英语语法详解名词修饰名词

英语语法详解名词修饰名词
英语语法详解名词修饰名词

英语语法详解:名词修饰名词

现代英语的特色之一,是力求以简单的结构,表达复杂的思维。以名词作修饰语,简称“名词定语”(attributive nouns),便是朝向这目标的手段之一。

所谓名词修饰名词,就是以名词直接修饰另一名词,其作用和形容词相似。例如:Science students; the Clinton Administration; dinner-time; oil industry; Christmas party 等。

下列是名词作修饰语时的语法功能:

⒈代替形容词(或形容词短语)或分词(或分词短语),如:

●country life→rural life

●China-U.S. relations→Sino-American relations

●a launch pad→a launching pad

●cube sugar→sugar formed in the shape of a cube.

⒉代替名词所有格,如:

●good rapport between consumer and producer countries →good rapport between consumers' and producers' countries.

●a proposal for a ceiling on ASEAN commodity imports→a proposal for a ceiling on ASEAN's commodity imports.

⒊代替介词短语,如:

● a tool box→a box for tools.

● a television programme→ a programme on television.

● apple seeds →the seeds of an apple.

⒋代替同位语、形容词分句或不定式动词短语,如:

● his bank manager son→his son,(who is) a bank manager.

● an ASEAN joint conference report→a report to be jointly made by ASEAN (members).

上述四种情况是名词修饰名词的常见现象。这情形在报章上出现得更频繁。

最后有一点要注意的是,名词作修饰语时,与同词根的形容词或分词作修饰语,有什么语意上的差别呢?不同在于前者强调内容或职能;后者侧重属性和特征。试比较下面三组句子,以观察其不同:

a. labour intensity(劳工密集)

b. labouring people(劳动的人民)

a. a space rocket(宇宙火箭)

b. a spacious room(宽敞的房间)

a. an art gallery(艺术馆)

b. artistic effects(艺术的效果)

a. a history department(历史系

b. a historic relic(历史遗迹)

a. riot police(防暴警察)

b. riotous police(闹事的/暴动的警察)

名词可以作定语修饰名词,作定语的名词往往是说明其中名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等。

⒈材料

a diamond necklace

a bamboo pole

paper money

a stone bridge

⒋地点

London hotels

Beijing University

body temperature

the spaceship floor

the kitchen window

作定语用的名词一般没有与之相应的同根形容词。它既可以是有生命的,也可以是无生命的;既可以是可数的,也可以是不可数的。它能表明被修饰的名词的A.地点、B.时间、C.目的或用途、D.种类、E.原料或来源等等。例如:A.city streets 城市街道,a corner shop 街道拐角的商店,a kitchen table 厨房桌子,a roof garden 屋顶公园;B.summer holidays 暑假,Sunday papers 星期日报纸,November fogs 十一月的雾季;C.a tennis court 网球场,a tennis club 网球俱乐部,a peace conference 和平会议,milk bottles 牛奶瓶;D.a love story 爱情故事,a murder story 凶杀案故事,traffic lights 交通管理用的红绿灯,a train driver 火车司机;E.stone walls 石墙,straw hats 草帽,rubber boots 胶鞋,pineapple juice 菠萝汁,plant fat 植物脂肪。

名词作定语时,一般用单数形式,但在个别情况下也有用复数的。例如: goods train 货车, sports meeting 运动会, machines hall 展览机器的大厅。 注意:被修饰的名词变复数时,一般情况下,作定语用的名词不需要变为复数形式,但由man 或woman 作定语修饰的名词变成复数时,两部分皆要变为复数形式。例如: man doctor —men doctors 男医生 woman singer —women singers 女歌手

有的作定语用的名词有与之相应的同根形容词。一般情况下,名词作定语侧重说明被修饰的名词的内容或性质;同根形容词作定语则常常描写被修饰的名词的特征。例如:"bold watch"指手表含有金的性质;而"golden watch"则表示手表是金色的特征,不一定含有金。再举两例:

stone house 石头造的房子 stony heart 铁石般的心肠

peace conference 和平会议 peaceful construction 和平建设

⒉用途 a meeting room the telephone poles the railway staion trade union water pipe welcome speech eye drops ⒊时间 a day bed the dinner party the Apring and Autum Period evening suit midday lunch ⒌内容 a story book piano lessons the sports meet oxygen supply the air pressure the grammar rules ⒍类别 children education enemy soldiers a bus driver

名词作定语与名词所有格作定语有时是有区别的。一般来说,名词作定语通常说明被修饰的词的性质,而名词所有格作定语则强调对被修饰的词的所有(权)关系或表示逻辑上的谓语关系。例如:在“the Party members(党员)”中,名词定语表示members的性质;在“the Party's calls(党的号召)”中,Party具有动作发出者的作用,calls虽然是名词,却具有动作的含义。再举一例:a student teacher 实习教师 a student's teacher 一位学生的老师

英语里可以名词修饰名词的healthy problems,翻译过来不成了这个问题很健康的这层意思,问题怎么会健康呢?healthy一般形容人或者是动物的,不能用.

chemistry lab 还是chemical lab ,chemical可以修饰物,所以这里都可以.

Educational Visit 的意思是有教育意义的旅行,Educational本来就有有教育意义这个意思. 反正用的时候你要查查名词的形容词性的具体意思以及修饰物的类型,然后进行选择.对了,还有一个例子自然保护区是nature reserve有一次考试我写成了natural,后来发现natural的意思是自然的,就是自然形成的,不是人工的,放到词中就变成这个保护区是自然形成的,和自然保护区中自然(自然环境)的意思肯定不同economy indexes 还是economic indexes 应该是后者economic有经济(上)的, 经济学的的意思

英语中的名词不经任何变化就可以用作定语修饰另外一个名词,如: university student, train schedule, picture frame 等等。这样的定语就叫做名词定语。由于名词定语简洁、方便,所以它在现代英语中的使用是相当普遍的。现在从四个方面来讨论名词定语的特点。

1. 名词定语的语法作用

(1) 名词定语代替形容词或分词作定语。如:race problem---racial problem China cotton---Chinese cotton launch pad---launching pad research worker---researching worker 在以上词例中,使用名词与使用形容词或分词并没有什么区别。(2) 代替作定语用的介词短语。这种情况用得比较多。例: a garden chair = a chair in the garden Canada wheat = wheat from Canada safety regulations = regulations for safety machine shop practice = practice in a machine shop (3) 代替定语从句。例:investment money = money that is set apart for investmen the milk boy = the boy who brings the milk (4) 代替带's 的所有格定语。例:在名词前加上定冠词the 就可以代替名词的所有格,但是这个名词是专有名词。例:the Pentagon decisions = Pentagon's decisions the Tom composition = Tom's composition the Carter grin = Carter's grin

2. 名词定语与被修饰语之间的语义关系

作定语的名词都是后面一个名词的修饰语,但是它们之间的关系却各有不同。(1) 名词定语表示逻辑上的主语,被修饰的词表示宾语。例:a department decision ( a decision which is made by the department ) the volcano eruption ( the eruption that is made by the volcano ) 有时正好相反,名词定语相当于宾语,而被修饰的部分表示主语:a drug addict ( a person who is addicted to drug ) an animal trainer ( a man who trains the animal ) (2) 名词定语作状语。被修饰语相当于谓语。在这一类结构中,表示谓语的名词常由动名词或动作名词( action noun ) 来充当。impulse buying = buying on impulse instrument flying = flying by means of instrument (3) 名词定语表示同位关系。这种用法可以说明某人的职业、职位。如:Writer Smith Shepherd Matthew Farmer Goodwin Judge Darling Singer Carpenter Cardinal Nelson 还可以表示特征、身份:a supplier country = a country which is a supplier a killer shark = a shark who is a killer her lawyer brother = her brother who is a lawyer traitor and robber Dickinson = Dickinson, a traitor and a robber

3. 与同词根的形容词作定语时的区别

前面说过名词可以代替形容词作定语,但并不是所有的名词都可以和与它同词根的形容词或分词互相替换。有时二者在意义和功能方面有很大的差别。一般说来,形容词表现的是东西的性能、形状、颜色等等。而名词表现的则是某样东西的质地、来源、目的等等。请比较:gold mine golden sunset water supply watery eyes child star childish voice admission ticket admissible evidence obesity specialist obese woman communication system communicative person geography department geographical names fire alarm fireless room man doctor manly appearance philosophy teacher philosophical attitude unemployment situation unemployed talents beauty contest beautiful weather 从以上例子可以看出形容词着重描写事物的外在表现,而名词则着重表现事物本身的内在含义。在习惯用法中,有时形容词并不表示性质、状态,而是表示目的和用途。这种用法相当于形容词+ 名词所表达的意义。从字面上看这样的修饰逻辑上说不通,但已经形成了它们特有的固定用法。例:科技英语scientific English = English used in scientific readings, 但不说:scientific readings English 刑法律师criminal lawyer = lawyer dealing with criminal cases, 但不说:criminal cases lawyer 类似的例子还有:Foreign Office = Foreign Affairs Office sick room = sick people room comparative literature = comparative study literature

4. 两个以上的名词作定语

常有这样的情况,几个名词放在一起修饰后面哪个主导名词。有时几个名词形成一个整体修饰最后一个名词。如:world record holder 世界记录保持者fire escape ladder 太平梯Christmas morning exchange of presents 圣诞早上的礼物交换mountain village school teacher 山村学校教师house property tax office building 房产税务局的大楼科技英语力求精练、明了,使用几个名词作定语代替各种后置定语的情况更为突出。如:tungsten filament lamp 钨丝灯television transmission satellite 电视转播卫星air surface vessel radar 飞机对水面舰舰雷达motor car repair and assembly plant 汽车修配厂high voltage switch gear factory 高压开关厂以上对名词定语作了简单的分析。随着社会的进步,语言的发展,修饰语也将会日趋简便。名词定语的室友必定会越来越广泛。

但在现代英语中,我们发现以前某些形容词作定语的结构,已演变成名词作定语的词组了,如racial hatred 成了race hatred, sparking plug 成了spark plug ,rural life 成了country life 。英语中,一名词在不经过任何变化就可以直接作定语修饰另一名词,我们称之为名词定语。如:sea water, blood presure, railway station, seat belt, plant fat 等。由于名词直接作定语结构简洁、使用方便,给人“捶手可得”之感,因而在英语语言中有较强的生命力,被人们广泛使用。

一、名词作定语与形容词作定语的区别

英国安南普顿大学的英语研究专家Brian Foster 指出:“…the whole tendency of the modern language is doing away with adjectives, or at least, using nouns as epithets ”.( 现代英语的总体趋势是倾向于取消形容词,或至少说倾向于名词作修饰语) 。作为这种语言变化的一种表现,人们注意到以前某些形容词作定语的结构现今已演变成名词作定语的词组了。如:atomic bomb---atom bomb 原子弹、luxuious hotels---lusury hotels 豪华饭店、psychological problem ---psychology problem 心理问题、a dangerous zone---a danger zone 危险区、mysterious man--- mystery man 神秘人物。在以上这些词组中作定语用的名词,无论在意义上或功能方面,基本上与其相对应的形容词相当。这种语法功能给语言学习者也带来了很大

的困惑。人们难以选择到底是使用名词作定语还是选用形容词作定语。不可否认的是,语言的表现形式是错综复杂的,语言有规律可言,同时又存在数不清的意外。一方面,我们知道名词可以代替形容词作定语,但这并非意味着所有的名词均可以作定语,在一些情况下,名词作定语和形容词作定语在意义和功能方面有很大的区别。另一方面,当二者只能选其一时,我们只能按照英语习惯决定究竟用名词还是用形容词作定语,这种情况就属于“意外”,此时,只能靠语言使用者对该语言的积累和语感了。

简言之,在比较名词与形容词作定语时,一般有两种情况:第一种情况是两种词类均可以使用,而且含义相同;第二种情况是两种均可以使用,但是含义不相同。下文将针对这两种情况分别进行探讨。

1 、名词和形容词均作定语,含义没有区别

在另外一些场合,我们会看到名词与同根形容词不仅仅都作定语,而且含义几乎没有区别。如要表达某人说话时带英国伦敦的口音,我们可以使用名词Liverpool 作定语,构成的短语a Liverpool accent, 也可以使用形容词Liverpudlian, 构成短语a Liverpudoian accent 。其它词例还有:“迷人的女孩”:a glamorous girl, a glamour girl “玻璃带状物”:a grassy strip, a grass strip “美丽的场景“:a beautiful spot, a beauty spot

但是,在个别情况下,名词和形容词均可作定语,虽所构成的短语字面含义相同,但却含有不同的感情色彩。人们普遍认为名词Jew( 犹太人) 作定语用于像Jew lawyer 和Jew ethics 这样的短语中,给人的感觉既粗俗又冒犯他人,因此,形容词Jewish 是唯一的选择。

2 、名词和形容词均作定语,含义不同

我们经常发现,名词可以作定语,而同根的形容词也可以作定语,但是含义不相同。如:an obesity specialist 和an obese specialist 这两个词组里分别用了名词obesity 和形容词obese 作定语。然而从前者的深层结构来看,它表示的是 a specialist who is specialized in obesity, 指的是专门治疗肥胖病的专家;而后者中的obese 作形容词只表明它所修饰的那个名词的特征、属性,所以该词组意为“胖专家”。由此不难看出,在这种情况下,名词与形容词作定语涵盖的意义大不相同。一般说来,形容词表现的是人物、物体和事件的特性、形状、颜色等;而名词表现的则是质地材料、内容、原因理由、时间地点等。简而言之,形容词作定语着重描写事物的外在表现,而名词着重表现事物的内在含义。又如:colour film 彩色胶卷与colourful dresses 色彩鲜艳的服装,economy measure 节约措施与economic measure 经济措施,peace talk 和平谈判与peaceful construction 和平建设,production plan 生产计划与productive labour 生产劳动等在意思上都有所区别。

而且我们发现名词还常用在多词定语中,尤其是在报刊杂志、科技论文中更为流行多用,以求言简意赅的效果。这时的名词定语我们称之为“复杂名词定语”。

二、复杂名词定语的辨析

由于名词定语现象日益普遍,人们在使用这类定语时的限制越来越小。因此便出现了重迭式名词定语,而且得到了语法家的认可;由两个或两个以上的名词作定语叫复杂名词定语( complex attributive noun) 。复杂名词定语相当于作定语的介词短语,因为“在大多数情况下,名词定语相当于后置修饰的介词短语”(Quirk et al 1985:1330) 。下面名词短语中的名词定语相当于后置修饰的介词短语;例如:the foreign languages department →the department of foreign language ( 外语系) ,water pollution situation →the situation in water pollution( 水污染的局面) 。

由以上例子我们发现,复杂名词定语由于其名词定语的重迭性,可能会使人们在理解上产生一些困难,甚至引起误解。要正确理解其含义我们必须从以下两个方面着手。

1 、掌握复杂名词定语与中心词之间的修饰关系

名词定语与名词中心词之间的修饰关系主要有以下两种。

例1 :the State Health Commission 州健康委员会

在这个名词短语中,the State 和health 是复杂名词定语,commission 是中心词,它们之间的修饰关系可以由下面的树形图来表示:

the State health commission

在这个名词定语中,the State 修饰commission , health 也修饰commission 。我们用Burton-Roberts, N. (1986: 49) 的“巢居结构”(nesting structure )来解释,即commission 巢居在health commission 中,而health commission 又巢居在the State health commission 中。例2 :the income tax rate 收入税率

这个短语中定语与中心词的修饰关系可以用下面的树形图表示:

income tax rate

这里,income 修饰tax, 然后两者再修饰rate 。这种修饰关系的巢居结构不同:rate 巢居在the income tax rater 中,而tax 则巢居在income tax 中。

通常,复杂名词定语的词项越多,它们与名词中心词之间的修饰关系就越复杂。

2 、辨析复杂名词定语的语义

对于复杂名词定语,必须在了解了定语与中心词关系的基础上对其多层语义进行分析,弄清该结构内部的多层次语义修饰关系,才能辨明它欲表达的含义。例如:对于“U.S. Air Force aircraft fuel systems equipment mechanics course”。这个复杂名词定语很长,不易一下子分清词语之间的相互关系,因此对意义的正确理解和把握有一定的困难。我们可以按照修饰关系,一步一步地来剖析它的内部结构,以揭示词与词之间存在的不同联系。

U.S. Air Force aircraft fuel systems equipment mechanics course

通过以上的分析便可以得出结构,这个复杂名词定语是修饰中心词course 的,整个短语的意思是“美国空军飞机燃料系统设备原理课程”。

初中英语语法知识—名词的单元汇编及解析

一、选择题 1.—Could you please give me ____? —Certainly. A.some advices B.any advices C.some advice D.advices 2.— Do you know all the names in your class, Mr King? —No, only part of them. A.student B.students C.student’s D.students’3.Alan usually goes to Harbin in .He likes playing with snow. A.May B.July C.September D.November 4.—I hear your family have made up their ________ to India next month. Have a pleasant journey. —Thank you. A.mind travelling B.minds travelling C.mind to travel D.minds to travel 5.Some ________went to Japan to help when they knew that many ________ lost their homes in the earthquake. A.Germen; Japanese B.Frenchmen; Japaneses C.Germans; Japanese 6.These are some photos of ________ bedroom. What a tidy and comfortable room! A.Jerry’s and Jenny’s B.Jerry and Jenny’s C.Jerry’s sand Jenny 7.—Tom likes soccer.What club can he join? —He can join the ______ club. A.sport B.music C.sports D.swimming 8.Good food and_______help her_______better. A.exercise; study B.exercise; studies C.exercises; studying D.exercises; to study 9.Here_______some of the results. Most students think_______are cheaper than cars. A.is; the bike B.are; bikes C.are; the bike D.is; bikes 10.—What is your _______, Lingling? —I really enjoy reading _______ stories at night. A.interests; interesting B.interests; interest C.interest; interesting D.interesting; interest 11.—What can I do for you? —Err, I want a glass of milk, some bread and . A.some chickens B.any chicken C.some chicken 12.—Do you think it is _______good advice? —Yes, it’s really _______useful suggestion.

高中英语语法详解:动名词

高中英语语法详解:动名词 概念 动名词由动词原形+ING构成,是一种非谓语动词形式 相关知识点精讲: 1.作主语。例如: Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。 2.作宾语 a. 有些动词能够用动名词作宾语。例如: admit 承认 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免 complete完成 consider认为 delay 耽误 deny 否认 detest 讨厌 endure 忍受 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱 fancy 想象 finish 完成

imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone推迟 practice 训练 recall 回忆 resent 讨厌 resume 继续 resist 抵抗 risk 冒险 suggest 建议 face 面对 include 包括 stand 忍受 understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 keep 继续 例如:Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? 你把收音机音量调小一点,好吗 The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 这松鼠幸运得很,刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。 b. 有些结构后面能够用动名词作宾语或其他成分。例如:

admit to prefer…to be used to lead to devote oneself to object to stick to no good no use be fond of look forward to be proud of be busy can't help be tired of be capable of be afraid of think of burst out keep on insist on count on

英语语法名词归纳总结

英语语法名词归纳总结 一、单项选择名词 1._________is Virginia Woolf’s most autobiographical novel, which develops a series of thoughts rather than a plot, centering on themes like women’s role in society, death and change. A.The Garden Party B.The Green Room C.To the Lighthouse D.Daisy Miller 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】 考查名词辨析。句意:《到灯塔去》是弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫最具自传体色彩的小说,它围绕女性在社会中的角色、死亡和变化等主题展开了一系列的思考而非情节的描写。A. The Garden Party《花园聚会》;B. The Green Room《候场室》;C. To the Lighthouse 《到灯塔去》;D. Daisy Miller《黛西·米勒》。由“Virginia Woolf”可知,Virginia Woolf是To the Lighthouse《到灯塔去》的作者。故选C项。 2.Violent programs on television may have a bad on children. A.injury B.pressure C.impression D.influence 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】 考查名词。A. injury伤害; B. pressure压力; C. impression印象; D. influence影响。句意:电视上的暴力节目可能对孩子有不良影响。固定词组:have an effect/ influence on“对------有影响”。故选D。 3.How amazing it is that Zuckberg can speak Chinese! After all, it is a big_____ for any westerner to learn such a totally different language. A.adventure B.achievement C.trend D.challenge 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】 考查名词词义辨析。A. adventure冒险;B. achievement成就;C. trend趋势;D. challenge 挑战。句意:扎克伯格会说中文是多么令人吃惊啊!毕竟,对任何西方人来说,学习一门完全不同的语言是一个巨大的挑战。根据句意可知此处表示“挑战”,故D项正确。 4.One hundred percent_______to your studies, though it can be lonely and no fun at all,will leave precious marks on your youth. A.response B.offence C.commitment D.reaction

动名词的用法英语语法大全

1 动名词的用法 动名词可以起名词的作用,在句子中作主语,宾语,表语,定语。动名词仍保留动词的 一般特征,可以有自己的宾语和状语,构成动名词短语。动名词的否定形式是在前面加上not, never等否定词。 (一)做主语和表语。动名词短语用and连起来做主语时,谓语用复数形式。例如:Fishing in this lake is forbidden. 这个湖里禁止钓鱼。 Going abroad for a visit and settling down abroad are two different things. 出国访问和在国外定居是两件不同的事情。 It seems that reading English is easier than speaking it.似乎读英语比说英语容易。 My favorite hobby is fishing/collecting stamps . 我最喜欢的爱好是钓鱼/集邮。 在It’s no use; It’s (no) good; It’s useless ; It’s (not) wise; It’s (not) worthwhile; It’s of great (no, little) importance 等习惯表达中,It为形式主语,而将做主语的动名词短语 放在后面。例如: It’s no use /good ringing her up now. 现在给她打电话没用了。 Is it worthwhile bargaining two hours for two cents? 为两分钱讲价两小时值得吗? It’s wise trying again. 再试一次是明智的。 It is of great importance fighting against pollution. 制止污染有重要意义。 It is no use operating on the sick man. He should have been sent here early. 给这个病人做手术已经没用了。本应该早些把他送来。 It is no good smoking; you’d better give it up.吸烟没好处,你最好戒掉。 (二)动名词短语作宾语。常用的能接动名词的动词有:admit承认,appreciate 感激,avoid 避免,advise 建议,can’t help 不禁,celebrate 庆祝,consider 考虑,complete 完成,contemplate沉思、打算,defer推迟,delay 延期,deny 否认,detest 痛恨,discontinue 停止,dislike不喜欢,dispute不同意,endure 忍耐,enjoy 喜欢,escape逃脱,excuse 原谅,fancy想象,feel like 想要,finish结束,严禁,forgive 原谅,hinder 阻碍,imagine 想象,keep 保持,mention 提到,mind 在意,miss 错过,pardon 饶恕、原谅,permit 允许,postpone 推迟,practise 实践、练习,prevent 阻止,recall 回忆,report报告,resent 怨恨,resist抵制、阻止,risk冒险,stop 停止,suggest 建议,understand 明白、理解,等等。 例如: He avoided giving me a definite answer. 他避免给我一个正确答案。 David suggested selling your dog and car to pay the debt. 戴维建议卖掉你的狗和车 抵债。 (我们把这句话改为虚拟语气:David suggested that you (should) sell your dog and car to pay the debt. ) I couldn’t risk missing that train. 我可不敢冒误了那趟火车的险。

英语语法之名词篇

词法大全(一)-- 名词 Contents 可数名词 不可数名词 名词所有格

名词 概念:表示人、物品、地点、情感、抽象概念等名称的词 分类: 普通名词pen teacher water 专有名词Beijing China July Sunday the Sun 可数名词apple teacher boy car 抽象名词advice information news price happiness 不可数名词液体water milk tea coffee juice 材料metal glass wood paper meat bread rice 可数名词变复数 一般加s 二般以s, x, ch, sh 结尾,加es 三般以辅音字母+y 结尾,变y 为i 再加es 四般以f/fe 结尾,变f/fe 为v 再加es. 妻子持刀去宰狼,小偷吓得发了慌; 躲在架后保己命,半片树叶遮目光。 wife knife wolf thief shelf self life half leaf 以O 结尾事真多 英雄喜欢吃土豆、西红柿和芒果 hero es potato es tomato es mango es 特殊变化要注意 man woman child mouse policeman men women children mice policemen 特中之特,单复同形 fish deer sheep fish deer sheep 合成复数有玄机 lemon tree toy shop computer game lemon trees toy shops computer games man doctor woman teacher men doctor s women teacher s

高中英语语法讲解与练习名词

二、名词 一、名词:具体或抽象的事物。 1)dog, boy, car, book, window, day 2)class, team, family, police 3)water, tea, milk, coffee, meat, gold 4)friendship, health, beauty, time 其中集体名词被当作一个整体时,要看作是单数,用单数的谓语动词。但当这些名词里的具体事物的各成员是被逐一单独考虑时,就用复数的谓语动词。 The football team is playing well.这个足球队踢得好。 The football team are having baths and are coming back for tea.足球队员们正在洗澡,然后他们就回来喝茶。 The family is a happy one.这是一个幸福的家庭。 My family are very pleased about the good news.这个好消息使我全家人都很高兴。Xiao Ming is a Chinese. 小名是个中国人。 The Chinese are brave and smart. 中国人很勇敢智慧。 二、难点:名词的复数 The thief’s wife killed a wolf with a knife and a leaf.

不规则变化: man→men男人woman→women女人 foot→feet脚tooth→teeth牙 goose→geese鹅mouse→mice鼠 ox→oxen公牛child→children儿童 单复数同形: deer,sheep,fish, Chinese,Japanese, yuan(注意西方货币有复数dollars, pounds) 只用复数的词: trousers裤子goods货物clothes衣物 glasses眼镜scissors剪刀people 人 有的名词既可以做可数名词,又可以做不可数名词。 glass 玻璃玻璃杯 paper 纸文件、试卷、报 重要提示: 1、单数可数名词永远不可以单独存在。 例句:牛在天上飞。 Ox is flying in the sky. × An ox is flying in the sky.√ Oxen are flying in the sky.√ 2、形如“num-n-adj”结构内的名词永远单数。此形式相当于一个形容词。 如:三米长three-meter-long 如果连字符,中间的名词不变复数式。 例:Amy is a seven-year-old girl. Amy是个7岁的小女孩。 三、不可数名词 不可数名词不能被a, an, many等直接修饰。但它们可以借助单位词表一定的数量。 如: a glass of water 一杯水 a piece of advice一条建议 a piece of paper 一张纸 四、可数名词和不可数名词各有其不同的修饰语 ①只修饰可数名词单数的 如a/an,one,another,either,neither,every,many a等。 I don’t like this book, give me another one.我不喜欢这本书, 请另外给我一本。Neither shoe feels comfortable.两只鞋都感觉不舒服。 An apple a day keeps the doctor away.[谚] 一天一个苹果, 医生不上门(比喻不生病)。 ②只修饰可数名词复数的 如these,those,few,many,a great number of,both,several及二以上的数词等。There are a few apples on the table. 桌子上有几个苹果。 There are few apples on the table. 桌子上几乎没苹果。 Were there many peopl e at the meeting? 有很多人到会吗?

英语语法知识——动名词

英语语法知识——动名词 动名词 动名词是非限定动词的一种形式,由动词原形+ing 构成。它既有动词的特征,又有名词的特征,故称。动名词也有时态和语态的变化,如表所示(以及物动词write为例),不及物动词没有语态的变化。 A 动名词作主语、宾语和表语 1 )作主语。例如: Fighting broke out between the South and the North. 南方与北方开战了。 2 )作宾语 a. 有些动词可以用动名词作宾语。例如: 例如:Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? 你把收音机音量调小一点,好吗 The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. 这松鼠幸运得很,刚逃避了被逮住的厄运。

b. 有些结构后面可以用动名词作宾语或其他成分。例如: 3 )作表语,对主语说明、解释。例如: Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 她的工作是洗刷、清扫和照顾孩子。 比较:She is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 4 )作定语,一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途。例如: a writing desk=a desk for writing 写字台 a swimming pool=a pool swimming 游泳池 有些动名词作定语,与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂。例如: boiling point=a temperature point at which something begins to boil 沸点 a walking tractor=a tractor which a driver can operate while he or she is walking behind it手扶拖拉机 B worth 的用法 worth, worthy, worthwhile 都是形容词,意为"值得"。 1. worth :be worth + n.当名词为金钱时,表示"……值得……" 常见的有It ’s worth while to do./ It ’s worth (someone’s)while doing be worth doing sth. "……某事值得被做" The question is not worth discussing again and again. 这问题不值得反复讨论。2. worthy :be worthy of +n.当名词为抽象名词时表示"……值得……"

自考英语语法名词解释

Acronyms Acronyms is a word coined by putting together the initial letters of a group of words. Affixation A word formation approach that attaches morpheme – an affix to a base,which is a word with 1 or more affixes in it. Anaphoric reference前照应A demonstrative determiner with anaphoric reference is more likely to go with a non-restrictive relative clause Cataphoric reference 后照应A demonstrative determiner with cataphoric reference,which goes with a restrictive relative clause Collective nouns These are generally countable nouns,but even in the singular they refer to groups of people,animals or things. Compound A compound,the product of composition,and it is a lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word. Conversion The derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix. Coordination并列词Realized by coordinators (also termed coordinating conjunctions)which join units at the same level. Countable nouns Nouns that can take plural. Dangling participle:When the subject of participle is not expressed, it is normally to be the subject of the clause. It is usually poor grammar, and sometimes absurd, if this rule is broken: Trying to be quiet, the floor board creaked. But the rule is often broken when the subject is vaguely understood to be “one”, “we”, “you”, people in general. Determiner Words used in the premodification of noun phrase and put before any adjectives that premodify the head word of noun. Dynamic adjectives Many adjectives can also be used in the dynamic sense (be being a.)in predicative position to show subjective measurement or suggest a temporary state,implying the qualities can be controlled or restricted. (e.g. he is being rude) end-focus 尾部焦点under neutral conditions,the nucleus falls on the last element of the sequence as it is common that we process the information in a message to achieve a linear presentation form low to high information value. We refer to this as the principle of end-focus. ellipsis:省略leaves out the redundant/wordy part and do not provide a substitute. Exclamation Express our impression,especially our surprise,excitement,amazement,etc. It doesn…t take S-V inversion.

杭州市初中英语语法知识—名词的图文解析

一、选择题 1.I to be popular in school, but now I get attention everywhere I go. A.wasn’t used; many B.didn’t use; tons of C.used not; many 2.—Do _________ like going to ___________? —I don’t know. A.woman teachers, clothes shops B.women teachers, clothes shops C.woman teachers, sport shops D.women teachers, vegetables shops 3.Look, this is________ bedroom. A.my father and mother’s B.my father’s and mother’s C.my father’s and mother D.my father and mother 4.Those _________ plans for the holiday sound great. How about ________? A.girl’s ; yours B.girls’; you C.girls ; your D.girls’; yours 5.My mother often________when she was a young girl. A.keep diaries B.keep diary C.kept diaries D.kept diary 6.Good food and_______help her_______better. A.exercise; study B.exercise; studies C.exercises; studying D.exercises; to study 7.Look! The Chinese national basketball team ________ a face-to-face interview with their fans in the hall. How excited the fans are! A.is having B.are having C.have D.has 8.Peter would like a bowl of ________noodles. A.tomato and egg B.tomato and eggs C.tomatoes and eggs D.tomatoes and egg 9.—What is your _______, Lingling? —I really enjoy reading _______ stories at night. A.interests; interesting B.interests; interest C.interest; interesting D.interesting; interest 10.Thanks for the two _______________you gave(给)to me. A.tape player B.tapes players C.tape players D.taper players 11.—Could you please give me ____? —Certainly. A.some advices B.any advices C.some advice D.advices 12.-Can I help you? -Yes. I'd like__________ rice. A.a small bar of B.a slice of C.a large bag of D.a piece of 13.I share my room ______ a friend of _________. A.to, me B.with, mine C.with, me D.from, mine

英语语法动词及动名词

1)表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。 2)根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)。 说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如: We are having a meeting.我们正在开会。(having是实义动词。) He has gone to New York.他已去纽约。 (has是助动词。) 3)动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词(Transitive Verb)、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb),缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。 说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如: She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。) She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。) 4)根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:限定动词(Finite Verb)、非限定动词(Non-finite Verb)例如: She sings very well. 她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。) She wants to learn English well. 她想学好英语。(to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词。 说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式(Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Participle)。 5)根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,分别是:单字词(One-Word Verb)、短语动词(Phrasal Verb)、动词短语(V erbal Phrase)例如: The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。(contains是单字动词。) Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. 学生们学会查字典。(look up是短语动词。) The young ought to take care of the old. 年轻人应照料老人。(take care of是动词短语。) 6)动词有五种形态,分别是:原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。

英语学习_英语语法详解:名词修饰名词_必备

弃我去者,昨日之日不可留 乱我心者,今日之日多烦忧 英语语法详解:名词修饰名词 现代英语的特色之一,是力求以简单的结构,表达复杂的思维。以名词作修饰语,简称“名词定语”(attributive nouns),便是朝向这目标的手段之一。 所谓名词修饰名词,就是以名词直接修饰另一名词,其作用和形容词相似。例如: Science students; the Clinton Administration; dinner-time; oil industry; Christmas party 等。 下列是名词作修饰语时的语法功能: ⒈代替形容词(或形容词短语)或分词(或分词短语),如: ● country life→rural life ● China-U.S. relations→Sino-American relations ● a launch pad→a launching pad ● cube sugar→sugar formed in the shape of a cube. ⒉代替名词所有格,如: ● good rapport between consumer and producer countries →good rapport between consumers' and producers' countries. ● a proposal for a ceiling on ASEAN commodity imports→ a proposal for a ceiling on ASEAN's commodity imports. ⒊代替介词短语,如:

● a tool box→a box for tools. ● a television programme→ a programme on television. ● apple seeds →the seeds of an apple. ⒋代替同位语、形容词分句或不定式动词短语,如: ● his bank manager son→his son,(who is) a bank manager. ● an ASEAN joint conference report→a report to be jointly made by ASEAN (members). 上述四种情况是名词修饰名词的常见现象。这情形在报章上出现得更频繁。 最后有一点要注意的是,名词作修饰语时,与同词根的形容词或分词作修饰语,有什么语意上的差别呢?不同在于前者强调内容或职能;后者侧重属性和特征。试比较下面三组句子,以观察其不同: a. labour intensity(劳工密集) b. labouring people(劳动的人民) a. a space rocket(宇宙火箭) b. a spacious room(宽敞的房间) a. an art gallery(艺术馆) b. artistic effects(艺术的效果) a. a history department(历史系) b. a historic relic(历史遗迹) a. riot police(防暴警察) b. riotous police(闹事的/暴动的警察) 名词可以作定语修饰名词,作定语的名词往往是说明其中名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等。 ⒈材料 a diamond necklace a bamboo pole paper money

高中英语语法(动名词)

Uinit 10 动名词的用法 动名词是名词化的了动词,它可以有自己的逻辑主语, 从而构成动名词的复合结构。动名词所带的逻辑主语通常是形容词性物主代词、宾格代词、名词所有格或普通格。 1.动名词复合结构的形式 其形式有如下两种: I insist on Mary’s going there. 我坚持要玛丽到那儿去。 I have not heard of your being ill. 我没听说你病了。 1. Usually at the beginning of school, the noise of desks being opened and closed, and lessons repeated at the top of the children’s voices could be heard out in the street. 2. In fact, I think it’s very much nicer without him, if you don’t mind me saying so. ※注意: 在上述例句中,动名词前的逻辑主语与句子主语不同。如果主语相同,则不用逻辑主语,只用动名词。试比较: I must apologize for not letting you know ahead of time. (NMET’94) ※在确定逻辑主语的格的形式时须注意以下几点: 1)动名词复合结构作主语和表语时一般用名词所有格或物主代词。例如: Nixon’s visiting China marked a new era between U.S. and China diplomatic relations. 尼克松访问中国标志着中美外交关系进入一个新的时代。 The main trouble is their not having enough money. 主要问题是他们没有足够的钱。 2)在口语和非正式语体中,只要不是作主语,动名词复合结构中的逻辑主语常采用名词通格或人称代词宾格。例如: The doctor does not mind me /my eating a little meat occasionally.大夫并不反对我偶尔吃一点肉。

中考英语语法思维导图(2)名词

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所有格 ’s/’ 从前往后“的” of 从后往前“的” of+sb ’s 意思是“的” 时间、距离、国家、 城市等词 所有格后面跟的地点往往省略 所有格修饰的词,若前已提过,可省 各有共有问题 five minutes ’ walk China’s capital go to the doctor’s a friend of my father’s a friend of mine 共有(A+B)’s 各有A’s+B’s 判定空后名词的单复数 表达量 可数名词 两种均可 不可数名词 接可复/不可 接复数 数字 等于一接单数 大于一接复数 many,several a few, few hundreds of, a number of some, any plenty of a lot of, lots of much a great deal of a bit of f/fe →v+es s,x,ch,sh +es 帽a/an/th sb’s e one of 近七年河北中考名词真题再现 名词中考点 单复数 所有格 表达量

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小学英语语法 第一章 一、定义 名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它既可以表示具体的东西,也可以是表示抽象的东西。 二、分类 1. 名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词 如:john is a student student是普通名词,john是专有名词 普通名词前可以用不定冠词a/an, 定冠词the 或不加冠词,专有名词前一般不加冠词,专有名词的首字母要大写。 2. 普通名词又可以分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词,其中个体名词与集体名词是可数名词,物质名词和抽象名称是不可数名词。 3. 专有名词 专有名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专有名词,多为独一无二的事物。 三、名词的数 1、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词——可以数的名词 不可数名词——数不清(没有复数) drink: milk tea water orange juice coke coffee porridge food:rice bread meat fish fruit 2、可数名词与不定冠词a(an)连用有数数形式,不可数名词不能与不定冠词a(an)连用,没有复数形式 many+可数名词复数 much/a little+不可数名词 some, any , a lot of (lots of) 两者都可以修饰。 3、可数名词可以直接用数词来修饰 不可数名词数词 +量词 +of + 名词 对可数名词的数量提问用how many 对不可数名词的数量提问用 how much 4、不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法: 1) some, much ,a little ,a lot of ,a bit of , plenty of 用等表示多少。注意既可以与可数名词复数,又可以与不可数名词连用的有:plenty of ,some ,a lot of ,lots of ,most of 等。 如there is much water in the bottle .瓶中有很多水。

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