全国高考英语 过去分词现在分词考点精析

现在分词和过去分词的用法异同历来是学习中的难点和高考测试的重点。众所周知,两种分词的区别很多,但它们之间的根本区别是:过去分词在时态上强调动作已经完成,在语态上侧重于被动;而现在分词在时态上强调动作正在进行,在语态上侧重于主动。这种根本的区别具体体现在两种分词分别充当的各种句子

成份中。细述如下:

分词有两种:现在分词 doing和过去分词 done。

分词动词具有动词的特征:

可以带宾语和状语构成短语。如:waiting there(动状关系)。

本专题必须掌握:

①动词分词的基本形式――时态和语态的变化,比如一般式、完成式、被动式等。

②它们在句中的功能――充当什么成分,特别是在某些特定结构中应用哪一种动词分词。

动词分词的时态与语态

分词的时态与语态形式

(l)现在分词有一般式与完成式,及物动词的现在分词有主动语态与被动语态,不及物动词的现在分词

没有被动语态。过去分词只有一种形式。

物动词的过去分词只表示动作完成或状态,没有被动的意思。

The man standing there is our group leader.

正站在那边的人是我们的组长.(主动,进行)

This is the house built by my father last year. (被动,完成)

区别boiling water 正在开的水 boiled water 开水(开过了)注:boil vi 沸腾

试译:China is a developing country while the United States is a developed country.

falling leaves和fallen leaves, the rising sun和the risen sun.

(3)现在分词的一般式常表示与谓语动词的动作同时发生,有时也可以先于或后于谓语

动词的动作。

The man talking with our teacher is his father. (与谓语动作同时发生)

Sitting in an armchair, he told me he would go abroad. (在谓语动作之前发生)

坐在扶手椅上他对我说他将出国。

He told me he would stand by the roadside, watching the parade.

他告诉我他将站在路边,观看游行.(与被修饰的从句谓语动词would stand同时发生,

都表示过去将来时间)

The man rose from the ground, beating the dust off his clothes.

那个男子从地上站了起来,拍掉衣服上的尘土。(分词动作后于谓语动作)

(4)现在分词的完成式表示动作先于谓语的动作发生,常用作时间状语和原因状语。

Having finished my homework, I went to bed. 我做完作业以后,就上床睡觉了。

Having met with an accident,he couldn’t go to school.由于遇到意外事故,他不能上学.注:现在分词的动作先于谓语动词的动作时,一般用它的完成式表示。

Not having seen her before, he did not know she was his daughter.

由于他从前从未见过她,他不知道她是他的女儿。

Having missed the bus, we had to walk home.由于误了公共汽车,我们只得走回家。

相对于过去分词来讲,动词的-ing形式形式多样,结构复杂,内涵丰富,功能较多,最能体现英语独特的形式特征,又极易给考生带来麻烦,因此,命题人热衷于使用它们作为考查工具就不足为怪了(每年平均有2-3个题目)。

不容置疑,高考将继续加强对非谓语动词的考查,试题的特征将继续呈现出“情景化”和“设问角度的多样化”的趋势,但试题的难度将会有所控制。

非谓语动词的句法功能及比较

非谓语动词的句法功能如下表:

说明:分词具有形容词和副词的特征。

作表语

现在分词(分词短语不能作表语)作表语表示主语的性质或特征,过去分词作表语表示主语的状态。

The basketball match was exciting. 令人兴奋的

We are excited at the good news. (人)感到兴奋的

The book is interesting. I’m interested in it.

★考点:区别由现在分词和过去分词转化而来的形容词。

注:excited vt. 使……兴奋move vt. 感动frighten vt. 使……害怕tire vt. 使疲劳, 使厌烦surprise vt. 使……吃惊astonish vt. 使……惊讶,惊愕

satisfy vt. 使……满意disappoint vt. 使……失望interest vt使……发生兴趣

please vt. 使……高兴inspire vt. 鼓舞

小结:修饰人的表情,眼神,眼泪,声音时,却要用-ed形式。

作定语(非谓语动词都能作定语)

(1) 区别现在分词和过去分词做定语

牢记:现在分词和过去分词都可以作定语,现在分词表示①主动②进行,过去分词表示①被动②完成,但Vi的过去分词,只表示完成,不表示被动(即表示主动的动作已经完成)。

(2)

注:现在分词和过去分词都可以作定语,它们的区别主要体现在时间上:现在分词强调正在进行,过去分词表示动作已经完成。本例中这三种形式与(所修饰的名词)会议存在被动关系。它们都可以改成一个相应的限制性定语从句。即

作状语

(1) __________ (see) from the top of the hill, we could see a beautiful city.

__________ (see) from the top of the hill, the city looked beautiful.

Key: Seeing; Seen

牢记:分词(短语)作状语时,常位于句首(也可位于句末),并用逗号隔开。用现在分词还是过去分词一要看分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间的主被动关系。二要看分词所表示的动作与谓语动作之间的时间先后关系。

口诀:主动用-ing, 被动用-ed;

但被动如为完成或进行时,要用现在分词被动形式别忘记。

(2)分词短语作状语表示伴随状况或方式时(分词动作对谓语动词进行补充说明),可以改成一个并列谓语。

We stood there, watching the football match.

=We stood there and watched the football match.

The glass fell to the ground, broken to pieces. 玻璃杯掉到地上碎了。

作宾补

(1)

(有时) He had his horse running all day. 他让他的马整天跑。(主动,持续)

现在分词和过去分词都可以用在“Vt.+宾语+宾补”结构中作宾补。这时我们要分析宾语和宾补之间的关系。用现在分词表示两者存在主动关系和动作正在进行(有时表示动作一直持续,常带段时间状语);用过去分词表示存在被动关系。

能用现在分词作宾补的动词常见的有see,hear,watch,notice,find, feel, smell以及keep,set,leave等。(现在分词强调动作正在进行或一直持续)

We saw him coming. 我看见他正过来。

They had their lights burning all night long. 他们让灯整夜亮着。

Don’t leave her waiting outside in the rain. 别让她在外面雨中等着。(使……处于什么状态)

(2) 以下对非谓语动词作使役动词和感官动词的宾语补足语列表归纳总结:

注:“√”为宾补范围;表格中非谓语形式序号即为说明中序号。

史密斯先生叫我给他找一辆出租车。

He made me work long hours.他让我长时间做工。

改为被动语态: I was made to work long hours.

He had us laughing all through the programme.

他在节目中,让我们自始至终笑个不停。

He had his bike repaired yesterday.

昨天他请人修好了自行车。(表示让别人做某事)

She had her wallet stolen on the bus.

在公共汽车上,她的钱包被偷了。(表示遭遇)

其它考点

动词分词的否定式:一律在非谓语动词前加not.

Not having received his letter, I decided to write a letter to him again. (现在分词)

动词分词的逻辑主语

1.分词短语作状语时,它的逻辑主语必须是句子的主语。

Led by the Party,the task was finished.(错)

可改为:Led by the Party, we finished the task.

注1: 如果分词短语的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致,那么我们往往采用独立主格结构,即在分词前加上它的逻辑主语(名词或主格代词)。

Time permitting, I’ll come to help you. (=If time permits, I’ll come to help you.)

It being very hot, we decided to go swimming. 由于天气太热,我们决定去游泳.

=As it is very hot, we decided to go swimming.

Night falling, we hurried home. (=As night fell, we hurried home.) 天黑了,我们匆忙回家。

小结:独立主格=名/代+doing /done / to do / adj. / adv. / 介词短词。

它在语法上不是句子,通常在句中作状语,要用逗号与句子主体部分隔开。

注2: He often sleeps with the window open. 他常常开着窗户睡觉。

with的复合结构=with+宾+宾补(现在分词/过去分词)

注意:介词with后的宾语与宾补有逻辑上的主谓关系。

①with的复合结构在句中可以作伴随方式状语、原因状语、时间状语等。

看下面例子,注意看宾补,以及with的复合结构在句中所充当的成分。

He fell asleep with the machine running. 机器开着,他就睡着了。

All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 他锁着门工作了一下午。

②with结构与独立主格结构有着密切联系。如果将表示原因、时间、条件的with结构中的with去掉,就可以变为独立主格结构形式。

I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill.

=My mother being ill, I won’t be able to go on holiday.

注3: 某些分词短语作独立成分时,用来解释整个句子可以不受上面所讲的限制。它们已经形成固定表达,如generally speaking, considering everything, supposing, judging from等。

如:Generally speaking, boys are bolder thin girls. 一般说来男孩比女孩胆子大些.Supposing we lose, what shall we do? 万一我们输了,我们该怎么办?

Judging from his accent, he must be from the south. 从他的口音来判断,他一定是南方人。

如何用独立主格或分词短语改写状语从句?(口诀两则)

复习1:独立主格和分词短语都可以作状语,相当于状语从句,因此状语从句和独立主格或分词短语一般可以互相转换。

Time permitting, I’ll come to help you. (=If time permits, I’ll come to help you.)

Given more time, I can do the job better. (=If I am given more time, I can do the job better.) 复习2:在状语从句中,当从句的主语与主句的主语相同时,可以省略从句的连词,主语和be,余下部分主动用-ing, 被动-ed。当从句是if it is possible这种结构时,可以省去it is构成if possible,意思依然清楚。

When you cross the street, you must be careful.

过街时,你要小心。

= (When) crossing the street, you must be careful.

When it is heated, ice will turn into water.

加热时,冰会变成水。

= (When) heated, ice will turn into water.

注意:从句的连词也可保留,从句的意思显得更加清楚。

I’ll do the work by myself if (it is) possible. 如果可能,我要亲自做这个工作。

※(A)

主从主语皆相同,分词短语作状语,连词从主应省去。

主从主语如不同,独立主格作状语,从主不省要牢记。

(B)

主动用-ing, 被动用-ed;

但被动如为完成或进行,用现在分词被动形式忽忘记。

区别动名词和现在分词

二者形式完全相同,都是由动词原形加-ing构成。但是它们之间有根本的区别,它们除了都具有动词特征以外, 现在分词还具有形容词和副词特征,而动名词则具有名词特征。这种区别表现为句法功能的不同。现在分词在句中可充当定语、表语、补语(宾语补足语或主语补足语)、状语;动名词在句中可充当主语、宾语、同位语、表语、定语。因此,现在分词与动名词的区别方法如下:

1.如果-ing形式在句中充当状语和补语,那么它一定是现在分词。

如:Hearing the news, he got very excited. 他得知这消息后非常兴奋。(hearing 作时间状语)

I saw him going upstairs. 我看到他上楼的。 (going作宾语补足语)

2.如果-ing形式在句中充当主语、宾语或同位语,那么它一定是动名词。

如:Studying English is our task. 学习英语是我们的任务。 (studying作主语)

He likes playing football. 他喜欢踢足球。 (playing作宾语)

His ambition, conquering the whole world, was never fulfilled.

他征服全世界的野心从来没有实现。 (conquering作同位语,是动名词。)

3.如果-ing形式在句中充当表语,-ing形式可能是现在分词,也可能是动名词。区分方法是:如果-ing 形式相当于一个名词,与主语处于同等地位,可以与主语交换位置,那么它就是动名词;如果-ing形式相当于一个形容词,表示主语的性质或特征,不可以与主语交换位置,那么它就是现在分词。

如:His work is repairing bikes.=Repairing bikes is his work. repairing.

(repairing为动名词)

The novel is interesting. (该句的表语与主语不能交换位置,interesting为现在分词。)

4.如果-ing形式在句中充当定语,那么它可能是现在分词,也可能是动名词。区分办法是:如果被修饰的名词与-ing形式之间有逻辑主谓关系,那么-ing形式就是现在分词;否则,-ing形式是动名词。

如:a sleeping car=a car for sleeping 一节卧车 (sleep与car没有逻辑主谓关系)

a sleeping boy= a boy who is sleeping 一个正在睡觉的男孩。(sleep与boy有逻辑主谓关系)

高考链接

1. The message is very important, so it is supposed _________as soon as

possible.

A. to be sent

B. to send

C. being sent

D. sending

2. T_________around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird’s

Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.

A. Having shown

B. To be shown

C. Having been shown

D. To show

3. Please remain ______; the winner of the prize will be announced soon.

A. seating

B. seated

C. to seat

D. to be seated

4. ________in the queue for half an hour ,the old man suddenly realized he

had left the cheque in the car.

A. Waiting

B. To wait

C. Having waited

D. To have waited

5. After a knock at the door, the child heard his mother’s voice _____him.

A. calling

B. called

C. being called

D. to call

[解析]

1. A 此题考点有两个,第一suppose to do sth 第二被动语态,所以答案选择A。

2. A 考点是非谓语动词, we 是非谓语动词的逻辑主语,和show 关系是主动,把B,C 排除,having

shown 表示动作先发生,to show 表示动作没发生,根据句意答案选择A。

3. B seated就坐,形容词, remain seated保持坐着,故选B.

4. C 在排队等了半小时之后,老人突然意识到他把支票落在车里了,排队在意识这个动作之前,故选现在

分词的完成式.

5. A 妈妈叫他的声音,声音和叫这个动作是主动关系,故选现在分词。

高考英语动词的过去式和过去分词不规则变化表讲课稿

高考英语动词的过去式和过去分词不规则 变化表

动词的过去式和过去分词不规则变化表1.AAA式: hurt[h:t] hurt[h:t] hurt[h:t] t] t] put[p put[p read[ri:d] read[red] read[red] 2.AAB式: 3.ABA式: 4.ABB式: (1)在动词原形后加一个辅音字母d,t或ed构成过去式或过去分词。 :n] burnt[b:nt]/burned[b:nd burnt[b:nt]/burned[b:nd] :d] :d] :n] :nt] :nt]

n]/shined n]/shined smell[smel] smelled/smelt[smelt] (2)把动词原形的最后一个辅音字母“d”改为“t”构成过去式或过去分词。 (3)原形→ought→ought (4)原形→aught→aught (5)变其中一个元音字母 found[fa found[fa t] got/gotten['tn] ?held[held] lead[li:d]

t] t] spit/spat[sp?t] spit/spat[sp?t] (6)原形→lt/pt/ft (7)其他 stood[st understood[,'st understood[,'st st,l lost[l st,l had[h?d,h had[h?d,h ? ?ld] ld] 5.ABC式:(1)原形→过去式→原形+(e)n ? drive[dra I v] I vn] drew[dru:] ?'ɡ?'ɡ

mistaken[m 'st threw[θru:] d] dn] :] I t] (2)原形→过去式→过去式+(e)n z] ??zn] t] got/gotten['ɡtn] hid[h I d] dn] t] tn] l] l? (3)变单词在重读音节中的元音字母“i”分别为“a”(过去式)和“u”(过去分词)。 (4)其他

人教版高中英语【必修五】[重点题型巩固练习] 过去分词作宾语补足语

人教版高中英语必修五 知识点梳理 重点题型(常考知识点)巩固练习 巩固练习 Ⅰ. 用动词的正确形式填空: 1. Have you got a map to show me? I’m ________ (puzzle). 2. Did he have his wallet _______ (steal) last Friday? 3. When I got to the supermarket, I found it _______ (close). 4. He found his wife _______ (cook) in the kitchen when he woke up at five. 5. He watched the bed ______ (carry) out of the room. 6. She doesn’t want her daughter _______ (take) out after dark. 7. When will you have your eyes _______ (examine)? 8. My mother got me ________ (check) all the homework I did last night. 9. With the boy ______ ( lead) the way,we will find the house easily tomorrow. 10. I can hear the windows _______ (beat) by the heavy rain. 11. Tom has been away from home for two years, leaving his room _______ (cover) with dust. 12. Why do you leave the baby ________ (cry) there? 13. I have to leave my house early ______ (catch) the early bus. 14. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found ______ (smoke) in the kitchen. 15. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _______ (carry) out the next year. Ⅱ. 根据汉语意思,在空格处填入恰当的词。 1. 我将随时向你报告有关我们实验的重要的进展。 I’ll ___________________ about the breakthrough in our experiment. 2. 他醒来结果发现他的汽车被偷了。 He woke up only to ________________. 3. 在这个发达的国家里,你很少听到有人讲脏话。 You seldom hear rude words __________ in this ___________country. 4. 他提高嗓音以便使别人能够听见他说话。 He raised his voice so as to ____________________. 5. 他匆忙离开家,留下很多事没做。 He left home in a hurry, __________ many things _____________. 6. 回来时,他很惊讶地发现房间被彻底的打扫了,一切都布置得井井有条。

高考英语过去完成时及其解题技巧及练习题(含答案)

高考英语过去完成时及其解题技巧及练习题(含答案) 一、单项选择过去完成时 1.—He’s got our tickets. —That’s good I ________afraid that he ________them. A.am; has forgotten B.was; had forgotten C.was; forget D.am; will forget 【答案】B 【解析】 试题分析:考查时态:--他拿了我们的票。--太好了,我原来害怕他忘了。因为现在知道他没忘,所以是原来害怕他忘了,第一空用一般过去式was,主句用一般过去式,从句用相应的过去时,排除D,用过去完成时,选B。 考点:考查时态 2.The girl, when _____ why she _____ in the exam, just lowered her head and kept silent. A.questioned; was cheated B.being questioned; was cheating C.questioned; had cheated D.being questioned; has cheated 【答案】C 【解析】 考查非谓语动词。句意:当被问到为什么在考试中作弊中,小女孩子低头不语。When引导的是是时间状语从句,与girl 之间是被动关系,所以用done形式,作弊没有被动语态,故选C项。 3.Father ________ for London on business upon my arrival, so I didn’t see him. A.has left B.left C.had left D.was leaving 【答案】C 【解析】 分析句子,由于后半句用的是一般过去式,故根据意思可知前半句的事是发生在后半句之前,故用过去完成时,故选C。句意:父亲在我回来之前已经去出差了,所以我没有见到他。 4.When we _______the railway station, the train _______for 5 minutes.

【英语】英语过去将来时专项

【英语】英语过去将来时专项 一、单项选择过去将来时 1.John promised his doctor he ________not smoke,and he has never smoked ever since. A.might B.should C.could D.would 【答案】D 【解析】 试题分析:考查过去将来时。本题属于宾语从句的时态呼应。主句John promised his doctor 中使用过去时,后面的从句也应该使用与过去时有关的时态。句意:John答应医生他不会在抽烟了,从那以后他就再也没有抽过。根据句意使用过去将来时的时态,故D项正确。考点:考查过去将来时 点评:当主句中使用过去时的时候,要注意后面的宾语从句要使用相对应的时态,要注意如果后面是客观真理,一定要使用一般现在时。 2.—The plane is leaving right now,but Jim hasn’t arrived yet. —Well,he said he________here on time. A.came B.would come C.can be D.will be 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】 考查时态。句意:——飞机马上要起飞了,但是吉姆还没有到.——他说过他会准时到这儿。由答语可知应用过去将来时,故选B。 3.----Why didn’t you apply for the job? ----I ________, but my old friend offered me a better one. A.was going to B.would C.will D.am going to 【答案】A 【解析】 试题分析:考查情景交际和时态。句意:--你为什么没有申请那份工作?--我本打算(申请),但是我的老朋友给我提供了一个更好的。am/is/are going to表示按照计划、打算、安排要发生的事情,will只是表示纯粹的将来,表示临时的决定。was/were going to可表示原本打算做某事,其实没有实现。故选A。 考点:考查情景交际和时态

高考英语过去分词典型试题(3页)

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【词汇】高考英语一轮复习动词原形、过去式、过去分词总结表

动词 1. A---A---A型(原形、过去式和过去分词同形)bet-----bet-----bet 打赌 broadcast-----broadcast-----broadcast 广播burst-----burst-----burst 爆发 cost----- cost----- cost 花费 cut----- cut----- cut 割,切 hit----- hit--- hit 打 hurt-----hurt-----hurt 伤 let----- let----- let 让 put----- put----- put 放下 read----- read----- read 读 shut----shut----shut 关上,停业 set----set----set 点燃,凝固 spread-----spread-----spread 传播 upset----upset-----upset 心烦,扰乱 2.A---A---B型(现在式和过去式同形)

beat----- beat----- beaten 打 3.A---B---A型(现在式和过去分词同形) come----- came----- come 来 become----- became----- become 变 run----- ran----- run 跑 4. A---B---B型 (1)在动词原形后加一个辅音字母d或t或直接加-ed构成过去式或过去分词。 burn----- burnt----- burnt 燃烧 deal-----dealt-----dealt 处理 dream-----dreamed-----dreamed 梦想 hang-----hanged-----hanged 悬挂 hear-----heard-----heard 听见 learn----- learned/learnt----- learned/learnt 学习 light-----lighted-----lighted 照亮 mean----- meant----- meant 意思 shine-----shined-----shined 擦亮,照耀 smell-----smelled-----smelled 嗅,闻

高考复习:现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时

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复习上一单元的知识点之后,以达到复习的效果。然后给学生一些相关的单选或其他类型题目,再老师没有讲解的情况下,让学生独立思考,给出答案与解释,促进学生发现问题,同时老师也能发现学生的盲点,并能有针对性地进行后面的讲课。 三、知识讲解 知识点1:现在完成时:构成:主语+ have/has + 动词的过去分词

用法: 1)过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,句中常有already, just, never, ever, lately, recently, , in the past+一段时间,so far等状语 2)、从过去开始,持续到现在的动作或状态 3)、用在时间、条件从句中,表示从句动作先于主句动作之前完成 4)、“最高级+名词”或“It is the + 序数词+ time”后的定语从句中。 5)、应用现在完成时应注意: 瞬间动词用于完成时表示一个动作的结束,不能和“for…”或“since…”连用,但它们的否定形式可以连用。如: We have not heard from him for ten days.我们已经十天没他的消息了。 另外,如果把瞬间动词转变成相应的持续动词,就可和“for…”或“since…”连用。

知识点2:现在完成进行时:构成:主语+ have/has + been +动词的现在分词 用法: 表示动作从过去一个时间开始,一直延续到现在,强调在此阶段时间里,动作一直在进行。 ⑴、过去开始而且现在仍在进行的动作

英语过去将来时练习题含解析

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高中英语语法讲解与练习之动词过去分词

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【英语】高考必备英语过去完成时技巧全解及练习题(含答案)

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(英语)高考英语过去将来时试题经典及解析

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高考英语语法-过去分词

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最新高考英语过去完成时练习题及答案

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