方案-简述现代语言学的各个流派及特点

方案-简述现代语言学的各个流派及特点
方案-简述现代语言学的各个流派及特点

简述现代语言学的各个流派及特点

'简述现代

学的各个流派及特点

20世纪的现代语言学理论,在语言学史上是

最快的、最活跃的。瑞士语言学家索绪尔开创了结构主义理论并把语言学真正变成科学之后,现代语言学便呈现了快速发展,取得了卓越的成绩。

从历时的角度阐述了现代语言学的各个流派及特点,代表人物及重要贡献。

一、现代语言学的开端

现代语言学始于瑞士语言学家费尔迪南.德. 索绪尔(1857--1913)。他通常被描述为“现代语言学之父”和“使语言学科走向现代的大师”索绪尔提出的语言学说是语言史上哥白尼式的革命。对现代语言学的发展有深远的意义本文由论文联盟

收集整理。索绪尔的理论主要是从三个方面发展起来的:语言学、

学和

学。索绪尔是把语言学研究明确为科学研究的第一人。他的理论直接把我们的注意力导向语言的本质。他的理论可归纳如下:

1.语言符号的本质索绪尔认为,语言符号是由概念和声音形象结合起来的,即“所指”和“能指”。与语言符号的任意性相关联的是能指的线性特征。

2.语言单位的关系性质由于能指和所指的关系是任意的,因此一个能指与所指之间就没有必然的属性。所指只是一个系统里的一员,通过同一系统内其他成员之间的关系得到界定。

3.语言系统与语言现象的区分这是语言系统与语言的实际现象之间的区别。他认为,语言学家的认为是研究语言系统。

4.共时与历时的区分语言学上的共时与历时之区分,就是静态语言学和进化语言学之分。

二、早期功能主义语言学和系统功能语言学

(一)布拉格学派

布拉格学派创始于1926年10月6日,主要代表人物有马泰休斯、特鲁别茨科伊、雅克布逊、布龙达尔等。布拉格学派的早期研究主要有三个方面:1.为语言事实的共时研究方法做了理论上的开拓2.强调语言的系统性特征3.强调语言在知己语言社团中所发挥的功能。50年代后新一代的布拉格学派的语言学家继续老一辈的研究,发展了新的理论,包括关于语言演变,语言系统,标准语言,主位与述位,语言功能。

(二)哥本哈根学派

哥本哈根学派是一个人数不多的语言学派。这个学派成立于1931年,代表人物有乌尔达尔、叶儿姆斯列夫、布龙达尔。哥本哈根学派的语言学理论,目的是解决两个问题。第一是语言学的对象问题,第二个是语言研究的准确化问题。他们在追求形式化过程中,把语言学与数理逻辑紧密结合起来,认为只有语言学成为结构主义的语言学时,才是客观的、科学的。这个思想对包括哈里斯、乔姆斯基、韩礼德等不同语言学流派的语言学家都有很大影响。

(三)伦敦学派

伦敦学派通常是指英国的语言学研究,其实就是弗斯学派。讲伦敦学派的主义贡献其实就是讲弗斯的主要贡献。弗斯对语言学理论的贡献主要表现在如下几个方面:第一,语言是“多系统的”,而不是“单系统的”;第二,弗斯认为语言学的首要任务就是要研究语义的产生,语言描写实际上就是语义描写;第三,韵律语言学是弗斯的主义兴趣所在。人从聚合与组合两个方面研究语言的韵律特征,把分析的范围从单个音节扩展到音组;第四,弗斯区分语音的系统和结构。他把呈聚合关系即选择关系的语言形式界定为系统,把呈组合关系即线性关系的表现形式成为结构;第五,弗斯从人类学中吸收了不少营养。他特别重视语言的社会属性,把语言看作是人类的生活方式,而不是一套硬性规定的符号和标记。

(四)系统功能语言学

系统功能语法包括两个方面:系统语法和功能语法。他们是韩礼德创建的语言学理论框架中不可分割的重要组成部分。系统语法是指将语言看做由若干子系统组成的系统又称意义潜势。系统语法要研究的是语言这个系统的构成以及其内部各个子系统的相互。功能语法试图揭示语言是人类交流的一种手段。

系统语法的核心部分是构建句子的一整套有效选择的图表,并且配有对不同选择之间的关系的详细的说明。韩礼德的系统语法与其他语言学家的理论有所不同,主要表现在以下几个方面:第一,系统语法十分重视语言的社会学特征;第二,系统语法认为语言是“做事”的一种手段,而不是“知识”的手段。它区分了“语言行为潜势”和“实际语言行为”;第三,系统语法比较重视对个别语言以及个别变体的描写;第四,系统语法用“连续体”这一概念来解释众多语言事实;第五,系统语法依靠对语篇的观察和数据来验证自己的假设;第六,系统语法以“系统”为基本范畴。

三、小结

通过对现代语言学流派脉络的把握,可以更好地让我们借鉴他人,拓展视野,打开思路。对我们汉语语言的发展大有益处。我国有丰富的语言资源和优越的语言研究条件,通过对现代语言学流派的学习借鉴和我国语言学家的自身努力,必然也能形成具有中国特色的语言学流派,并为相关领域的社会生产、

建设提供帮助。'

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Linguistics mainly involves the following branches: 1)General linguistics, which is the study of language as a whole and which deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study 2)Phonetics, which studies the sounds that are used in linguistic communication 3)Phonology, which studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication 4)Morphology, which studies the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words 5)Syntax, which studies how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences 6)Semantics, which is the study of meaning in language. 7)Pragmatics, which is the study of meaning not in isolation, but in the context of use 8)Sociolinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to society 9)Psycholinguistics, which is the study of language with reference to the workings of mind. 10)Applied linguistics, which is concerned about the application of linguistic findings in linguistic studies; in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. 11)Other related branches are anthropological linguistics(人类语言学), neurological linguistics(神经语言学), mathematical linguistics (数学语言学), and computational linguistics(计算机语言学). 4.What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? 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Modern linguistics gives priority to the spoken language for the following reasons: First, speech precedes writing. The writing system is always a later invention used to record the speech. There are still some languages that only have the spoken form. Then, a larger amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing. Third, speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language. 7.Saussure 是如何区分语言langue和言语parole的? (The distinction between langue and parole was made by the famous Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue and parole are French words.) Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. 8.Chomsky的语言能力competence和语言使用performance各指什么? (American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance.) Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc… Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard (偶然的). 9.How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance? And what is their difference?索绪尔是如何区分语言和言语类似乔姆斯基的区分能力和表现?和它们的区别是什么? Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. Their purpose is to single out one aspect of language for serious study. They differ in that Saussure takes a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual. 10.What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?你认为应该怎样用一个良好的,全面的定义来总结语言的特征?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. First of all, language is a system, i.e. elements of language are combined according to rules. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it refers to. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages. 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