中考英语语法之---简单句和复合句

中考英语语法之---简单句和复合句
中考英语语法之---简单句和复合句

简单句和复合句

一、简单句

九大简单句基本句型

一、简单句的九大基本句型

1. “主语+ 谓语”(即“主谓”句型)

这一句型英汉语言结构形式完全相同,说明“某人或某物如何动作”,或者说“某人或某物自身怎样运动”。

例:They arrived in Harbin yesterday morning.

分析:“他们”(主语)“到了”(谓语动作)。

The earth turns around the sun.地球围绕太阳转。

The sun rises in the east, and sets in the west.太阳东升西落。

2. “主语+ 谓语+ 宾语”(即“主谓宾”句型)

这一句型英汉语言的结构形式完全相同,用以说明“某人或某物做什么事情”,或者说“某人或某物发出了动作,并且其动作涉及到另一个人或物”。

例:I study English.

分析:“我”(主语)“学习”(谓语动作)“英语”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)。

I like swimming.我喜欢游泳。

3. “主语+ 谓语+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语”(即“主谓双宾”句型)

这一句型英汉语序结构相同,说明“某人为谁(间接宾语为人)做某事”,或者说“某人或物的运动涉及到两个对象,其中一个间接对象为人,另一个为物”。

例:Our teacher taught us English.

分析:“我们的老师”(主语)“教”(谓语动作)“我们”(间接宾语)“英语”(直接宾语)。

4. “主语+ 谓语+ 宾语+ 宾语补足语”(即“主谓宾补”句型)

这一句型说明“某人或某物要求(使、让)某人做什么”或“某人感觉某人或物怎么样”。

例:He asked her to go there.

分析:“他”(主语)“要求”(谓语动作)“她”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)“去那里”(补语—补充说明宾语应做什么)。

5. “主语+ have + 宾语”(即“拥有”句型)

这一句型主要用于说明“某人或某物拥有什么(宾语,即有形或无形的资源)”。

例:You have a nice watch. 你有一块漂亮的手表

分析:“你”拥有一块漂亮的手表,即你拥有一个可以及时且漂亮的器具。

6. “There + be + 主语+ …”(即“存在”句型)

这一句型用以说明“在某地或某时存在某人或物”。

例:There is a bird in the tree. 在树上有一只鸟。

分析:“在树上”(地点)“有一只鸟”(存在物)。

7. “主语+ 系动词+ 表语”(即“主系表”句型)

这一句型用以说明“某人(某物、某事、某种概念)具有什么特征或处于什么状态”。汉语的“是”字结构属于这一英语句型的形式之一。常用的联系动词有be, keep,lie, remain, stand, become, fall, get, go, grow, turn, look, feel, seem, smell, sound, taste, 等。

例:I am a teacher. 我是一名老师

分析:“我”(主语)“是”(系动词)“一名老师”(表语—即表明主语的身份)。

She felt very tired. 她感觉到很累。

He became an engineer.他成为了一名工程师。

You look pale today, are you ill? 你今天脸色看起来苍白,病了吗?

8. 比较句型

这一句型用以比较物质甲与乙之间的异同。

1)相等比较: …as + 形容词/副词原级+ as…;

…as + 形容词+名词+ as…

例:He is as rich as John.他和约翰一样富有。

例:He has as much money as she does.他和她的钱一样多

2)劣等比较:…less + 形容词/副词原级+ than …

例:He is less careful than she. 他没她细心。

3)优等比较:…+ 形容词/副词比较级+ than…;

…the + 形容词/副词比较级+ of the two…

例:She is more careful than he.她比他细心多了。

例:He is the cleverer of the two boys.两个男孩中他更聪明些。

4)最高级:the + 形容词/副词最高级(单数名词或one)+ {of(among) + 人或物}

{in + 场所}

例:He is the tallest in the class.他是班上最高的。

9. “it + is/was + 形容词+ to do/从句”(即评价句型)

这一句型用于说明“某一动作或事情属于什么性质或具有什么特征”。即对某一动作或事情进行评价。(这里it 是形式主语,真正的主语是to do 结构或that 从句)例:It is important to learn a foreign language.学习一门外语很重要。

分析:本句重在说明“学习一门外语”(to learn a foreign language)这一动作的性质是“重要的”。

7.Will you tell us an exciting story?

8.We must keep our classroom tidy and clean.

9.I heard the baby crying in the sitting room.

10.Can you push the window open?

答案:

1.主语---动词

2.主语---动词---宾语---补语

3.主语---动词---宾语---宾语

4.主语---动词----表语

5.主语---动词---宾语---宾语

6.主语---动词---宾语---宾语

7.主语---动词---宾语---补语

8.主语---动词---宾语---补语

9.主语---动词---宾语---补语

10.主语---动词---宾语---补语

简单句的分类

陈述句

陈述句用来陈述一件事情或表达一种看法,有肯定和否定两种形式,句末通常用句号,读降调。

陈述句的肯定形式

陈述句的肯定形式主要由“主语+谓语+其他成分”构成。

例如:Myauntworksinahospital.

陈述句的否定形式

谓语动词是系动词be或谓语部分含有情态动词、助动词时,在其后面直接加not。Jimisathome.→Jimisnotathome.

Icanrideabike.→Ican’trideabike.

谓语部分只有实义动词时,根据句子的时态和人称,在谓语动词前面加don’t,doesn’t或者didn’t.

Theygotoschoolatseveninthemorning.

→Theydon’tgotoschoolatseveninthemorning. ThestudentswentonapicniclastSunday.

→Thestudentsdidn’tgoonapicniclastSunday.

含有否定意义的词构成的否定句。

含否定意义的词如no,hardly,never,seldom,few,little等也可构成陈述句的否定形式。Ihavenobrothers.

Heneverplayscomputergames.

陈述句的其他否定结构

have做“拥有,所有”讲时,其否定形式有两种。

Ihaveapetdog.

→Ihavenotapetdog.或Idon’thaveapetdog.

have做“吃、喝、玩”等其他意义讲时,其否定形式只有一种。Ihavenoodlesforbreakfast.

只能改为:Idon’thavenoodlesforbreakfast.

不能改为:Ihaven’tnoodlesforbreakfast.

含有all,both,each,every,both…and…等的肯定句加not变为否定句后只表示部分否定;若要表示全部否定,则需用no,noone,nobody,none,neither…nor…等词。Allthestudentsinourclasslikeplayingfootball. Notallthestudentsinourclasslikeplayingfootball.(部分否定)Noneofthestudentsinourclasslikeplayingfootball.(全部否定)

含有already(已经),too(也)的肯定句加not变为否定句时,要分别把already和too 改为yet和either.

Hehasalreadyfinishedhishomework.

可改为:Hehasn’tfinishedhishomeworkyet.

Iwanttogoshopping,too.可改为:Idon’twanttogoshopping,either.

5、含有always,almost,many,much,often等词的肯定句可直接用never,hardly,few,little,seldom等变为否定句,而不用加not. HealwaysgivesmeahandwhenI’mintrouble.

可改为:HenevergivesmeahandwhenI’mintrouble.

6、当主句的主语是第一人称,谓语动词是think,believe,suppose等词时,若要否定宾语从句,应注意否定转移现象。

Ithinkyouareright.可改为:Idon’tthinkyouareright.

祈使句

(一)祈使句的结构及用法

祈使句表示命令、请求、建议或劝告等。主语通常被省略,谓语动词用原形,句末用感叹号或句号,读降调。

1、肯定的祈使句

句型:动词原形(省略主语)+其他成分。

Comein!

Bequiet!

有时为了加强语气,可以在动词之前加上do,表示“务必,一定”。

Docomeandseeme!

Dobecareful!

2、否定的祈使句

句型1:Don’t+动词原形+其他成分

Don’tbelate.

Don’ttalkinclass.

句型2:Let’snot+动词原形+其他成分

Let’snotspeakloudly.

Let’snotplaybasketball.

(二)祈使句中要注意的一些情况

1、有时为了表示委婉的语气,可在句首或句尾加上please,但please加在句尾时,前面常用逗号隔开。

Pleaseletmehavealook.

Sitdownplease.

2、在意思较为明确的情况下,可把谓语动词省去。

Thisway,please.

3、某些名词、形容词或副词后面加感叹号,也可以作为祈使句使用。

Handsup!Goodluck!Taxi!

感叹句

感叹句是用来表达人的特殊情感的句子,可以表达人的喜怒哀乐等情感。感叹句可以是一个单词,一个短语,也可以是由what或者how引导的句子,句末常用感叹号。

(一)what引导的感叹句

1、what+a/an+形容词+可数名词的单数形式(+主语+谓语)!

Whatalovelydog(itis)!

Whataninterestingstory(itis)!

2、what+形容词+可数名词的复数形式(+主语+谓语)!

Whatbeautifulflowers(theyare)!

3、what+形容词+不可数名词(+主语+谓语)!

Whatgoodnews(itis)!

(二)how引导的感叹句

1、how+形容词或副词+主语+谓语!

Howfasttheboyruns!

2、how+形容词+a/an+可数名词的单数形式+主语+谓语!

Howusefulasubjectitis!

3、how+主语+谓语!

Howtimeflies!

(三)一些特殊形式

1、在陈述句、祈使句或疑问句句尾加感叹号变成感叹句,表示某种强烈的感情。Heeatssomuch!

Doreaditcarefully!

2、用一个词或词语表示强烈的感情的句子也是感叹句。

Great!太棒了!Wonderful!好极了!Lookout!当心!

疑问句

用以提问的句子叫疑问句,句末用问号。疑问句分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句四种形式。

一般疑问句

一般疑问句用以询问事物或情况是否属实,希望对方给予肯定(yes)或否定(no)的回答,读时用升调。它以be动词/助动词/情态动词开头,用yes或no回答。使用一般疑问句时应特别注意问句与答句在人称、数、时态上的一致。

对一般疑问句做肯定回答时,通常是:Yes,主语+be动词/助动词/情态动词

做否定回答时,通常是:No,主语+be动词/助动词/情态动词+not

----Areyouateacher?

----Yes,Iam./No,Iammot.

----Doyoulikeswimming?

----Yes,Ido./No,Idon’t.

注意:一般疑问句通常是怎么问就怎么答,即用什么词问就用什么词回答。但有下列情况时

例外:

用情态动词must提问时,否定回答用needn’t或don’thaveto.

-----MustIfinishmyhomeworknow,MissBrown?

-----Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.

用其他词语代替yes或no来回答,从而使语气变得客气、委婉。

-----Canyoucomeandhelpmewiththewashing?

-----I’mafraidnot.I’mbusymendingmybike.

否定的一般疑问句通常以be动词、情态动词或者助动词与not的缩略形式开头,往往表示惊讶、赞叹、怀疑等语气。

对否定的一般疑问句做简略回答时也用yes或no,但其汉语翻译与原意正好相反。

---Aren’tyouastudent?

---Yes,Iam.(不,我是)

---No,I’mnot.(是的,我不是)

特殊疑问句

用特殊疑问词引导的疑问句叫特殊疑问句。回答时不能用yes或no,读降调。

疑问词包括疑问代词、疑问副词和疑问词组。

1、疑问代词:可以对主语、表语、宾语、定语提问,如what(什么,对物提问),who(谁,对人提问),which(哪一个),whose(谁的),whom(宾格“谁”).

---Whoisthatmanoverthere?

---HeisournewEnglishteacher,Mr.Wang.

---Whatcanyouseeonthedesk?

---Icanseeabook.

2、疑问副词:用于对状语提问,如when(何时),where(何地),how(怎样),why(为什么)等。

---Whenwereyouborn?

---Iwasbornin1993.

---Howdoyouusuallygotoschool?

---Iusuallygotoschoolbybus.

3、疑问词组:howlong,howfar,howmany/much,howoften,whattime,howold.

---Howmanystudentsarethereinyourclass?

---Thereare42.

否定的特殊疑问句一般有劝告、建议、责备等语气。

Whydon’tyoustayathomeandhavearest?

=Whynotstayathomeandhavearest?

选择疑问句

提出两种或两种以上的情况,要求对方选择一种情况回答的问句叫选择疑问句。选择疑问句中的两种或两种以上的情况用or连接,回答不能用yes或no,而要用一个完整的句子或者其省略形式。语调一般前升后降。选择疑问句可以分为一般选择疑问句和特殊选择疑问句两种。

一般选择疑问句:一般疑问句+or+被选择的部分?

---Isyourfriendaboyoragirl?

---Agirl.

特殊选择疑问句:特殊疑问句,+AorB?

---Whichdoyoulikebetter,mathsorEnglish?

---English.

反意疑问句

反意疑问句是提出情况或看法,问对方是否同意的句子。一般由一个陈述句加一个简略问句构成。简略问句要与前面的陈述部分用逗号隔开,句末用问号。如果陈述部分是肯定结构,简略问句就用否定结构,反之亦然。此问句可用yes或no来回答。简略问句的主语需用代词,并与前面的主语一致,谓语动词在人称、数和时态上也要与陈述部分一致。

反意疑问句的重点是简略问句的主语和谓语两部分。因此,对此知识点的命题重点及时简略问句中主语和谓语的确定。

1、简略问句主语及谓语的确定

简略问句主语与谓语的确定应以陈述部分的主语和谓语为依据,尤其要注意一些特殊的情况。同时,简略问句的主语一般应用人称代词,而动词若为否定形式则一般用缩略形式。

(1)陈述部分含有never,few,little,nothing,nobody,no,hardly,none等表示否定意义的词时,简略问句应用肯定形式。

Hehasfewfriendsatschool,hashe/doeshe?

当陈述部分谓语动词是含有否定意义的前缀的词时,简略问句还是要用否定形式。Hedislikessmoking,doesn’the?

(2)陈述部分是therebe结构时,简略问句用bethere

Thereisabookontheteacher’sdesk,isn’tthere?

(3)当陈述部分的主语为指物的不定代词something,anything,everything等时,简略问句的

主语应用it

Somethingiswrongwithmycomputer,isn’tit?

(4)当陈述部分的主语为指人的不定代词somebody,anybody,everybody等时,简略问句的主语可用he或者they,但不可用it.

Someonewantstoseeyou,doesn’the/don’tthey?

(5)当陈述部分的主语为this,that时,简略问句的主语应用it.当陈述部分的主语为these,those时,简略问句的主语应用they.陈述部分是肯定结构时,简略问句就用否定结构,反之亦然。

Thisisaninterestingfilm,isn’tit?

Thosearen’tbananatrees,arethey?

(6)当陈述部分的动词时have/has/had时,有下列几种情况:

①have/has/had表示“有”的意思时,简略问句中可用have/has/had,也可用do/does/did. Jackhasanewwatch,hasn’the/doesn’the?

②have/has/hadto表示“不得不,必须”的意思时,简略问句中应用do/does/did. Theyhadtogetupearlyinthemorning,didn’tthey?

③have/has/had表示“吃、喝、玩、度过”的意思时,简略问句中应用do/does/did. Theyhadawonderfultimeinthepark,didn’tthey?

④hadbetter意为“最好”时,当其用在陈述部分时,简略问句中应用had

We’dbetterstoptalking,hadn’twe?

⑤have/has/had用在完成时中,简略问句中应用have/has/had. HehasbeentoBeijingtwice,hasn’the?

(7)当陈述部分含有need时,如果need作行为动词,则简略问句中应用do/does/did,如果need作情态动词,则简略问句中应用need. Weneedtobuyanewwashingmachine,don’twe?

Weneedn’tsetoutatonce,needwe?

(8)当陈述部分是Iam形式时,简略问句应该用aren’tI

I’mright,aren’tI?

(9)当陈述部分时肯定的祈使句时,简略问句可以用willyou或者won’tyou,陈述部分是否定的祈使句,简略问句用willyou.

Passmethesalt,will/won’tyou?

Don’tplayfootballinthestreet,willyou?

(10)陈述部分是以let’s开头的祈使句,简略问句应用shallwe;而陈述部分是以letus开头的祈使句,简略问句用willyou.

Let’sgoshopping,shallwe?

Letushavealook,willyou?

(11)当陈述部分含有情态动词must时,有下列几种情况.

①must表示“必须”之意,简略问句的谓语用needn’t.

Theymustcomeontime,needn’tthey?

②must表示“一定,想必”之意,简略问句的谓语应根据must后面的动词来确定。ThatmanmustbeMr.Zhang,isn’the?

(12)陈述部分若为主从复合句,简略问句的主语通常与主句的主语一致。. Shesaidshewouldcometomorrowdidn’tshe?

注意:若主句的主语是第一人称I/we,其谓语动词又是think,suppose,expect,believe,imagine 等,简略问句的主语和谓语一般应与从句一致。(应特别主语否定的转移)

Idon’tthinkheisagoodstudent,ishe?

Wethinkitisagoodidea,isn’tit?

2、反意疑问句的答语

对反意疑问句作答时,若答案是肯定的,则用yes,后跟肯定形式的简略答语;若答案是否定的,则用no,后跟否定形式的简略答语。即其回答方式与一般疑问句的回答方式完全一致。

特别注意,有时要根据具体的语境确定应用肯定形式还是否定形式来回答。

---Lucyisverygoodatskating,isn’tshe?

---Yes,sheis.

---Youdon’tlikeeatingbeef,doyou?

---No,Idon’t.

二、复合句

英语的复合句一般分为三大类型:名词性从句、形容词性从句和副词性从句。

(一)名词性从句

在整个复合句中起名词作用,充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语等的各种从句,统称为名词性从句。名词性从句主要有以下几种:

1. that 引导的从句 e.g. It is reported that one third of Guangzhou citizens plan to buy a private car. (据报道,三分之一的广州市民打算购买私家车。)

2. whether/if 引导的从句 e.g. Whether motorcycles should be banned in Guangzhou has become an issue of controversy.(广州是否禁摩托车成了有争议的话题。)

3. how/why/when/where引导的从句 e.g. This essay aims to explore why so many white collar workers suffer from insomnia. (本文将探讨为什么这么多白领失眠的原因。)

4. who/whom/whose/what/which引导的从句 e.g. Who should be responsible for the environmental degradation is still unknown.(谁对环境恶化负责还不清楚。)

(二)形容词性从句

具有形容词功能,在复合句中做定语的从句被称之为形容词性从句或定语从句。被修饰的名词、词组或代词被称为先行词。形容词性从句分为两种类型:

(1)由关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which, as引导的从句。例如: People who are strongly against human cloning claim that it is immoral and unethical. (强烈反对克隆人的人们认为这样做不道德和不合伦理)

(2)由关系副词when, where, why引导的从句。例如: I would like to analyze the reasons why a growing number of teenagers are addicted to gambling.(我将分析为什么越来越多的青少年沉迷于赌博的原因。)

(三)副词性从句

副词性从句也称为状语从句,主要用来修饰主句或者主句的谓语。大致分为九大类,分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。

(1)时间状语从句 e.g. When everyone is fully aware of the severity of fresh water scarcity and takes effective measures, I am convinced that we will tackle this problem constructively.(当每个人充分意识到淡水短缺的严重性,并采取有效措施,我相信我们一定能妥善解决好这个问题。)

(2)地点状语从句 e.g. Where there is smoke, there is fire.(无风不起浪)

(3)原因状语从句 e.g. Pets should be forbidden because they may spread

diseases and damage the cityscape.(应该禁止饲养宠物,因为它们可能会传播疾病和有损市容。)

(4)目的状语从句 e.g. Old people should be encouraged to live in a nursing house so that they can enjoy professional care and first-rate facilities. (应当鼓励老人到敬老院居住,这样他们可以享受到专业的照料和一流的设施。)

(5)结果状语从句 e.g. Some government officials fail to recognize the potential hazards of improper waste disposal, so that the environment in some cities is deteriorating.(一些政府官员未能认识到垃圾处理不当带来的潜在危害,因此一些城市的环境不断恶化。)

(6)条件状语从句 e.g. If we continue to overlook the increasing waste in Guangzhou, it is likely that Guangzhou will become a huge landfill site sooner or later.(如果我们继续无视广州日益增多的垃圾,有可能不久的将来广州将成为巨大的垃圾填埋场。)

(7)让步状语从句 e.g. While I admit that smoking has some side-effects, I still feel that it is ridiculous to ban smoking in public places.(虽然我承认吸烟有副作用,我依然觉得公共场所禁烟是荒唐的。)

(8)比较状语从句 e.g. Red is two times as much as Blue.(红色是蓝色的两倍。)

(9)方式状语从句 e.g. Just as we protect less able human beings, so we should safeguard the welfare of other weaker species.(正如我们保护弱者一样,我们也应该保护弱势物种的福利。)

初中英语语法大全——名词

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二、名词的数 名词按照其可数性可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词是指可以直接计算数目的名词。个体名词和集体名词多数是可数名词;不可数名词是指无法直接用数目计算的词。物质名词和抽象名词多数是不可数名词。 1.可数名词的数 在英语中,可以直接用数字进行计算的名词是可数名词,不能直接用数字进行计算的名词是不可数名词。通常个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,视为可数名词;物质名词和抽象名词往往指泛指的物质或者抽象的概念,不能用具体的数字来表示,视为不可数名词。专有名词往往只指一个人或物,因此没有必要再用具体的数字来修饰,一般也视为不可数名词。

eg: I was having dinner at a restaurant. eg: The two children are playing table tennis in the school. eg: Mr.Black gave us some advice on how to learn English well. eg: Paris is the capital of France. ①规则复数变化形式 可数名词在表示两个或两个以上的概念时需要用复数形式。可数名词单数形式变成复数形式的一般规则如下表:

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最新初中英语语法知识—祈使句的综合训练

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labour 劳动health 健康life 生活friendship友情patience耐力 3. 普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如: box, child, orange; 不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如:water, news, oil, population, information . 4、英语可数名词的单复数:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。 1. 规则名词的复数形式:

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