知道，但是看到中文叫我写英文，我傻了）还有出现垒球、获得金牌等等。本人建议要是真打算考博，最好要好好的把体育英语学学，不管什么运动项目都要看看，听说前年考得是排球，再前年考得是骨骼肌的什么运动。" jl1.Ah 作文去年考得是绿色奥运，所以我当时复习时基本都是看和体育有关的作文，结果这个又错了，今年考了青少年网络犯罪，建议大家作文的复习还是看以前六级的，该背的背，说心里话，到了那个场面，你能把作文写完整，字数够了，你已经很满足了。
2018年博士生入学考试英语参考答案
1.These figures boil down to no significance as they are statistically imperfect. A amount to B conform to C contribute to D attach to 2.The researchers are working hard to find the optimal concentration of this drug. A most poisonous B most likely C most famous D most desirable 3.This young lawyer dares to take on the powerful on behalf of the poor and weak. A with the favor of B find good jobs for C assume the responsibility for D accept the challenge of 4.The last traces of respectability had vanished by the time he was convicted and imprisoned. A collapsed B disappeared C perished D scattered 5.Fearful of losing her job for good, this lady decided to talk to the manager directly. A for benefits B by luck C for ever D at hand. 6.An important innovation in this college was the introduction of the seminary method for advanced students. A idea B change C matter D policy 7.This archaeologist made a study of the vast area through which the Roman civilization has been propagated. A extended B terminated C speculated D restricted 8.The investor would suffer a lot from a television series that was heavily invested in but never came off. A was released B proved satisfactory C failed completely D won awards 9.Given the gravity of the situation, the best thing we can do is to declare the company bankrupt. A gravitation B fascination C seriousness D incurability 10.When the symptom occurs, she finds it difficult to manipulate a pencil despite her young age. A utilize B handle C master D dominate Section B : Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B , C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet. 11.The country once threatened to ___ diplomatic relations with its neighbor if the latter was too friendly to the rebels. A show off B keep off C break off D call off 12.In English leaning, a ___ circle occurs when a student makes more errors after being scolded. A vicious B vigorous C vertical D voluntary 13.Some ancient people were able to tell the time by the shadow ___by the sun on the slate. A thrown B flung C cast D tossed(upward) https://www.360docs.net/doc/573663328.html,petition compels districts to devote their limited resources to achieving results that compare ___ with other local districts. A significantly B favorably C dramatically D superficially 15.If you don’t know how to ___ your achievements, your parting from this world is going to be a nightmar e. A take hold of B get rid of C let go of D make fun of 16.This country could have as many as 10 million cases of AIDS in 2010 if the ____ is not taken seriously. A episode B epidemic C equivalent D eruption 17.With a wide variety of fresh fruit ___available, canner fruit is no longer so popular as before. A willingly B appropriately C confidently D readily =easily 18.The crisis over parliamentary election illustrated the unpredictable ____that events could take once the coalition troops are withdrawn. A process B line C way D course 19.Decades of ___ might have been partially responsible for our ignorance of development abroad. A insulation B irrigation C integration D isolation 20.There have been some insensible people who attempt to end their pains ____ through suicide. A by and large B once for all =forever C heart and soul D on the whole Part II. Cloze Directions: There are 10 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrases marked A, B, C and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet. There is now a new keychain device that lets people turn off most TVs anywhere---- from airports to restaurants. And it is selling faster than 21 . “I thought there would just be a few sales, but we can’t 22 demand,” said inventor Mitch
北京体育大学考研考博运动生理学(基础篇+应用篇)
运动心理学基础篇 第一讲：绪论 一、生命的基本特征 1、新陈代谢 新陈代谢是生物体自我更新的最基本的生命活动过程。新陈代谢包括两个方面：同化作用和异化作用。同化作用就是生物体不断地从体外环境中摄取有用的物质，使其合成、转化为机体自身物质的过程。异化作用正好与其相反，生物体不断地将自身物质进行分解，并把所分解的产物排出体外，同时释放出能量供机体生命活动需要的过程。在这两个过程中不仅有物质的代谢也伴随着能量的代谢，这两种代谢活动是同时进行的。新陈代谢是生命活动的最基本特征。 2、兴奋性 在生物体内可兴奋组织具有感受刺激、产生兴奋的特性称为兴奋性。而把能引起可兴奋组织产生兴奋的各种环境变化称为刺激。神经、肌肉和腺体等组织受刺激后，能迅速地产生可传布的动作电位，即发生兴奋，这些组织被称为可兴奋组织。在生理学中将这些可兴奋组织接受刺激后所产生的生物电反应过程及表现称为兴奋。可兴奋组织有两种生理状态：兴奋、抑制。 3、应激性 机体或一切活体组织对周围环境变化具有发生反应的能力和特性称为应激性。应激性表现形式是多样的，既可是生物电活动，也可以是细胞的代谢变化。而兴奋性则指生物电活动的过程。因此兴奋性的组织一定具有应激性，而具有应激性的组织不一定具有兴奋性。 4、适应性 生物体长期生存在某一特定的生活环境中，在客观环境的影响下可以逐渐形成一种与环境相适应的、适合自身生存的反应模式。生物体所具有的这种适应环境的能力称为适应性。 5、生殖 生物体的生命是有限的，必须通过生殖过程进行自我复制和繁殖，使生命过程得到延续。 二、人体生理机能的调节 1、什么是稳态？ 细胞要生存就必须有一个稳定的内环境，然而，内环境的理化性质不是绝对静止不变的，而是各种物质在不断转换中达到相对平衡状态，即动态平衡，这种动态平衡称为稳态。 2、人体三大生理机能调节机制 （1）神经调节 指在神经活动的直接参与下所实现的生理机能调节过程，是人体最重要的调节方式。神经调节的基本方式是反射。 （2）体液调节 人体血液和其他体液中某些化学物质，如内分泌腺所分泌的激素，以及某些组织细胞所产生的某些化学物质或代谢产物，可借助于血液循环的运输，到达全身或某一器官和组织，从而引起某些特殊的生理反应。这种调节过程是通过体液来实现的，因而称为体液调节。 （3）自身调节 自身调节是指组织和细胞在不依赖于外来神经或体液调节情况下，自身对刺激发生的适应性反应过程。 3、生物节律 生物体在维持生命活动过程中，除了需要进行神经调节、体液调节和自身调节外，各种生理功能活动会按一定的时间顺序发生周期性变化，这种生理机能活动的周期性变化称为生物节律。 三、当前运动生理学的研究热点 1、最大摄氧量的研究 2、对氧债学说的再认识 3、关于个体乳酸阈的研究 4、关于运动性疲劳的研究 5、关于运动对自由基代谢影响的研究 6、运动对骨骼肌收缩蛋白机构和代谢的研究 7、关于肌纤维类型的研究 8、运动对心脏功能影响的研究 9、运动与控制体重 10、运动与免疫机能 四、章节考点： 1、生命活动的基本特征？ 2、运动生理学研究热点？ 第二讲：第一章骨骼肌机能 一、肌纤维结构 肌细胞（又称肌纤维）是肌肉的基本结构和功能单位。每条肌纤维外面包裹着一层薄膜称为肌内膜。许多肌纤维聚集在一起被肌束膜包裹着。而每一块肌肉的外面又覆盖着肌外膜。 肌纤维由肌原纤维构成，肌原纤维又有粗、细两种肌丝排列而成。（如图） 二、肌管系统 肌原纤维间的小管系统。 横小管：肌细胞膜延伸入肌细胞内部的小管，与肌纤维走向垂直。 纵小管：围绕肌纤维形成网状，与肌纤维走向平行，又称肌质网在横管处膨大，形成终池，内贮钙离子。 三联管：两侧终池与横管合称。互不相通。 三、肌丝分子组成 粗肌丝：肌球蛋白 细肌丝：肌动蛋白、原肌球蛋白、肌钙蛋白。 四、静息电位和动作电位 1、静息电位：细胞处于安静状态时，细胞膜内外所存在的电位差称为静息电位。静息电位为膜外正电位，膜内负电位。 产生原理：由于细胞内外离子浓度不均和细胞膜对各种离子的通透具有选择性导致K离子外流引起外正内负的静息电位。 3、动作电位：可兴奋细胞兴奋时，细胞内产生的可扩布的电位变化称为动作电位。 动作电位的产生原理：细胞膜受刺激，膜上钠离子通道被激活而开放，Na离子顺浓度梯度大量内流，导致细胞内正电荷增加，进而出现内正外负的现象。 五、肌电 骨骼肌兴奋时，由于肌纤维动作电位的传导和扩布而发生的电位变化称为肌电。 肌电图：用适当的方法将骨骼肌兴奋时发生的电位变化引导、放大并记录所得到的图形称为肌电图。 六、肌丝滑行学说和肌纤维兴奋—收缩耦联 1、肌丝滑行学说认为：肌肉的缩短是由于肌小节中细肌丝在粗肌丝之间滑行造成的。 2、肌纤维的兴奋收缩耦联 通常把以肌细胞膜的电位变化为特征的兴奋过程和以肌丝滑行为基础的收缩过程之间的中介过程称为兴奋—收缩耦联。主要包括以下三个主要步骤：（1）兴奋通过横小管系统传导到肌细胞内部 横小管是肌细胞膜的延续，动作电位可沿着肌细胞膜传导到横小管，并深入到三联管结构。 （2）三联管结构处的信息传递 横小管上的动作电位可引起与其邻近的终池膜及肌质网膜上的大量Ca离子通道开放，钙离子顺着浓度梯度从肌质网内流入胞浆，肌浆中钙离子浓度升高后，钙离子与肌钙蛋白亚单位结合，导致一系列蛋白质结构发生改变，最终导致肌丝滑行。 （3）肌质网对钙离子的再回收 肌浆中钙离子升高刺激肌质网膜上的钙泵，钙泵将肌浆中钙离子转运到肌质网中贮存，从而使钙离子与肌钙蛋白亚单位分离，最终引起肌肉舒张。 七、骨骼肌的特性及收缩形式 1、骨骼肌的物理特性：伸展性、弹性、粘滞性（温度越高粘滞性越低） 2、骨骼肌兴奋满足的条件：刺激强度、刺激的作用时间、刺激强度变化率 3、骨骼肌的收缩形式 （1）向心收缩：肌肉收缩时，长度缩短的收缩。 （2）等长收缩：肌肉在收缩时其长度不变的收缩。 （3）离心收缩：肌肉在收缩产生张力的同时被拉长的收缩。 （4）等动收缩：在整个关节活动范围内肌肉以恒定的速度，且肌肉收缩时产生的力量始终与阻力相等的肌肉收缩。 研究表明：离心收缩引起的肌肉酸痛最显著，等长次之，向心收缩最不明显。 4、绝对力量和相对力量 绝对力量：一块肌肉做最大收缩时所产生的张力为该肌肉的绝对肌力。 相对力量：指肌肉单位横断面积所具有的肌力。 5、运动单位：一个a运动神经元和受其支配的肌纤维所组成的最基本的肌肉收缩单位称为运动单位。 6、运动单位的募集：参与活动的运动单位数目与兴奋频率的结合称为运动单位的募集。 八、肌纤维类型与运动能力 1、肌纤维主要分为：快肌和慢肌按色泽也可分为：红肌和白肌
《非英语专业研究生英语教学大纲》及名校博士研究生入学英语最新考试大纲收录核心词汇-T~Z【圣才出品】
T 基础词汇 n. 标签；附属物；标记符；鞋带；垂饰 vt. 加标签于；附加 vi. 紧随 【例句】She peered at the tag to read the price. 她细看标签以看清价格。 【词组】tag sth. on (to sth.) 附加某事物；系某物于 play tag 玩捉人游戏 n. 接管，接收 【例句】The takeover cause 250 redundancy. 接管移交造成了250人的裁员。 n. 天资，才干，才能；人才 【例句】This little boy is a rare talent as a pianist. 这个男孩是个罕见的钢琴弹奏天才。【词组】talent for 天才；有……的天赋 【派生】talented adj. 有才能的；多才的 tap [n. 塞子，旋塞，水龙头；轻拍，轻叩；窃听 v. 轻打，轻敲，轻拍；利用，开发；窃听 【例句】The teacher tapped her fingers on the desk impatiently. 老师不耐烦地用手指敲着桌子。 【词组】turn on (off) the tap 开（关）龙头 tap into 挖掘，接进 tap (at/on sth.) 轻敲；轻拍；轻击；轻踏
【派生】tapping n. 轻敲声 n. 目标，对象；靶子 vt. 瞄准 【例句】Remarks that were right on target were released at the end of her speech. 在她讲话结束时，才击中了要害。 【词组】to make a target of 把……作为目标 target sth. (at/on sth. /sb.) 瞄准某物 n.合作；协办；配合 【例句】In football teamwork is even more important than individual skill.在橄榄球比赛中，全队的配合比个人技术甚至更加重要。 n. 茶匙；茶匙的量 【例句】I need a teaspoon to stir my tea. 我需要一把茶匙搅拌一下我的茶。 tender [] adj. 嫩的，温柔的；脆弱的；疼痛的；易受伤害的，善良的vt. （正式）提出；提供；投标 vi. （常与for连用）投标（做某事） n. 照管者，照料者 【例句】My finger is tender because I cut it yesterday. 我的手指一碰就疼，因为我昨天把它割破了。 【词组】tender (for sth.) 投标 【派生】tenderness n. 亲切；柔软；柔和；敏感 n. 终点站；终端；接线端 adj. 期末的；致命的；终点的
北京体育大学训练学考博真题2004-2019
北京体育大学2004-2018年考博士专业试题(运动训练学) 04年 一、简答题（第1 题必答，2、3、4 任选两题，10×4=40 分） 1、简述运动训练的研究内容。 2、试述运动训练计划的定义及基本内容。 3、何谓“超量恢复的几种效应”。 4、简述战术意识的含义和内容。 二、论述题（4 选3，20×3=60 分） 1、你认为我国在雅典奥运会中夺金点有哪些项目？并任举一项目分析其所 面临的形势。 2、请从训练学角度分析我国男子足球、短跑、拳击、篮球、公路自行车、 网球中任意一个项目竞技水平与世界水平有差距的原因。 3、试述周期原则的含义、科学依据及训练学要点。 4、“非典”期间我国优秀运动员参赛次数明显减少，举例说明其对我国2003 年竞技水平带来了什么影响。 05年 一、简答题（第1 题必答，2、3、4 任选两题，10×4=40 分） 1、简述竞技体育的基本特点。 2、试述选材指标体系及选材过程中应注意的问题。 3、力量、速度、耐力素质共分哪几类。 4、简述运动技术的基本特征。 二、分析论述题（4 选3，20×3=60 分） 1、你认为我国在雅典奥运会中夺金点比以往我国选手参加奥运会发生了哪 些主要变化？并任举一项目分析其获金牌的意义。 2、雅典奥运会体操规则发生了哪些变化？请从训练学角度分析其对体操训 练产生了哪些影响。 3、试述竞技需要原则与区别对待原则有何不同。 4、请从“金字塔”力量训练法、高原训练法、法特莱克训练法、多球训练 法中任选两种，说明： 1）、练习的目的；2）、练习的形式； 3）、练习的负荷特点；4）、例举经常采用此种方法的运动项目。 06年 一、简答题（10×4=40 分） 1、简述特长技术与全面技术的关系。 2、试述运动训练与竞赛的关系。 3、简述运动训练理论体系及其构成要素的关系。 4、简述综合性训练课在安排时应注意哪些问题。 二、论述题（2×20=40 分） 1、试论述中国在第28 届奥运会中获金牌项目的特点。并说明任意两个项群
中南大学2004级博士生英语考试试卷
English Test for Doctoral Candidates (Jan. 16, 2005) Part I Listening Comprehension (20%) Section A Directions:In this section, you will hear 5 short conversations. After each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and question will be read only once. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Then mark your answer on your Answer Sheet A. 1. A. To be back Tuesday morning. B. To come and see him Wednesday. C. To call him on Thursday. D. To make an appointment for Thursday. 2. A. Every day. B. Every day except Thursday. C. Monday, Wednesday and Friday. D. Monday, Tuesday and Friday. 3. A. On a train. B. On a boat. C. On a plane. D. On a bus. 4. A. It was sold out. B. It was too expensive. C. She didn’t like it. D. It was uninteresting. 5. A. Go for a long walk with her friend. B. Rest and take care of herself. C. Stay at home and do her exercises. D. Catch up with her reading. Section B Directions:In this section, you will hear 2 short passages. The passage will be read only once. At the end of the passage, you will hear 5 questions about what was said. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Passage 1 6. A. Almost half their money. B. Almost all their money. C. Almost one-third of their money. D. Most of their money. 7. A. Right after the food is ready. B. Right after the father makes the cross over the bread with a knife. C. Right after the mother distributes each member a piece of brad.