There be结构的特点和用法解析-李尚红

小学阶段there be结构的特点和用法浅析

【摘要】There be句型表示“某地有某人或某物”，强调存在性。在小学阶段，它有两种常见时态，其中be有人称与数和时态的变化。本文从它的结构特点，构成、转换句型（时态，人称与数的变化）及与have/has的区别四方面浅析其用法，旨在使小学英语学习者更好地了解和掌握该句型。

【关键词】there be 时态人称与数have/has 用法

There be结构主要用以表达“某处（某事）有某人（某物）”，其基本句型为“there be+某物或某人+某地或某事”其中there是引导词，没有词义，be是谓语动词“某人或某事”是句子的主语“某地或某时”做句子的状语，多是介词短语。小学阶段在四年级上册教材中首次出现there be句型：There is a bee on the board .在期末复习时，只是读熟了此句，并未完全理解there be 句型的用法。随之，在五六年级陆续出现此句型。为了帮助学生更好的理解和应用there be句型，现从以下几个方面对there be 句型进行分析。

一、There be句型的特点

1. There be结构的特点，主语跟在be 后面，地点状语放在句末，强调置前头。如：There is a pen on the desk.有时为了强调地点，也可把介词短语放在句首。如：On the desk there is a pen.

2. Be 动词有am, is还又are,“there be 真特别,不留am只留俩,is还有are。要用is还是are,须看后面的名词是单数还是复数。若是单数或不可数名词用is ,否则就用are。was, were别忘记，它随时态的变化而变化，用was还是were，须看后面的名词是单数还是复数。若是单数或不可数名词用was ,否则就用were。如：（1）There is a girl in the classroom.

（2）There is some water in the bottle.

（3）There are some bananas in the box.

（4）There was an old house by the river five years ago

（5）There were many people in the street yesterday

3．注意：如果“be”获得主语是由and连接的两个或两个以上

的名词，那么be的形式要遵循“远亲不如近邻”的原则。也就是说，“be”的形式就是由与它最近的那个名词来决定的。若那个名词是单数或不可数名词要用is，是复数就用are。例如五年级上册Unit 2 part A部分出现的句子：

⑴There is a teacher and forty students in the classroom. 教室里有一个人老师和四十个学生。

⑵There are forty students and a teacher in the classroom.教室里有四十个学生和一个老师。

4. 知识小盘点：

（1）There _______ some books, a ballpen and a ruler on the desk.

A. is

B. are

C. have

D. has

解析：此处选B 根据我们所学知识判断要用there be 句型，排除C，D。主语是复数形式，排除A。

（2）There _______ a ballpen, a ruler and some books on the desk.

A. is

B. are

C. have

D. has

解析：此处选A 根据我们所学知识判断要用there be 句型，排除C，D。主语是单数形式，排除B。

5. There be句型中be动词的形式要和其后的主语在人称和数上保持一致。

（1）如果句子的主语是单数的可数名词，或是不可数名词，be 动词用“is”“was”。例如：

There is a basketball in the box.

There is a little milk in the glass.

（2）如果句子的主语是复数名词，be动词就用“are”“were”。例如：

There are many birds in the tree.

There were many people in the street yesterday.

（3）如果有两个或两个以上的名词作主语，be动词要和最靠近它的那个主语在数上保持一致，也就是我们常说的“就近原则”。例如：

There is an orange and some bananas in the basket.

There are some bananas and an orange in the basket.

二、There be 句型的构成：

There be ...句型表示的是“某处有(存在)某人或某物”，其结构为There be(is，are，was, were )+名词+地点状语。例如：There are fifty-two students in our class.

There is a pencil in my pencil-case.

There was an old house by the river five years ago.

1．there be 结构中的谓语动词be动词在人称和数上应与其后的主语保持一致。主语是不可数名词或单数可数名词时用is,是复数时用are。如五年级上册Unit 4 part A 部分出现的句子：There is a flower in the bottle 瓶里有一朵花。There is some money in the purse 钱包里有些钱。

2．若句子中有几个并列的主语时，be的形式要与离其最近的一个主语在人称和数上保持一致。如：There is a boy ,a girl and two women in the house .房子里有一个男孩。一个女孩和两个妇女。There are ten students and a teacher in the office.办公室里有十个学生和一个教师。另外，在陈述句中为了强调地点，也可将介词短语提置句首。如：In the tree there are five birds树上有五只鸟。

三、There be 句型的转换

1．否定句：there be 的否定式通常在be后加not构成（在口语中be时常与not缩写在一起）。也可用“no”来表示。即：no + n.（名词）= not a\an\any + n.（名词）。注意：no + n.（可数名词单数）= not a\an + n.（可数名词单数）；no + n.（可数名词复数）= not any + n.（可数名词复数）；no + n.（不可数名词）= not any + n.（不可数名词）。如果句中有some，一般要变成any. 例如：There is an orange in her bag.

→There isn’t an orange in her bag.

→There is no orange in her bag.

There are some oranges in her bag.

→There aren’t any oranges in her bag.

→There are no oranges in her bag.

There is some juice in the bottle.

→There isn’t any juice in the bottle.

→There is no juice in the bottle

There are some children in the picture

→There aren’t any children in the picture.

2．一般疑问句及其答语：把be提到there前，首字母大写，句末句号变问号即可。其肯定答语是Yes, there is/are,否定答语No, there isn’t/aren’t.

例如：—Are there two cats in the tree?

—Yes, there are(No, there aren’t)

There is some money in her handbag.

→Is there any money in her handbag? (疑问句和否定句中，some改为any, something改为anything.)

There is something new in today’s newspaper.

→There isn’t anything new in today’s newspaper.

→Is there anything new in today’s newspaper?

3．特殊疑问句及其回答：

⑴提问句子的主语（包括主语前的修饰语）时，句型一律用“what is +地点介词”（无论主语是单数还是复数都用is）.

例如：There are some birds in the tree

→What’s in the tree?

There are some bikes over there.

→What’s over there?

There is a little girl in the room.

→Who is in the room?

⑵就there be 后面的地点状语提问时，句型用“where is/are+主语？表示（注意其答语变化）

例如：There is a car in the street

→Where is the car?

There are four children in the classroom.

→Where are the four children?

—They’re in the classroom.

⑶提问（主语）前的数量时，一般有两种提问方式：

如果主语是可数名词，无论是单数还是复数，都用“How many +

可数名词复数+ are there + 介词短语？”表示：

There are twelve months in a year.

→How many months are there in a year?

There is only one book in my bag.

→How many books are there in your bag?

There is a cat in the box.

→How many cats are there in the box?

如果主语是不可数名词，则用“How much + 不可数名词+ is there + 介词短语？”表示：

There is some money in my purse. How much money is there in your purse?

反意疑问句：There be或There加其它动词，其反意疑问句一律用…there? 例如：

There is a beautiful girl in the garden, isn’t there?

There used to be no school here, used there \did there?

四、There be结构和have/has的不同

There be :表示某地有某物或人。

（1）There are many books in the schoolbag.

Have/has:表示有生命的人或者动物“有”。

（2）I have many books。

（3）There are many desks and chairs in the classroom.教室里有许多桌子和凳子。

（4）There are many fruits in the fridge.冰箱里有很多水果。（5）The cat has clean and white hair.小猫又一身干净而洁白的毛。

（6）There are two kites and a bird in the tree. 树上有两个风筝和一只鸟。(本句中要注意紧跟在be动词后是复数，所以are) （7）There is a bird and two kites in the tree.（本句中要注意紧跟在be动词后是单数，所以用is）

（8）男生们都留着短头发。The boys have short hair.

（9）There are three story-books and a schoolbag in the desk. （10）There are apples on the apple-tree.

→There are not apples on the apple-tree.

（11）There are not people at home.家里没有人。此句要注意

people 是复数名词。

（12）书架上有很多书。There are many books on the shelf. 五，注意事项：

1. There be句型中be动词的形式要和其后的主语在人称和数上保持一致。

如果句子的主语是单数的可数名词，或是不可数名词，be动词用“is”“was”。例如：

There is a basketball in the box.

There is a little milk in the glass.

如果句子的主语是复数名词，be动词就用“are”“were”。例如：

There are many birds in the tree.

There were many people in the street yesterday.

如果有两个或两个以上的名词作主语，be动词要和最靠近它的那个主语在数上保持一致，也就是我们常说的“就近原则”。例如：There is an orange and some bananas in the basket.

There are some bananas and an orange in the basket.

2. There与be中间可插入一些表推测的情态动词、表时态的短语和一些动词短语(如和将来时be going to\ will、现在完成时have\has + pp. 、used to结构等连用，注意其构成形式,这一内容在我们日常练习中经常出现错误,是难点,也是小升初试题中的一个考点.)。例如：

There must be a pen in the box.

There happened to be some money in my pocket.

There is going to be a meeting tonight.

There has been a big tree on the top of the hill.

There used to be a church across from the bank.

3. There be句型和have\has的区别：

There be句型表示“存在有”, have\has表示“拥有”“所有”,两者不能同时使用.例如：

桌子上有三本书. There are three books on the desk.

我有三本书. I have three books.

4. There be + 主语+ doing +介词短语. 例如：

There is a truck（交易）collecting rubbish outside.

There is a wallet（钱包）lying on the ground.

参考文献：

《甘肃教育》，2012，甘肃教育社主办

《PEP小学英语三年级下册》，2011，人民教育出版社

《PEP小学英语四年级上，下册》，2011，人民教育出版社《PEP小学英语五年级上，下册》，2011，人民教育出版社《PEP小学英语六年级上，下册》，2011，人民教育出版社《现代新理念英语》少儿版4，2012，科学普及出版社