专业英语阅读讲义
Unit 8 Telecommunications
第一次课
在讲解精读文章之前，我想先讲一下阅读方法，（原因，可以联系做研究的调研，研究生新生不会调研看文献，而这需要专业英语的培养）（提问：大家一般怎么看文献，大学英语文章，四六级阅读文章，。。。，联系到实际的文献阅读方法）我来总结一下我个人经常使用的专业阅读的方法，也是我这5、6年看专业英语论文的一些体会和经验，和大家分享一下，希望对大家以后阅读专业文献有所帮助。这些方法和公共英语的阅读方法既有联系，也有区别，所以大家以后也可以结合自己阅读公共英语文章的方法，找出适合自己的专业英语阅读方法。
首先，讲解是专业英语文献的泛读。泛读在专业英语中经常用到，它主要是为了抓取专业文献（或者是技术说明书等）的中心意思和核心内容，以及基本原理，基本方法等等。
如果是专业学术论文，泛读需要了解该论文所提出方法解决的问题，基本的原理和实验的结果。
如果是综述文章，我们一般需要通过泛读挑选需要精读的综述论文。因为综述论文的内容都是一样的，我们只需要精度有价值的1到2篇同领域的综述文献。
第一个我觉得比较有用的泛读方法是问题式的阅读方法，带着问题阅读，找到自己需要的知识。这让我想起四六级的阅读方法，就是先看后面的问题，再看文章。这里也类似，就是说不是一上来就开始读，而是先想想你希望这篇文章帮你回答哪些问题，你希望从文献中看到什么概念，什么定义，或者什么原理，什么公式。具体的技术问题每篇论文都不一样，但是有一些通用的问题。
专业学术论文我们就会问：1、该论文涉及的领域最先进的方法是什么？2、最先进的方法还存在什么问题，3、该论文通过什么方法和什么科学原理，利用哪些技术解决来该问题。4、所提出的方法的实验结果在定性和定量方面与参考方法比提高多少？5、还有没有继续改进的空间，也就是所提出的方法还存不存在新的问题？
综述性的论文我们就会问：
所综述的技术是否可以根据某种原则继续分类？每个类别里的里程碑事件
分别是什么？每个事件所提出的技术是什么时间、什么人所提出的？每个技术的基本原理是什么？每个技术的优缺点是什么？
第二个我要讲的方法是分层次阅读。就是自顶向下，由粗到细的阅读方式。应该先读摘要，然后了解整体结构（可以通过分段、分节或者分模块），再读每个段落或者子模块的大致意思，可以结合一些略读，跳读，查读等普通阅读方法来掌握大意。如果要精度再具体看数学公式的定义和推导等。其实很多事情也是这样的，比如说写代码，写程序，我刚开始也不知道怎么写，就按照功能一个一个写，结果发现很慢，而且整理模块关系和变量关系有时候都理不清，后来就学着软件工程的样子，先做概要设计，详细设计，然后先写框架，模块的接口，子模块，再到细节。写论文也是这个样子，先整体，再考虑细节。
第三，对文章结构的把握。这也是做到分层次阅读的关键，就是知道到哪里去找需要读的内容，比如国外人喜欢开门见山的说话，所以都喜欢把重要的事情先讲，我们喜欢过程先讲，最后讲结果。我记起一个老笑话，可能大家也听过，Tim早上路过河边把落水的Tom给救了，老师向Tim的家长打电话，如果美国老师，她会说恭喜你，Tim早上救了一个男孩.早上Tim上学路过河边，看到Tom 落水了，然后。。。，如果是一个中国老师，她可能会说早上Tim上学路过河边，一个男孩落水了，然后Tim就脱了衣服，跳下水，游到河里，。。。最后才说把Tim 救了。估计家长听到跳下水的时候就已经冲到学校了。这个说明一般英文文章会把重要的东西放在段落前面，大家看的时候就先看这里就行了。其实，专业学术论文有特定的结构，杨洁洁老师说后面写作的时候会讲，那我这里就不多说了，第四，中心意思与核心内容的表述。
这有些类似于摘要的撰写，但还是要更细一些。在平时我们看了文献之后，进行沟通交流，或者是过一段时间后再进行总结回顾都是非常有用的。
如果是专业论文，那么是传统方法是什么，存在什么问题，提出什么方法，该方法基本原理，实验结果。
如果是综述论文，那么是哪年什么提出什么方法，这个方法基本原理是什么，性能如何，还存在什么问题。接下来哪年什么人又提出什么方法。
精读是泛读的扩展，文献是海量的，如果都精读肯定是不可能的，那么就要用泛读挑选精度的对象，对泛读的文章再进行仔细研读。挑选精读文章的时候大家要注意几点：
1、权威的文章。期刊，作者的知名度，正式的论文
2、精读综述
3、精读里程碑文献
精读特别是要对细节进行深入的分析，要了解具体的技术步骤和技术细节做法，包括公式的具体含义，推导过程等。因为细节正是泛读是漏过去的。
有时对于文献中出现的不懂的概念、公式和工具还需要回溯文献查找越读。
对于一些难句，长句的还必须仔细分析。因为我看文献时发现有些句子你看第一遍是一个意思，你仔细分析句子成分后却不是那个意思。词语，词语的意思查词。
希望我的方法对大家以后读研或者工作时阅读专业文献都有帮助。
好了，今天我们来精读新的课文，电信网络的进展。这是第8单元的第一篇文章，后面两篇大家有空可以作为泛读自己课后去看一下，专业词汇的积累，翻译与阅读能力提高都是在于大家平时的多看，多练，老师也只可以领进门，希望大家课后自己多看些专业文献。
这篇论文是什么类型的文章。很明显是综述对不对。
我们先来看一下它的文章结构和组织方式。这个文章很明显的一个组织方式或者分段分节方式是什么，谁来回答下。
综述要怎么获取信息啊。我们知道，应该看什么时间，什么人提出了什么或者发明了什么方法，这个方法的基本原理，优缺点是什么。
那么我们就根据这个来看一下。怎么看啊，就根据时间，
大致过一下时间，人物和事件（如果有基本原理和优缺点就放到下一个层次阅读）
看着后面译文总结一下。（复印背后的译文）
1844年，发明家塞谬尔。莫尔斯发送了电报。
1876年亚历山大.格雷厄姆.贝尔发明电话
1889年发明了第一个
然后是词和句子
对一些难的词，和难的句子做一些分析
Evolution: n.进化, 发展, 进展, 演变
Dominate:支配，主导，主宰
Cover: 覆盖, 横跨
Colleague：n.同事, 同僚
Converge: 聚集，汇聚，收敛Iteration iterate
Switch boards:人工交换台
Two-motion step-by-step：上升旋转式步进交换机
Route: 路由router
Workhorse：主要设备
Crossbar:横纵交叉
Marker:标志器
Hierarchy:层次结构等级结构
NOTES
[1]Shortly after the invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, it was realized that telephone wires had to converge on central points where telephone-to-telephone connections could be made.
在1876年亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔发明电话后不久，人们就认识到电话线必须在进行电话与电话接续的中心点集中。
·句中“shortly after…in 1876，”为介词短语，作时间状语。
·“that…could be made”为主句从句，句中it为形式主语。
·“had to”为have to的过去式表示，意为“不得不”。
·在翻译after引导的时间状语时，应采用词类转换的翻译技巧，将介词短语译为时间状语从句，使译文符合汉语习惯。把“the invention of the telephone”这种
结构译为动宾结构，这里动作名词“invention”的后置定语中的“telephone”是行为或动作的对象，这种情况在科技英语中大量存在，一般都要译成汉语的动宾结构。
·翻译时，把“that”引导的主语从句译成宾语从句。在科技英语中，常见到这种带形式主语“it”的句子，这种类型的主语从句可译成宾语从句。
[2]Crossbar switching was carried out by a special circuit called a marker, which provided common control of number entry and line selection for all calls.
纵横制交换由一个称为标志器的特定电路控制，标志器提供整个号码的公共控制并选择所有呼叫的路由。
·“which provided…all calls”用逗号与主句隔开，为非限定性定语从句，修饰“marker”，对“marker”作补充说明。本课中多次出现非限定性定语从句的使用。
·“carry out”短语意为“执行”，“实行”。
·翻译时，采用了主句和从句分译法，将非限定性定语从句译为并列句。即采用顺序分译成并列句。所谓顺序分译成并列句就是顺着原文语序把定语从句译在其先行词之后，译成和主句并列的一个分句。
[3]The principle of converting analog signals to digital signals became popular with the introduction of pulse code modulation (PCM); consequently, the known rate for telephone-quality speech(4 kHz bandwidth) is 64 kbps.
随着脉冲编码调制(PCM)技术的出现，把模拟信号转换为数字信号的原理得到广泛应用对于电话质量的话音(4 kHz带宽)，公认的数字化速率为64kb/s。
·本句是一个并列复合句。
·在第一个分句中“converting”是convert的动名词。动名词虽为名词，但仍保留着动词的某些特征，例如它仍可带有动词宾语。本句中的“analog signals”就是“converting”的宾语。本课中这种例子很多。
·翻译时，把名词短语“converting analog…signals”转译为动宾结构。
[4]As data networks advanced from terminal-oriented systems to packet-switched, computer-to-computer linkups, the protocols necessary to make networks function also grew more complex.
由于数据网络从面向终端的系统向分组交换、计算机与计算机连接的方向发展，执行网络功能所必需的协议也变得愈来愈复杂。
·句中“as data…linkups”为as引导的原因状语从句。
·“from…to…”短语意为“从…到…”，在句中作状语。
·“necessary to make…function”中，形容词短语作定语修饰“protocols”，其中“to make…”不定式作状语，修饰“necessary”。
·“grew more complex”为系表结构。
·本句短语较多，翻译时要把各部分的成分、修饰关系搞清楚，按英语的语法结构翻译即可。
[5]Working closely with CCITT, the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) in 1978 approved its seven-layer framework of protocols for data communications, called the open-system-interconnection (OSI) reference model.
与CCITT紧密协作的国际标准组织(ISO)于1978年通过了用于数据通信的七层协议结构，称为开放系统互连(OSI)参考模型。
·句中“working closely with CCITT”为动词-ing式短语作状语，位于句首，对ISO进行伴随说明。
·“for data communications”介词短语修饰“protocols”，表示目的，意为“用于…的”。
·“called the…model”为动词-ed式短语作状语，位于句末，进行伴随说明。
·翻译时，把作状语的“working closely with CCITT”短语译为定语，使译文更符合汉语习惯。
大学英语阅读训练五篇
Passage 1 There are some very good things about open education. This way of teaching allows the students to grow as people develop their own interests in many subjects. Open education allows students to be responsible for their own education, as they are responsible for what they do in life. Some students do badly in a traditional classroom. The open classroom may allow them to enjoy learning. Some students will be happier in an open education school. They will not have to worry about grades or rules. For students who worry about these things a lot, it is a good idea to be in an open classroom. But many students will not do well in an open classroom. For some students, there are too few rules. These students will do little in school. They will not make good use of open education. Because open education is so different from traditional education, these students may have a problem getting used to making so many choices. For many students it is important to have some rules in the classroom. They worry about the rules even when there are no rules. Even a few rules will help this kind of student. The last point about open education is that some traditional teachers do not like it. Many teachers do not believe in open education. Teachers who want to have an open classroom may have many problems at their schools. You now know what open education is. Some of its good points and bad points have been explained. You may have your own opinion about open education. The writer thinks that open education is a good idea, but only in theory. In actual fact, it may not work very well in a real class or school. The writer believes that most students, but of course not all students, want some structure in their classes. They want to have rules. In some cases, they must be made to study some subjects. Many students are pleased to find subjects they have to study interesting. They would not study those subjects if they did not have to. 1.Open education allows the students to ____. A.grow as the educated B.be responsible for their future C.develop their own interests D.discover subjects outside class 2. Open education may be a good idea for the students who ____. A.enjoy learning B.worry about grades C.do well in a traditional classroom D.are responsible for what they do in life 3. Some students will do little in an open classroom because ____. A.there are too few rules B.they hate activities C.open education is similar to the traditional education D.they worry about the rules 4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?____ A.Some traditional teachers do not like it.
大学英语经典阅读文章
Unit 2 Text A Smart Cars 1.Teaching Plan 1.1Objectives a. grasp the main idea－What can smart car do?; b. grasp the structure; c. employ a variety of techniques in expository writing (definition, quotes, a mixture of facts and opinions, etc.); d. master the key language points and grammatical structures in the text; e. conduct a series of reading, listening, speaking and writing activities related to the theme of this unit. 1.2 Time Allotment a. Pre-reading (1st period): activities (e.g. questions or dictations) to lead in to the text; PartⅠ; comprehension; text organization. b. While-reading (2nd period): language points and grammatical structures. c. While-reading (3rd period): text analysis. d. Post-reading (4th period): main idea, exercises, and importantly, Theme-related Language Learning Tasks (Part Ⅳ). e. Post-reading (5th period): check on Ss’ home assignments. 2. Cultural Notes a. Automobile industry: The automobile industry is one of the most important industries in the world, affecting not only economies but also cultures. It provides jobs for millions of people, generates billions of dollars in worldwide revenues, and provides the basis for a multitude of related service and support industries. Automobiles revolutionized transportation in the 20th century, changing forever the way people live, travel, and do business. Between 1886 and 1898, about 300 automobiles were built, but there was no real established industry. A century later, with automakers and auto buyers expanding globally, auto making became the world's largest manufacturing activity, with more than 53 million new vehicles built each year worldwide. Automobile manufacturers are among the largest companies in the world. These corporations are often multinational. These companies often share parts, or use parts made in foreign factories. The U.S. automobile industry produced 16.8 million vehicles in 1999. The three major automobile manufacturers in the United States--General Motors
高三英语阅读材料
高三阅读资料——叙事类美文系列 T h e K e y o f a C a r A young man was getting ready to graduate from college. For many months he had admired a beautiful sports car in a dealer's showroom, and knowing his father could well afford it, he told him that was all he wanted. As Graduation Day approached, the young man awaited signs that his father had purchased the car. Finally, on the morning of his graduation, his father called him into his private study. His father told him how proud he was to have such a fine son, and told him how much he loved him. He handed his son a beautiful wrapped gift box. Curiously, but somewhat disappointed, the young man opened the box and found a lovely, leather-bound Bible, with the young man's name embossed in gold. Angrily, he raised his voice to his father and said, "With all your money you give me a Bible?" Then stormed out of the house, leaving the Bible. Many years passed and the young man was very successful in business. He had a beautiful home and a wonderful family, but realizing his father was very old, he thought perhaps he should go to see him. He had not seen him since that graduation day. Before he could make the arrangements, he received a telegram telling him his father had passed away, and willed all of his possessions to his son. He needed to come home immediately and take care of things. When he arrived at his father's house, sudden sadness and regret filled his heart. He began to search through his father's important papers and saw the still new Bible, just as he had left it years ago. With tears, he opened the Bible and began to turn the pages. As he was reading, a car key dropped from the back of the Bible. It had a tag with the dealer's name, the same dealer who had the sports car he had desired. On the tag was the date of his graduation, and the words... "PAID IN FULL". How many times do we miss blessings because they are not packaged as we expected? I trust you enjoyed this. Do not spoil what you have by desiring what you have not; but remember that what you now have was once among the things you only hoped for. Four wives in our lives There was a rich merchant who had 4 wives. He loved the 4th wife the most and adorned her with rich robes and treated her to delicacies. He took great care of her and gave her nothing but the best. He also loved the 3rd wife very much. He's very proud of her and always wanted to show off her to his friends. However, the merchant is always in great fear that she might run away with some other men. He too, loved his 2nd wife. She is a very considerate person, always patient and in fact is the merchant's confidante. Whenever the merchant faced some problems, he always turned to his 2nd wife and she would always help him out and guide him through difficult times.
历年高考英语阅读
历年高考英语阅读-20
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历年高考英语阅读 (1990年)-20 Benin Benin is one of the smallest African states. It lies in West Africa on the Gulf(海湾)of Guinea, to the south of Burkina Faso and Niger, between Togo on the west and Nigeria on the east. Benin used to be called Dahomey and was controlled and ruled by France from 1893 to 1960, when it became independent(独立). In 1963 the army general Soglo overthrew(推翻)the first president Maga. Soglo set up an army government and called himself head of state in 1965, but was overthrown and replaced(取代)by a civilian(非军人)government in 1967. In December 1969 Benin had another change of power with the army again taking over(接管). In May 1970, Maga and two other men set up a new government, with each of them acting as president in turn for two years. However, half a year after Maga turned over power to the second man Ahomadegbe, the three-man government was overthrown by the army once more and General Kerekou became president. In November 1975 Kerekou changed the name of the nation from Dahomey to Benin, Benin being the name of a 17th century kingdom covering the same place.Kerekou also announced that Benin would be a People's Republic based on Marxism-Leninism. 81.Which of the following maps shows rightly the positions of Benin and its neighbouring countries?(Bn=Benin ; Tg=Togo ; Nr=Niger ; BF=Burkina Faso ; Na=Nigeria ; GG=Gulf of Guinea) 82.For how long was Benin under France? A.For over a century. B.For roughly a century. C.For over half a century. D.Under half a century. 83.For how long was Benin an independent state before it became a People's Republic? A.15 years. B.25 years. C.20 years. D.30 years. 84.Choose the right order in which the following people ruled in Benin. (Ah=Ahomadegbe; Ke=Kerekou; Ma=Maga; So=Soglo) A.So, Ma, Ah, Ma, Ke B.Ma, So, Ma, Ke, Ah C.So, Ma, Ke, Ma, Ah D.Ma, So, Ma, Ah, Ke 85.When and how did Benin get its two names-Benin and Dahomey? A.Dahomey was its oldest name, but it has been replaced by Benin. B.Benin was its oldest name. The name Dahomey was used later, but has been replaced by Benin again. C.Dahomey was its oldest name. The name Benin was used later, but has been replaced by Dahomey again. D.Benin was its oldest name, but it has been replaced by Dahomey.
大学英语四级考试阅读材料每日一练(十三)
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