外文资料翻译
淮阴工学院
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译
系（院）：电子与电气工程学院
专业：自动化
姓名：洪波
学号：1061204214
外文出处：https://www.360docs.net/doc/588173513.html,/index/
VK20202146155322.pdf
(用外文写)
附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
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附件1：外文资料翻译译文
基于CAN总线的分布式数据采集与分析系统
摘要：关于大型核物理设置分布式远程控制系统的目的是收集、存储和分析数据以及检测设备运行，通过WEB对其进行可视化。系统使用CAN工业数据传送网络和DeviceNet高层协议。其硬件部分是转换成频率信号的检测设备，并通过CAN 网络传输他们的数字形式到主机电脑。该软件实现屏蔽，以保证协议栈的数据采集、传输。用户界面是基于动态网页。服务器脚本执行其形成和数据的图形可视化。该系统用于监测BOREXINO中微子探测器（意大利）的光电倍增管黑暗噪音。
一、硬件部分系统的结构体系
在工业系统，需要从很多模拟传感器组织数据采集，其中模拟参数转换成频率信号最合适4 - 20 mA的电流和频率接口。这些物理参数随温度、电压、压力转换成可以轻易在传输过程中，以方便的频率信号进行进一步的处理。这在技术上较为简单，更便宜，以确保大型分布式系统在电偶解耦多通道数据采集的所需。因此，通用变频器在输入的建筑设计的模块，其中有几个是具有测量频率数的投入。这些模块共有一个统一的工业通讯网络，确保了建设一个分层分布式系统，使接近传感器传感装置的频率输出。
在大量现有工业网络中，选择控制器区域网络（CAN）总线，便于我们系统模块的链接。鉴于自身的特色（按位仲裁，差分信号传输模式，高度可靠的错误处理和错误逮捕算法），CAN工业网络很适合创建分布式数据采集、监测和控制系统。CAN总线为数据传输，具有高速度(1 Mbit / s)和很强的抗噪能力。CAN的灵活性是指CAN模块可以简单连接到总线和断开；在这种情况下，组件的总数是不受限于低级协议。
CAN2.0B最新标准描述只有两个低层次的ISO / OSI网络参考模型：（i）物理层和（ii）数据自动传输装置层。为建立数据传输系统，它需要一个或另一个高(用于应用)水平的协议。这个协议，方便使用DeviceNet或CanOpen协议，因为他们有一个开放的规格和适当的国际标准设计并支持他们。DeviceNet协议被使用在黑暗的环境噪声中研制BOREXINO探测器的监测系统。
建筑系统的特色是数据采集系统划分成任意数量独立子系统的可能性。在每个子系统中，多达256个频道，可衡量几个独立控制器，频率表，以及它们之间的通
信是由DeviceNet协议的支持。在这种情况下，每个子系统的控制器可以有不同的技术特点（通道数和测量频带），这取决于特定的物理问题。然而，他们都有一个共同的建筑和同一简报的系统。目前，使用8 、16 、64米的通道频率。这是假设所有的传感器位于一个地区的设置是连接到一个模块。每个频率计有CAN控制器，并作为从器件连接到CAN网络。主设备的数据采集子系统控制计算机。
各个子系统的控制是独立的网络。从控制计算机数据到达服务器，并把它们储藏和发送到客户站供其查询。
在开发该系统，我们假设相对缓慢变化的数据应该是衡量，即受监视的典型参数变化时间应该是1秒或以上。在这种情况下，测得的频率值由10赫兹到0.5兆赫。测量的频率为1赫兹在经营范围中边界；在此范围的边界，误差≤10％。
标准模块转换器通过CAN总线连接，可添加到系统中，以测量频率和其他物理参数。该系统是通过增加模块使用标准的高级别CAN总线网络协议。
创建的系统实现了经典的三个层次的数据控制和采集系统各：（1）对象的访问级别，（2）管制站的水平，（3）支持图形界面的服务水平。
这是大型分布式系统的最佳架构。此外，它允许一个规模相适应的数据采集系统，对以不同类型的大型物质设置。这个独立的控制器用于允许一个逻辑组传感器根据自己的位置和功能。因此，该系统可以被视为一个平台开发类似系统。
二、软件部分系统的结构体系
我们考虑一个一般方框图系统软件的两个子系统的控制。本软件为系统的监测、数据采集、基于多级方案分析；在特殊情况下，它是可能在这四个层面来区分：(1)硬件，(2)数据采集，(3) 数据处理及(4)数据展现的水平。
此外，它可以区分六子系统软件的功能：(1)数据采集子系统、(2)物理数据仿真系统；(3)数据处理系统，(4)数据存储子系统，(5)状态监测(可视化)子系统，(6)离线分析子系统。
两个客户端服务器链接用于传输系统之间的水平数据。一个是位于层次之间的数据采集，其中服务器是TCP / IP守护进程模块和数据处理水平，其中客户端是数据服务器程序模块。在其他环节之间的数据处理，其中服务器是数据服务器模块，数据编制水平，其中客户端是可视化子系统。
交换数据的客户端和服务器端之间通过标准的inquiryanswer原则插槽机制。
在适当时由系统执行数据采集、处理和演示水平物理隔离，分离的数据采集和分析过程的时间，也为成分的负载平衡。
我们考虑一个方案的操作和相互作用的各种模块的系统。
在数据采集方式的信息的前提下，由许多不同传感器参数组合的几个测量模块统一的CAN网络。因此，这是数据采集子系统。
这些数据通过数据采集模块(DeviceNet主站)都写进了分布式存储空间。如果安装不在工作模式，即分布式控制系统是关闭的，数据可以到从模拟到模块的分布式的内存空间。
仿真模块用于调试系统。它允许一个模拟频繁和设置紧急状态，也就是说，它是用于检查监测系统的行为是否足够使用。当模拟模块开始运行，它会检查是否基本数据采集系统运行或不和，只有当它关闭时，模拟数据写入分布内存空间。该仿真系统接口部分允许指定的网上通过舒适的图形界面进行每个通道的模拟。
数据通过数据传输模块的分布式存储空间（TCP / IP协议守护程序）收集，模块提供数据的数据处理模块（数据服务器）。数据传输模块发出采集的数据可以从每个频率计分系统和子系统同时进行所有操作。这个数据调查发生的计时器时间，和审讯周期（T = 0.5秒）是典型的数据到达时间（T2 = 1秒）的1/2。
数据处理模块的数据包到数据库（DB）和暂时存储数据的频率。临时存储空间的布置，是一个环形缓冲区，允许正在运行的可视化模块中的临时窗口模式的实现。缓冲区的大小可以调整到所需史前长度可视化模块的要求。包装子系统的DB数据执行数据初加工，其参照绝对时间，如果有可能，他们的压缩、包装到结构形式DB。在收到的数据格式成为一个非物质的一种物质形式（频率，温度和电压转换）再存储和传输到Web客户端。这些数据被保存在该方案的定期运行过程中，并在必要时，数据存储可以在测试模式下被禁用。
这个数据采集和模拟子系统和Dataserver模块都在Linux的操作系统下使用ANSI C语言写。
数据可视化显示数据的频率模块的频率计通道是在线模式。该子系统将显示所有的渠道和设备的国家，在这种情况下，要求在DB状态的监视和校验设备整合状态的频率计通道到一个真正的物理设备。
调查数据分析模块生成的数据库管理系统（DBMS），以便得到关于在指定时间监测参数信息。数据可视化和分析模块写入通过使用Perl和PHP语言.模块是通
过使用Perl和PHP语言编写的CGI脚本。
三、结论
软件和硬件组件，形成一个为我们开发建设的监控系统，包括数据采集和分析等系统，并以此为基础的完整平台可以确保及时监测大型核物质设置，包括及时对故障研设备响应.这个平台结构使人们能轻松扩展、更新和扩大在此基础上创建的系统的功能。利用黑暗中噪声BOREXINO探测器监测系统的经验，使人们将其看作一个建立在基础的大型分布式物理设置在线监测系统平台。
附件2：外文原文（复印件）
A Distributed Data Acquisition
And Analysis System Based on a CAN Bus
Abstract—A distributed remote-control system for large nuclear physical setups is intended to collect, store,and analyze data arriving from detecting devices and to visualize them via the WEB. The system uses the CAN industrial data transmission network and the DeviceNet high-level protocol. The hardware part is the set of controllers,which convert signals of the detecting devices into a frequency and transmit them in the digital form via the CAN network to the host computer. The software realizes the DeviceNet protocol stack, which ensures the data acquisition and transmission. The user interface is based on dynamic WEB pages. Server scripts carry out their formation and graphical visualization of data. The system is used for monitoring dark noises of photomultiplier tubes in the BOREXINO neutrino detector (Italy).
ARCHITECTURE OF THE HARDW ARE PART OF THE SYSTEM
In industrial systems, where it is necessary to organize the data acquisition from many analog sensors, the most suitable are 4- to 20-mA current and frequency interfaces in which the analog parameter is at once generated or converted into the frequency signal. Such physical parameters as temperature, voltage, and pressure can be easily converted into frequency, ensuring convenience during transmission of signals for further processing. When the signal is transmitted in frequency form, it is technically simpler and cheaper to ensure the galvanic decoupling required for the multichannel data acquisition in large distributed systems. Thus, the universal input converter in the proposed architectural design is the module, which has several inputs for measuring frequency. The modules are unified by an industrial communication network, ensuring a possibility of constructing a hierarchical distributed system and bringing the sensing devices closer to sensors with the frequency output.
Of a great number of existing industrial networks,the Controller Area Network (CAN) bus was selected in order to connect the modules of our system. In view of its own special features (bitwise arbitration, differential signal transmission mode, and
highly reliable algorithm of error handling and bug arrest), the CAN industrial network is well suitable for creating distributed data acquisition, monitoring and control systems. The CAN bus is characterized by a high data transmission speed (up to 1 Mbit/s) and high noise immunity. The CAN flexibility is attained due to the simple connection of CAN modules to the bus and disconnection from it;in this case, the total number of the modules is not limited by low-level protocol.
The up-to-date CAN 2.0B standard [4] describes only two lower layers of the
ISO/OSI reference network model [5]: (i) the physical layer and (ii) the data link layer. For building the data transmission system, it is required that one or another high (applied)-level protocol be used. As this protocol, it is convenient to use DeviceNet or CanOpen protocols, since they have an open specification and appropriate international standards have been designed and supported for them. The DeviceNet protocol is used in the developed dark noise monitoring system of the BOREXINO detector [6].
The architectural special feature of the system is the possibility of dividing the data acquisition system into an arbitrary number of independent subsystems. In each subsystem, up to 256 frequency channels can be measured by several independent controllers–frequency meters, and communication between them is supported by the DeviceNet protocol. In this case, the controllers for each subsystem can have different technical characteristics (the number of channels and measured frequency band), depending on the specific physical problem. However, they have a common architecture and the same presentation in the system. At present, 8-, 16-, and 64-channel frequency meters are used. It is assumed that all sensors located in one region of the monitored setup are connected to one module. Each frequency meter has a CAN controller and is connected to the CAN network as a slave device. The master device is the control computer of the data acquisition subsystem.
Each subsystem of controllers is the independent CAN network. Data from the control computer arrive at the server, where they are stored and issued in accordance with inquiries of client stations.
While developing the system, we assumed that relatively slowly varying data should have been measured, i.e., that the typical variation time of the monitored parameter
should be 1 s or over. In this case, the measured frequency value can vary from 10 Hz to 0.5 MHz. The frequency is measured with an accuracy of 1 Hz in the middle of the operating range; at the borders of this range, the error is ≤10%.
Standard modules–converters connected via the CAN bus can be added into the system in order to measure physical parameters other than frequency. The system is expanded by adding modules using standard high-level protocols of the CAN-bus network.
The created system realizes all levels of classical three-level data control and acquisition system [7]:(i) object access level, (ii) control station level, and (iii) service level for supporting the graphical interface.
It is this architecture that suits distributed and large systems best. In addition, it allows one to scale and adapt the data acquisition system to large physical setups of different types. The independent groups of controllers used allow one to logically group sensors according to their location or function. Therefore, the system can be considered a platform for developing similar systems.
ARCHITECTURE OF THE SOFTW ARE PART OF THE SYSTEM
We consider a general block diagram of the system software for two subsystems of controllers. The software for the system of monitoring, data acquisition, and analysis is based on a multilevel scheme; in particular, it is possible to distinguish four levels in it: (i) hardware, (ii) data acquisition, (iii) data processing, and (iv) data presentation levels.
In addition, it is possible to distinguish six functional subsystems in the software: (i) data acquisition subsystem, (ii) physical data simulation subsystem; (iii) data processing subsystem, (iv) data storage subsystem,(v) status monitoring (visualization) subsystem,and (vi) off-line analysis subsystem.
Two client–server links are used to transmit data between levels of the system. One is located between the data acquisition level, where the server is a TCP/IP Daemon module, and the data processing level, where the client is the Dataserver program module. The other link is located between the data processing level, where the server is the Dataserver module, and the data presentation level, where the client is the visualization subsystem.
Data are exchanged between the client and server via a standard socket mechanism on the inquiryanswer principle.
The data acquisition, processing, and presentation levels are physically separated and located in different computers due to the nonuniformity of problems executed by the system, the separation of data acquisition and analysis processes in time, and also for balancing the loads on components.
We consider a scheme of operation and interaction of various modules of the system.
In the data acquisition mode, the information on the monitored parameters arrives from many various sensors grouped by means of several measuring modules and unified by the CAN network. Hence, the data acquisition subsystem is distributed.
These data are written into the distributed memory space via the data acquisition module (DeviceNet Master). If the setup is not in the working mode, i.e., the distributed controller system is off, the data can arrive into the distributed memory space from the simulation module.
The simulation module is intended for debugging the system. It allows one to simulate infrequent and emergency states of the setup; i.e., it is used for checking the adequacy of the monitoring system behavior. When the simulation module starts operating, it checks whether the basic data acquisition system is operating or not and, only if it is off, simulated data are written into the distributed memory space. The interface part of the simulation system allows one to specify online the behavior of each simulated channel via the comfortable graphical interface.
Data are collected by the data transmission module (TCP/IP Daemon) from the distributed memory space.In response to inquiries, the module delivers data to the data processing module (Dataserver). The data transmission module can issue data acquired both from each individual frequency meter subsystem and from all operating subsystems simultaneously. The data inquiry takes place in accordance with the timer, and the interrogation period ( T = 0.5 s) is equal to 1/2 of the typical data arrival time ( T = 1 s).
The data processing module packs data into the database (DB) and temporarily stores data on frequencies. The temporary storage space is arranged as a ring buffer,
permitting the realization of the running temporary window mode in the visualization module. The buffer size can be adjusted to the required prehistory length requested by the visualization module. The DB data packing subsystem executes primary processing of data; their referencing to the absolute time; if it is possible, their compression; and packing into the DB in structured form. Data received in a nonphysical format are converted into a physical form (frequency, temperature,and voltage) before storage and transmission to WEB clients. The data are saved periodically during operation of the program, and, if necessary, the data saving can be disabled in the test mode.
The data acquisition and simulation subsystems and the Dataserver module are written in language ANSI C for use in the Linux operational system.
The data visualization module displays data on frequencies in frequency meter channels in an online mode. This subsystem displays the states of all the channels and devices, in this case, requesting in the DB the status of the equipment and verifying the conformity of the status of the frequency meter channel to a real physical device.
The data analysis module generates inquiries for the database management system (DBMS) in order to receive information on the monitored parameter over the specified time. The data visualization and analysis modules are written by using CGI scripts in the Perl and PHP languages.modules are written by using CGI scripts in the Perl and PHP languages.
CONCLUSION
The software and hardware components that we developed form a complete platform for building the systems for monitoring, data acquisition, and analysis.The systems based on it are capable of ensuring prompt monitoring of the large nuclear physical setup, including timely response to malfunctions in the equipment.The platform structure allows one to easily scale,update, and expand the functional capabilities of the systems created on its basis. The experience of using the dark noise monitoring system of the BOREXINO detector allows one to consider the platform as a basis for building distributed online monitoring systems for large physical setups.
1外文文献翻译原文及译文汇总
华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
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计算机专业外文文献及翻译
微软Visual Studio 1微软Visual Studio Visual Studio 是微软公司推出的开发环境，Visual Studio可以用来创建Windows平台下的Windows应用程序和网络应用程序，也可以用来创建网络服务、智能设备应用程序和Office 插件。Visual Studio是一个来自微软的集成开发环境IDE，它可以用来开发由微软视窗，视窗手机，Windows CE、.NET框架、.NET精简框架和微软的Silverlight支持的控制台和图形用户界面的应用程序以及Windows窗体应用程序，网站，Web应用程序和网络服务中的本地代码连同托管代码。 Visual Studio包含一个由智能感知和代码重构支持的代码编辑器。集成的调试工作既作为一个源代码级调试器又可以作为一台机器级调试器。其他内置工具包括一个窗体设计的GUI应用程序，网页设计师，类设计师，数据库架构设计师。它有几乎各个层面的插件增强功能，包括增加对支持源代码控制系统（如Subversion和Visual SourceSafe）并添加新的工具集设计和可视化编辑器，如特定于域的语言或用于其他方面的软件开发生命周期的工具（例如Team Foundation Server的客户端：团队资源管理器）。 Visual Studio支持不同的编程语言的服务方式的语言，它允许代码编辑器和调试器（在不同程度上）支持几乎所有的编程语言，提供了一个语言特定服务的存在。内置的语言中包括C/C + +中（通过Visual C++）,https://www.360docs.net/doc/588173513.html,（通过Visual https://www.360docs.net/doc/588173513.html,），C＃中（通过Visual C＃）和F＃（作为Visual Studio 2010），为支持其他语言，如M,Python,和Ruby等，可通过安装单独的语言服务。它也支持的 XML/XSLT,HTML/XHTML ,JavaScript和CSS.为特定用户提供服务的Visual Studio也是存在的：微软Visual Basic，Visual J＃、Visual C＃和Visual C++。 微软提供了“直通车”的Visual Studio 2010组件的Visual Basic和Visual C＃和Visual C + +，和Visual Web Developer版本，不需任何费用。Visual Studio 2010、2008年和2005专业版，以及Visual Studio 2005的特定语言版本（Visual Basic、C++、C＃、J＃），通过微软的下载DreamSpark计划，对学生免费。 2架构 Visual Studio不支持任何编程语言，解决方案或工具本质。相反，它允许插入各种功能。特定的功能是作为一个VS压缩包的代码。安装时，这个功能可以从服务器得到。IDE提供三项服务：SVsSolution，它提供了能够列举的项目和解决方案; SVsUIShell，它提供了窗口和用户界面功能（包括标签，工具栏和工具窗口）和SVsShell，它处理VS压缩包的注册。此外，IDE还可以负责协调和服务之间实现通信。所有的编辑器，设计器，项目类型和其他工具都是VS压缩包存在。Visual Studio 使用COM访问VSPackage。在Visual Studio SDK中还包括了管理软件包框架(MPF)，这是一套管理的允许在写的CLI兼容的语言的任何围绕COM的接口。然而，MPF并不提供所有的Visual Studio COM 功能。
外文翻译
Load and Ultimate Moment of Prestressed Concrete Action Under Overload-Cracking Load It has been shown that a variation in the external load acting on a prestressed beam results in a change in the location of the pressure line for beams in the elastic range.This is a fundamental principle of prestressed construction.In a normal prestressed beam,this shift in the location of the pressure line continues at a relatively uniform rate,as the external load is increased,to the point where cracks develop in the tension fiber.After the cracking load has been exceeded,the rate of movement in the pressure line decreases as additional load is applied,and a significant increase in the stress in the prestressing tendon and the resultant concrete force begins to take place.This change in the action of the internal moment continues until all movement of the pressure line ceases.The moment caused by loads that are applied thereafter is offset entirely by a corresponding and proportional change in the internal forces,just as in reinforced-concrete construction.This fact,that the load in the elastic range and the plastic range is carried by actions that are fundamentally different,is very significant and renders strength computations essential for all designs in order to ensure that adequate safety factors exist.This is true even though the stresses in the elastic range may conform to a recognized elastic design criterion. It should be noted that the load deflection curve is close to a straight line up to the cracking load and that the curve becomes progressively more curved as the load is increased above the cracking load.The curvature of the load-deflection curve for loads over the cracking load is due to the change in the basic internal resisting moment action that counteracts the applied loads,as described above,as well as to plastic strains that begin to take place in the steel and the concrete when stressed to high levels. In some structures it may be essential that the flexural members remain crack free even under significant overloads.This may be due to the structures’being exposed to exceptionally corrosive atmospheres during their useful life.In designing prestressed members to be used in special structures of this type,it may be necessary to compute the load that causes cracking of the tensile flange,in order to ensure that adequate safety against cracking is provided by the design.The computation of the moment that will cause cracking is also necessary to ensure compliance with some design criteria. Many tests have demonstrated that the load-deflection curves of prestressed beams are approximately linear up to and slightly in excess of the load that causes the first cracks in the tensile flange.(The linearity is a function of the rate at which the load is applied.)For this reason,normal elastic-design relationships can be used in computing the cracking load by simply determining the load that results in a net tensile stress in the tensile flange(prestress minus the effects of the applied loads)that is equal to the tensile strength of the concrete.It is customary to assume that the flexural tensile strength of the concrete is equal to the modulus of rupture of the
外文资料及其翻译
A Wavelet Based Approach for Fast Detection of Internal Fault in Power Transformers The power transformer is one of the most expensive elements of power system and its protection is an essential part of the overall system protection strategy. The differential protection provides the best protection for power transformer. Its operation principle is based on this point that the differential current during an internal fault is higher than normal condition. But, a large transient current (inrush current) can cause mal-operation of differential relays. Then, studies for the improvement of the transformer protection have focused on discrimination between internal short circuit faults and inrush currents in transformers. The magnetizing inrush current has a large second order harmonic component in comparison to internal faults. Therefore , some transformer protection systems are designed to halt operating during the inrush current by sensing this large second order harmonic. The second harmonic component in the magnetizing inrush currents tend to be relatively small in modern large power transformers because of improvements in the power transformer core materials. Also , it has been seen that the fault current can contain higher second order harmonics than the inrush current due to nonlinear fault resistance, CT saturation .the distributed capacitance in the transmission line, which transformer is connected to, or due to the use of extra high voltage underground cables. Various methods have been suggested for overcoming this protection system mal-operation. This paper presents a wavelet based method for discrimination among inrush current, internal short circuit ,external short circuit and energizing and it is not affected by CT saturation and it is able to detect internal faults while transformer energization. Unlike Artificial Neural Network and Fuzzy logic based algorithms. This approach is not system dependent. The operating time of the scheme is less than 10ms. The Daubechies mother wavelet is used with a sample rate of 5 kHz. Then , the differential currents of the three phases are decomposed into two details and only the second level will be considered by using db5 mother wavelet. Discrete Wavelet Transform The wavelet transform is a powerful tool to extract information from the non-stationary signals simultaneously in both time and frequency domains. The ability of the wavelet transform to focus on short time intervals for high-frequency components and long intervals for low-frequency components improves the analysis
土木外文翻译原文和译文
A convection-conduction model for analysis of the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock wall of a tunnel in permafrost regions Abstract Based on the analyses of fundamental meteorological and hydrogeological conditions at the site of a tunnel in the cold regions, a combined convection-conduction model for air flow in the tunnel and temperature field in the surrounding has been constructed. Using the model, the air temperature distribution in the Xiluoqi No. 2 Tunnel has been simulated numerically. The simulated results are in agreement with the data observed. Then, based on the in situ conditions of sir temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind force, hydrogeology and engineering geology, the air-temperature relationship between the temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall and the air temperature at the entry and exit of the tunnel has been obtained, and the freeze-thaw conditions at the Dabanshan Tunnel which is now under construction is predicted. Keywords: tunnel in cold regions, convective heat exchange and conduction, freeze-thaw. A number of highway and railway tunnels have been constructed in the permafrost regions and their neighboring areas in China. Since the hydrological and thermal conditions changed after a tunnel was excavated，the surrounding wall rock materials often froze, the frost heaving caused damage to the liner layers and seeping water froze into ice diamonds，which seriously interfered with the communication and transportation. Similar problems of the freezing damage in the tunnels also appeared in other countries like Russia, Norway and Japan .Hence it is urgent to predict the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock materials and provide a basis for the design，construction and
毕业设计外文翻译资料
外文出处： 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题： JDBC接口技术 译文： JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI（ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口）。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口，使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC，很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢？如果有，那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢？ ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统（DBMS）中存取数据的，用C语言实现的，标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI，应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统（DBMS）中的数据，而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1．ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分：应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口：屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别，为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器：为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器：实现ODBC的函数调用，提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要，数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求，使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源：由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器，以便ODBC函数调用，但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用，并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时，数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时，数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求，对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译，并将结果返回给应用系统。 2．JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来，Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序，其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API，编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥，比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱，越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加，对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处，比如它并不容易使用，没有面向对象的特性等等，SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1．x 版本中，JDBC只是一个可选部件，到了JDK1．1公布时，SQL类包（也就是JDBCAPI）
毕业设计外文资料翻译译文
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 包装对食品发展的影响 一个消费者对某个产品的第一印象来说包装是至关重要的，包括沟通的可取性，可接受性，健康饮食形象等。食品能够提供广泛的产品和包装组合，传达自己加工的形象感知给消费者，例如新鲜包装/准备，冷藏，冷冻，超高温无菌，消毒（灭菌），烘干产品。 食物的最重要的质量属性之一，是它的味道，其影响人类的感官知觉，即味觉和嗅觉。味道可以很大程度作退化的处理和/或扩展存储。其他质量属性，也可能受到影响，包括颜色，质地和营养成分。食品质量不仅取决于原材料，添加剂，加工和包装的方法，而且其预期的货架寿命（保质期）过程中遇到的分布和储存条件的质量。越来越多的竞争当中，食品生产商，零售商和供应商；和质量审核供应商有显着提高食品质量以及急剧增加包装食品的选择。这些改进也得益于严格的冷藏链中的温度控制和越来越挑剔的消费者。 保质期的一个定义是：在食品加工和包装组合下，在食品的容器和条件，在销售点分布在特定系统的时间能保持令人满意的食味品质。保质期，可以用来作为一个新鲜的概念，促进营销的工具。延期或保质期长的产品，还提供产品的使用时间，方便以及减少浪费食物的风险，消费者和/或零售商。包装产品的质量和保质期的主题是在第3章中详细讨论。 包装为消费者提供有关产品的重要信息，在许多情况下，使用的包装和/或产品，包括事实信息如重量，体积，配料，制造商的细节，营养价值，烹饪和开放的指示，除了法律准则的最小尺寸的文字和数字，有定义的各类产品。消费者寻求更详细的产品信息，同时，许多标签已经成为多语种。标签的可读性是为视障人士的问题，这很可能成为一个对越来越多的老年人口越来越重要的问题。 食物的选择和包装创新的一个主要驱动力是为了方便消费者的需求。这里有许多方便的现代包装所提供的属性，这些措施包括易于接入和开放，处置和处理，产品的知名度，再密封性能，微波加热性，延长保质期等。在英国和其他发达经济体显示出生率下降和快速增长的一个相对富裕的老人人口趋势，伴随着更加苛
【最新推荐】应急法律外文文献翻译原文+译文
文献出处：Thronson P. Toward Comprehensive Reform of America’s Emergency Law Regime [J]. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 2013, 46(2). 原文 TOWARD COMPREHENSIVE REFORM OF AMERICA’S EMERGENCY LAW REGIME Patrick A. Thronson Unbenownst to most Americans, the United States is presently under thirty presidentially declared states of emergency. They confer vast powers on the Executive Branch, including the ability to financially incapacitate any person or organization in the United States, seize control of the nation’s communications infrastructure, mobilize military forces, expand the permissible size of the military without congressional authorization, and extend tours of duty without consent from service personnel. Declared states of emergency may also activate Presidential Emergency Action Documents and other continuity-of-government procedures, which confer powers on the President—such as the unilateral suspension of habeas corpus—that appear fundamentally opposed to the American constitutional order.
外文文献及翻译
文献翻译 原文 Combining JSP and Servlets The technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application .Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is "a preparation, run everywhere" to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a "one-prepared everywhere realized." And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application. For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much (script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties. In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together. This is the random development of the defects. Early dynamic pages mainly CGI (Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface) technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on. Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings, it is gradually being replaced by the trend. Of all the new technology, JSP / Servlet with more efficient and easy to program, more powerful, more secure and has a good portability, they have been many people believe that the future is the most dynamic site of the future development of technology. Similar to CGI, Servlet support request / response model. When a customer submit a request to the server, the server presented the request Servlet, Servlet responsible for handling requests and generate a response, and then gave the server, and then from the server sent to
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河南科技学院新科学院 2013届本科毕业生论文（设计） 英文文献及翻译 Foreign capital inflows and welfare in an economy with imperfect competition 学生姓名：王艳杰 所在院系：经济系 所学专业：国际经济与贸易 导师姓名：侯黎杰 完成时间：2013年4月15日
Foreign capital inflows and welfare in an economy with imperfect competition Abstract:This paper examines the resource allocational and welfare effects of exogenous inflows of foreign capital in a general-equilibrium model with oligopolistic competition and unemployment. Although the welfare impact for the short run is ambiguous and dependent upon the strength of excess profits and scale economies relative to unemployment in manufacturing, in the long run additional inflows of foreign capital always improve national welfare with capital mobility. Hence, attracting foreign capital remains a sound policy for economies characterized by imperfect competition, scale economies,and regional unemployment. Keywords: International capital mobility; Imperfect competition; Welfare 1.Introduction The welfare effects of exogenous inflows of foreign capital in the presence of trade restrictions have been extensively studied. Brecher and Diaz Alejandro (1977) show that when imports are subject to tariffs, an introduction of fo reign capital inflows accentuates the tariff distortion and hence reduces national welfare if the import-competing sector is relatively capital-intensive. In contrast, Dei (1985) shows that when imports are restricted by quotas,foreign capital inflows in the presence of foreign-owned capital always improve welfare by depressing the rental and so lowering the payments to existing foreign-owned capital. Recently, Neary (1981), using a common framework for both tariffs and quotas, obtains more general results of foreign capital inflows; the welfare effect of such inflows depends crucially on whether foreign-owned capital exists initially in the home country. In addition, Khan (1982) and Grinols (1991) have examined the effects of foreign capital inflows for a generalized Harris-Todaro economy under tariff protection. Khan finds that the result by Brecher and Diaz Alejandro is still valid even in the presence of unemployment, whereas Grinols argues that increased foreign capital need not be detrimental to welfare if the opportunity costs of labor are sufficiently low. Noteworthy is that the models used by these authors are all based upon the premise of perfect competition along with constant returns-to-scale technology. Although perfect competition serves as a useful assumption in crystallizing theoretical insights, it nevertheless fails to depict many of the real-world phenomena. The real-world economy is characterized, to a large extent, by imperfect competition and economies of scale. The policy implications of imperfect competition and economies
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译〔含原文〕
南京理工大学 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 教学点：南京信息职业技术学院 专业：电子信息工程 姓名：陈洁 学号： 014910253034 外文出处：《 Pci System Architecture 》 (用外文写) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。 指导教师评语： 该生外文翻译没有基本的语法错误，用词准确，没 有重要误译，忠实原文；译文通顺，条理清楚，数量与 质量上达到了本科水平。 签名： 年月日 注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 64位PCI扩展 1.64位数据传送和64位寻址：独立的能力 PCI规范给出了允许64位总线主设备与64位目标实现64位数据传送的机理。在传送的开始，如果回应目标是一个64位或32位设备，64位总线设备会自动识别。如果它是64位设备，达到8个字节（一个4字）可以在每个数据段中传送。假定是一串0等待状态数据段。在33MHz总线速率上可以每秒264兆字节获取（8字节／传送＊33百万传送字／秒），在66MHz总线上可以528M字节／秒获取。如果回应目标是32位设备，总线主设备会自动识别并且在下部4位数据通道上（AD[31::00]）引导，所以数据指向或来自目标。 规范也定义了64位存储器寻址功能。此功能只用于寻址驻留在4GB地址边界以上的存储器目标。32位和64位总线主设备都可以实现64位寻址。此外，对64位寻址反映的存储器目标（驻留在4GB地址边界上）可以看作32位或64位目标来实现。 注意64位寻址和64位数据传送功能是两种特性，各自独立并且严格区分开来是非常重要的。一个设备可以支持一种、另一种、都支持或都不支持。 2.64位扩展信号 为了支持64位数据传送功能，PCI总线另有39个引脚。 ●REQ64#被64位总线主设备有效表明它想执行64位数据传送操作。REQ64#与FRAME#信号具有相同的时序和间隔。REQ64#信号必须由系统主板上的上拉电阻来支持。当32位总线主设备进行传送时，REQ64#不能又漂移。 ●ACK64#被目标有效以回应被主设备有效的REQ64#（如果目标支持64位数据传送），ACK64#与DEVSEL#具有相同的时序和间隔（但是直到REQ64#被主设备有效，ACK64#才可被有效）。像REQ64#一样，ACK64#信号线也必须由系统主板上的上拉电阻来支持。当32位设备是传送目标时，ACK64#不能漂移。 ●AD[64::32]包含上部4位地址／数据通道。 ●C/BE#[7::4]包含高4位命令/字节使能信号。 ●PAR64是为上部4个AD通道和上部4位C/BE信号线提供偶校验的奇偶校验位。 以下是几小结详细讨论64位数据传送和寻址功能。 3.在32位插入式连接器上的64位卡