MAGMAIRON帮助文件(翻译)资料
目录
1 Introduction
2 Theory
2.1 热物理数据
2.2 合金成分
2.3 灰铸铁仿真
2.3.1共晶核
2.3.2石墨形态-层状石墨
2.3.3灰铁和白口铁的凝固
2.3.4固态转变
2.3.5硬度和材料特性
2.3.6弹性模量-杨氏模量
2.4球墨铸铁仿真
2.4.1石墨形核
2.4.2球墨铸铁固态转变（共析转变）
2.4.3球墨铸铁的珠光体分解
2.4.4机械性能
2.4.5弹性模量-杨氏模量
2.5蠕墨铸铁仿真
2.6铸铁收缩和疏松的形成
2.6.1凝固收缩
2.6.2砂型/芯子的变形
2.6.3疏松形成和压力特性
2.6.4石墨聚集因子
2.6.5疏松级别模拟的说明
3 How to Use MAGMAiron
3.1概述
3.2MAGMA数据库
3.2.1铸铁数据集
3.2.2一般参数
3.2.3铸铁成分
3.2.4铸铁类型/石墨种类
3.2.5型砂成分
3.2.6金相照片数据/单位面积形核数/铁素体、珠光体分布形核数3.3仿真
3.3.1概述
3.3.2窗口——铸铁
3.3.3铸铁模拟菜单
3.4结果演示/后处理
3.4.1结果-概述
3.4.2金相照片等——球墨铸铁的微观结构
3.4.3单位系统
4小结- 怎么办4.1铸铁的具体数据4.2项目定义
4.3几何建模
4.4仿真设置
4.5结果显示
4.6其他信息
1 Introduction介绍
MAGMAiron是微观建模软件，可以模拟凝固、固相转变及在铸铁中凝固中相关的物理现象。MAGMAiron是一个附加的模块，可以模拟灰铸铁、球墨铸铁和蠕墨铸铁的凝固过程和固态相变过程。冶金质量、工艺条件对铸铁合金的性能有很大的影响。微观组织和铸件的力学性能不仅取决于铸造的流动过程，而且还由以下下参数决定：1）合金成分、2）金属处理、3）微量元素和杂质、4）熔炼炉、钢包金属液的处理（除氧、镁处理）5）孕育材料的类型和数量6）孕育法
析出相的晶粒长大动力学和冷却条件决定了实际的微观组织的形成，因此必须考虑凝固、疏松和固态相变过程，它们共同影响铸铁的机械性能。
MAGMAiron使用全面的物理模型来预测铸件质量。MAGMAiron是一个功能强大的工具，专门用于铸造设计、模型布置和工艺优化。模型从文献资料和实用材料数据中提取。然而，在铸铁铸造过程中，冶金、微观结构和机械性能是复杂的问题，常常是靠经验。
2理论
2.1热物理数据
MAGMASOFT标准模块中，凝固模拟是通过在数据库中增加一个固定的温度差（ΔT）的凝固潜热（ρCp）。ΔT为液相和固相之间的温度差。目前根据液-固质量百分比计算熔化潜热的大小及影响，同时热容量、导热系数和其他所有热物理数据也计入其中。另一方面，凝固潜热和固态相变的程度根据实际预测的各阶段由内部程序计算，沉淀强化阶段也被考虑当中。固液区域影响液态、固态的热容大小。
2.2合金成分
合金成分应该是熔融在铁水中的合金元素。总金额合金元素不应超过一定程度。对大多数铸铁合金，碳、硅成分在以下范围内。表2-1给出建议的成分范围。
表2-1合金元素的最大成分
Element Recommended composition range %
C 3-4.3
Mg 0-0.05
Si 1.5-4
P 0-0.2
S 0-0.1
Cr 0-1.0(x)
Mn 0-1.0(x)
Ni 0-1.0(x)
Cu 0-1.0(x)
Mo 0-1.0(x)
Sn 0-0.2(x)
Ce 0-0.05
Sb 0-0.04
N 0-100ppm(x)
标记x的元素的成分总和不应大于2%。
合金的化学成分影响其熔化和凝固过程。可以计算凝固的灰铸铁、球墨铸铁和白口铸铁的共晶温度；计算初生析出和共晶析出过程。石墨的析出用杠杆规则进行计算。其他元素的析出，扩散率较低，使用修改后的Scheil-segregation方程计算。奥氏体按照相图进行析出。
2.3灰铸铁模拟
2.3.1共晶体形核
灰铸铁的共晶体形核对凝固模拟、疏松形成、微观组织和机械性能的的模拟很重要。白口共晶体在实际凝固过程中不该产生，为了避免白口共晶体的存在，设置合适含量的共晶核对凝固过程模拟是非常重要的。如果A值太小，白口共晶体可能产生，其防止了成分的析出，疏松程度严重，机械性能降低。
孕育显著地影响形核率。在铸铁中，石墨的形核是异质体形核，如必须在第二相粒子、基体、氧化质点等类似点。在某一温度下活化的晶核数量，用形核公式表示，是由一些形核常数所决定。孕育导致的石墨形核的基本公式如下：
Nν=单位体积（mm3）共晶核数
A= 形核常数
ΔT=过冷度
B=指数
在MAGMAiron模块中，A常数采用默认的值，'fail'，'good'和'very good'三种孕育方式获得对应的A该值。另外，在MAGMAiron模块中根据孕育方式和孕育操作可以更改或修改这些参数。一定的过冷度可以激活一定数量石墨形核，如果温度更低，则更多数量的石墨形核被激活。如果温度升高，新的形核过程停止，现有激活的形核过程也停止。凝固结束过程中，这些形核能逐渐被激活，但对合金和铸件的热行为影响甚微。然而，该过程影响了疏松的形成。用户通过这个参数'graphite precipitation'的设置将该影响计入考虑。
2.3.2石墨形态-片状石墨
灰铸铁共晶体生长速率和相应的形态受扩散控制，由温度决定。根据过冷量，即当前熔体成分的共晶温度与形核温度的差值，生长形态可分为A、D型石墨。较低过冷度时，以非耦合增长方式生长，形成A型片状石墨。小于一定的过冷度时，将以耦合方式生长，生长速度增加。这导致更细的片状石墨形态，生成D型石墨。
2.3.3灰口铁和白口铁的凝固
The cementite will not dissolve if the temperature exceeds the metastable eutectic temperature.
当合金在冷却过程中温度降到共晶温度，形核并生长，生成灰口铁。如果温度继续冷却到亚稳定的温度，生成白口铁。如果有新的形核析出渗碳体，白口铁能从熔体中直接析出长大，并与灰口铁的生成互相竞争。灰口铁和白口铁的微观组织能同时发生。
如果温度超过亚共晶温度，渗碳体不会分解。
2.3.4固相转变
灰铸铁的固态相变，程序假设已全部生成珠光体结构。珠光体的增长速率根据亚稳相图和合金成分计算共析体的过冷度而得。珠光体的粗细程度依赖于晶核长大温度，因此非常依赖冷却速度（热性能和传热系数）。
2.3.5硬度和材料特性
灰铸铁的硬度值计算根据初生奥氏体的析出量和合金元素对珠光体片间距的影响而得。珠光体中其它合金元素对铁素体的固溶强化也被考虑其中。固相转变过程中的冷却速度对珠光体的硬度非常重要。因此，在模拟时，建议使用已知、最了解的模具和芯子材料的传热和材料数据。可以通过测试简单形状铸件的冷却速度，与模拟结果进行对比。
2.3.6弹性模量-杨氏模量
The result of the modulus calculation depends on the amount and shape of the graphite in the microstructure. As no ferrite is allowed to grow in gray iron mode of MAGMAiron, the modulus will be constant throughout the casting.
弹性模量或杨氏模量也可以计算出来。模量计算结果根据显微组织中石墨的形状和石墨的量所得。在MAGMAiron模块中灰铸铁中不允许有铁素体形核生长，因此铸件的模量都是常数。
2.4球墨铸铁仿真
2.4.1石墨核形核（Nucleation of Graphite Nodules）
The formation of defects and final mechanical properties of nodular
cast irons depend on the process of graphite nodule nucleation. The
number of nodules per unit volume is dependent on the nucleation
practice, type of inoculant and fading time. You can adjust a
nucleation factor in MAGMAiron to represent these processes and
thereby modify the equations for the nucleation, depending on the
inoculant and the inoculation practice used in the foundry. The basic
equation has the same form as that for the nucleation of gray iron
eutectics:
球墨铸铁的缺陷和最终的力学性能取决于石墨核的形核过程。单位体积形核的数量取
决于形核、孕育方式和衰退时间。通过调整MAGMAiron模块中的形核因子，表示这些过程，从而修改了形核公式，取决于孕育和孕育工艺。基本方程与灰铸铁共晶体形核方程类似：
Nν=单位体积（mm3）共晶核数
A= 形核常数
ΔT=过冷度
B=指数
你可以修改这个常量，是有可能的应用治疗产量高于100％（“窗口”铸铁“）。从数量和每平方毫米的结节数计算每立方毫米大小结节，考虑结节的大小。
在MAGMAiron模块中，A常数采用默认的值，'fail'，'good'和'very good'三种孕育方式获得对应的A该值。可以修改该参数，孕育处理利用率值能大于100%。单位面积的形核数用单位体积形核数和形核大小计算，将形核的尺寸考虑进去。
The function 'Real Reality Realizer' enables you to gain information about the microstructure morphology after solidification of nodular cast iron.
特别注意：通过'Real Reality Realizer'功能可以获得球墨铸铁凝固后的微观组织形态信息。
2.4.2球墨铸铁的固相变化（共析转变）
球墨铸铁铸件的组织中，铁素体/珠光体的含量是铁素体、珠光体分别形核、长大互相竞争的结果。原因是，有两个相转变图，稳定相转变图控制铁素体的形成，亚稳定相转变图控制珠光体的形成。
It is important at this point to emphasize the importance of having
the right nodule count since the diffusional distance for carbon atoms
are strongly related to the nodule count for any cooling rate.
稳定和亚稳定共析平衡温度主要受硅、铜、锰、锡等元素的影响。这些元素的析出对稳定和亚稳定共析平衡温度的影响很大。
铁素体的生长在很大程度上受这些元素的影响。目前，对于固相转变我们建议下面的最大合金添加量：Si<4.5％，Cu<1.0％，Mn<1％和Ti<0.2％。重要的是强调的重要性因为碳原子的扩散距离的正确结节计数是密切相关的结节计数的任何冷却速度。
2.4.3球墨铸铁的珠光体分解Decomposition of Pearlite
The driving force for this decomposition and the final amount of
decomposed pearlite depend on the silicon and carbon content, time
and temperature.
影响珠光体分解程度最重要的冶金参数是凝固过程得到的形核数量和铁氧体含量。由铁素体和渗碳体片层组成的珠光体结构是亚稳态，可分解为铁素体和石墨。分解的驱
动力和已分解的最终珠光体含量取决于Si和C含量、时间和温度。渗碳体的分解伴随着C在铁素体相界的扩散而进行。
2.4.4机械性能
在MAGMAiron模块，机械性能的计算取决于微观结构和化学成分。合金元素固溶于铁素体晶粒和珠光体中的铁素体从而产生强化作用。机械性能是单相和多相的组合，如珠光体。对于亚共晶铸铁（hypoeutectic iron），更长的平均的扩散距离也应考虑，这是由于凝固显微组织中有奥氏体树枝晶。
整体硬度由显微组织中实际存在的每个相的硬度值计算而得。公式如下：
表2-2所示元素影响硬度的预测。
元素铁素体的固溶强化珠光体强化
C
Mg
Si X X
P X
S
Cr X X
Mn X
Ni X
Cu X
Mo X
Sn X
Ce
Sb
N
下面的性能与微观组织和硬度有关，也计算出：
1）最小断裂强度
2）最小抗拉强度
3）最小断裂延伸率
2.4.5弹性模量-杨氏模量
杨氏模量取决于存在石墨的形态和数量。由于大多数球墨铸铁中都存在铁素体，模量取决于铸铁中铁素体的含量。
2.5蠕墨铸铁仿真
在蠕墨铸铁的模拟中，计算了球状石墨和蠕虫状石墨的生长。
2.6铸铁缩孔和疏松的形成
铸铁（包括灰铸铁和球墨铸铁）的缩孔和疏松的形成取决于一些重要因素：Metallurgy冶金原因: raw materials原材料
chemical composition化学成分
melt treatment, inoculation熔体处理、孕育Process conditions工艺条件: casting temperature浇注温度
filling behavior充型过程
pattern layout 工艺设计
molding materials 模型材料
mold wall dilatations 模型壁刚度
repeatability 重复性
人为因素对工艺过程也有很大的影响。上述因素证明，在使用MAGMAiron模拟预测铸件的关键区域时必须选择与实际铸造过程相同的参数。模型/芯子影响液体补缩金属的压力。目前对该影响的理解还不充分，大部分都是实验所得。
2.6.1凝固收缩Solidification Shrinkage
当铸铁冷却凝固，体积收缩非常复杂：每个相的收缩和密实度都是总收缩的一部分，在熔体的凝固过程中连续计算得到。随着熔体的凝固，初生奥氏体的析出、共晶过程石墨和二次奥氏体的析出造成的体积变化，导致铸件的收缩或膨胀。能否通过糊状体进行液体补缩，取决于当时的膨胀或收缩压力。计算的体积变化也考虑到可能形成的白色莱氏体共晶过程。（white eutectic ledeburite）
凝固结果显示疏松预测的区域可能比铸件实际的区域更大或更小。这是由于未知因素，如气体含量、疏松形核的程度（the degree of porosity nucleation）。
2.6.2模型/芯子壁的移动
In MAGMAiron the mold/core wall behavior can be treated
by a time-dependent dilatation curve (Fig. 3-11). Note that the
mold/core movement will influence the need for feeding, but not the
microporosities formed at the end of solidification. The porosity
formation is taken into consideration by the graphite precipitation
factor (Window 'iron casting'). MAGMAiron offers you the following
three standard options for the wall movement:
模型/芯子的作用取决于型砂、晶粒分布、模型/芯子紧实度、粘结剂和热膨胀。在MAGMAiron模块中，模型/芯子壁的作用可以用时间-膨胀量曲线进行处理（图3-11）。注意模型/芯子的移动将影响补缩，但对凝固后期的显微疏松的形成作用不大。疏松的形成取决于'iron casting'窗口的石墨析出因子。MAGMAiron提供如下三个标准选项用于选择模型/芯子壁的移动：
No movement possible, 'die'
Stable sand mold and stable cores, 'stable mold'
Weak sand mold and stable cores, 'weak mold'
必须在前处理中设置模型材料为material group 3，芯子必须设置为material group 2.
2.6.3疏松形成和压力Pressure Dependence
在共晶凝固中，石墨共晶体的体积膨胀要比残余相析出的凝固收缩大，导致熔体的压力增大。如果空隙已经形成，压力作用下液体无法对空隙实施补缩，仅仅减小空隙的尺寸。另一种可能是模型壁变形，因此释放了石墨膨胀造成的多余压力。
铸件凝固过程，模型和芯子的变形或者熔体的收缩，结合重力，也能导致剩余液体向低压力的区域补缩。
2.6.4石墨析出因子Graphite Precipitation Factor
In MAGMAiron kinetic growth laws calculate the formation of primary
austenite and the eutectic reaction. However, the last liquid fraction
to solidify can grow in an uncoupled manner, thereby decreasing the
expansion contribution from the graphite. This effect is influenced by
the alloying and trace element levels and inoculation practice.
MAGMAiron allows you to adjust the tendency for porosity formation
by this mechanism by changing the degree of graphite precipitation at
the end of solidification in a scale from 1 to 10 (Window 'iron
casting'). '10' means that the graphite expansion potential is fully
considered in the simulation and that the last solidifying metal has a
relatively low tendency to shrink. '1' means that the graphite
expansion occurs to only a minor degree and thereby compensates to
only a minor degree for the shrinkage of the liquid metal on
solidification.
在MAGMAiron动力学生长规律形成的主要计算奥氏体和共晶反应。然而，在过去的液体部分巩固，可以生长在一个耦合的方式，从而减少从石墨膨胀的贡献。这种效应的影响合金元素和微量元素水平和接种实践。MAGMAiron允许您调整孔隙形成的趋势这一机制在改变石墨降水的程度规模在年底从1到10（窗口“铁凝固铸造'）。'10'意味着石墨扩张潜力是完全考虑在模拟和最后凝固的金属有
相对较低的萎缩的趋势。'1'是指石墨扩张时只有轻微的程度，从而补偿只有轻微的液态金属的收缩程度凝固。
2.6.5解读模拟孔隙率水平Interpretation of Simulated Porosity Levels
铸铁的凝固和体积变化取决于几个因素。在MAGMAiron模块的发展更新中，用于解析疏松级别形成的经验如下：
1）通过寻找无法补缩封闭的液体体积，检查大部分的问题区域。
2）首先查看疏松缺陷判据：如果其熔炼过程和合金成分按照常规，模拟的铸件显示有疏松，必须肯定这些区域铸件质量差。
3 如何使用MAGMAiron
3.1综述
eutectic solidification/freezing共晶凝固
首先，确认热物理数据是否可用；输入合金的精确成分，因为微小的成分变化对疏松的形成和机械性能有很大的影响。通过在数据库中定义铸铁的Mg含量（iron alloy's magnesium content），可以确定球铁的类型。使用铸铁的Mg成分，系统自动确定铸铁的类型（灰铸铁、球墨铸铁、可锻铸铁）。The iron type ('Gray', 'Ductile' or 'Compacted') MAGMA数据库：
Mg≤0.005%：灰铁Gray
Mg：0.005%-0.030% 蠕墨铸铁(CGI)
Mg＞0.030% 球墨铸铁（SGI）
Note: For simulation of shrinkage effects by wall and core movement you have to define the core as material group 'core' (2) and the mold as material group 'SANDM'
(3).
注意：模拟芯子、模型变形对收缩的影响，必须定义芯子为材料组'core（2）'，把模型定义为'SANDM（3）'。
在模拟中可以考虑砂型的水分，在simulation/ iron casting/ consider water content 设置为yes；然后在数据库中输入砂型中含水的百分比。
GJL stands for gray cast iron GJL代表灰铸铁
GJS for nodular cast iron GJS代表球墨铸铁
GJV for compacted graphite iron GJV代表蠕墨铸铁
3.2Database Magmadata
3.2.1Datasets for Iron Casting
GJL-150 GJL-200 GJL-250
GJL-300 GJL-350 GJS-400
GJS-500 GJS-600 GJS-700
GJV-450
If you use the dataset 'GJV-450' for stress calculations with MAGMAstress, please note that the calculations of the following mechanical properties (database menu 'Edit') are based on new measurements and calculations:
如果在MAGMAstress模块进行应力计算时，使用GJV-450材料，请注意以下的机械性能的计算是根据新测量数据和计算数据得到的：杨氏模量、热膨胀系数、屈服应力。因此这些结果可能与其它类型的铸铁对应的结果不同。
3.2.2 一般参数
如果需要可以输入浇注温度，或者保留默认值。
特别注意：
其它三个参数：固相温度、液相温度、潜热，对MAGAiron模拟是无关的，因为在模拟过程中这些参数才被确定。当改变这些数值时一定记住这点。
3.2.3 铸铁成分
（As MAGMAiron is a micromodeling tool, detailed information about the iron alloy composition is needed.）
由于MAGMAiron是微观模拟工具，因此需要详细的铸铁成分。点击Edit-Iron Composition，出现Iron Composition窗口，输入熔融金属的合金成分，合金元素的总含量要小于一定分数。Mg含量很重要，决定铸铁类型。（The composition of the alloying elements has to be a dilute solution in iron. ）
3.2.4 Specification of Iron Type / Kind of Graphite
Mg Value range Iron type
0.0 to 0.005 % Gray iron (Gray)灰铁
0.005 to 0.03% Compacted graphite iron (CGI) plus ductile iron
(SGI) 蠕墨铸铁和球磨铸铁（compact紧密的，紧实的；蠕墨铸铁又称紧密性铸铁）> 0.03 % Ductile iron (SGI) 球墨铸铁（美国尼伯克公司NIBCO）
malleable(可锤的，金属展延性的) iron 可锻铸铁
铸铁类型在"在线项目模拟控制"窗口上方显示。
3.2.5 Sand Composition
在模拟过程中考虑砂型水分，在'simulation' / 'iron casting' / 'consider water content' 设置为'yes'。软件考虑水分蒸发进入砂型过程，使砂型的冷却作用更真实。不需要修改热物理数据（the thermophysical data），焓用蒸发的热量描述。（The enthalpy is described by the vaporization heat.）
If you do not use this function ( 'consider water content' / 'no'), the
cooling effect with water bound sand, e.g. 'GREEN_SAND', is
considered via the specific heat content ('Rho*Cp', highest curve
value for Cp at 100 °C).
如果不使用该功能，即'consider water content' / 'no'，含水分砂型的冷却作用，如湿型砂，用指定的热含量（ρ*Cp，Cp曲线100°C的最高值）进行考虑。
3.2.6 Data for Microstructure Pictures / 'Real Reality Realizer'
两组数据存储在MAGMA数据库中用于在后处理中显示微观组织图片，分别是：
单位面积晶核数—nodule count，文件名'default_nc'和铁素体-珠光体分布，文件名'default_fp'。
'Dataset' / 'Real Reality Realizer'目录下有'default_nc' 和'default_fp'两个数据文件。详细见the postprocessor。数据库中已经定义为'Ductile'的合金材料，在后处理过程中都可
以显示这些显微组织图片。
如果想生成自己的显微组织图片数据（包），按以下步骤进行：Fig. 3-5 : Defining 'nodule count' values
Fig. 3-6 : Defining ferrite-pearlite distributions
3.3 模拟
3.3.1概述
在'solidification definitions'窗口输入凝固模拟参数。对于在MAGMAiron模块如何终止模拟，附加的选项'solid state'可选。如果选择该选项，铸造合金材料共晶转变结束后终止模拟。（其它模块，无solid state该选项，替代的是'cast only'选项）
特别注意：
在MAGMAiron模块的凝固过程定义时，应该选择计算补缩'calculate feeding'，设置为yes。补缩效率即feeding effectivity参数输入100%。
特别注意：
在MAGMAiron模块中用户不能选择用于凝固模拟的求解器。在'solidification definitions' / 'use solver'参数下，仅仅最精确的求解器'solver 4'可供选择，其它求解器不能选择。
凝固过程定义结束后，进入到'iron casting'窗口。参数设置见3.3.2'iron casting'窗口详述。
开始模拟，在MAGMAiron模块模拟过程中，在'online job simulation control'窗口显示另一实时更新的曲线（除了最高、最低和平均温度），该曲线为'Teut'曲线。
将温度设置在全部相变过程都模拟完成后，而不是在铸件凝固后就停止，这一点是非常重要的。否则，微观组织模拟无法最终完成。因此，模拟停止的最大温度值必须低于珠光体转变温度，从而得到合金的机械性能。建议将模拟停止温度设为650—700 °C。
3.3.2 'iron casting'窗口
Inoculation method：孕育方式
in-ladle inoculation包内孕育fair
in-stream inoculation随流孕育good
in-mold or in-stream inoculation with additional melt pre-treatment
合金液前处理后再进行型内孕育或随流孕育very good
如果合金是蠕墨铸铁（compacted graphite iron），孕育方式只能用good，其它不能用。Treatment yield处理程利用率
该参数是调节孕育方式（very good、good、fair）的处理利用率大小。如设为90%，孕育方式的90%效果被有效利用。默认为100%，该值可以超过100%。
'mold dilatation'模型膨胀
使用该功能能够计算受模型、芯子变形（膨胀）作用影响时铸件收缩和疏松的形成。模型/芯子的变形由这些因素决定，分别是使用砂的类型、晶粒分布、密度、热膨胀性和使用的砂型粘结剂。三个标准参数是die、stable、weak mold，一般选择'stable'。
在前处理中，模型必须定义为'SANDM(3)'材料组，芯子必须定义为'core(2)'。
'graphite precipitation'石墨析出
Degree of graphite precipitation at the end of solidification.
凝固最后阶段石墨的析出程度，1到10可选。10是指凝固过程中全部考虑了石墨的膨
胀潜力，最后正在凝固的金属液的收缩趋势相对较低。1指仅仅产生了一部分的石墨膨胀，仅补偿小部分的金属液凝固收缩。请参考Nucleation of Eutectics.该参数用于调整微观疏松的形成，以逼近真实的浇注情况。
'consider water content'考虑水分
设为yes,软件考虑水分蒸发进入砂型的过程。这将更趋近与实际的砂型冷却作用。必须设置砂型中水的成分。
'extended feeding'再补缩
如果激活该项，点击yes,软件使用一个优化的补缩公式，其充分考虑了铸铁件的凝固组织、型壳的形成和处于凝固状态型壳的外部压力。这能准确地预测铸件的实际压力和微观、宏观疏松。
MAGMAiron将第一次收缩（亚共晶合金的液体收缩和先析奥氏体）和第二次收缩（凝固结束阶段石墨和奥氏体非交叉生长）.除了预测疏松外，可以允许真实地模拟冒口的补缩通道。
为了正确地使用'extended feeding'，请注意必须在前处理中使用正确的材料组定义冒口和浇道系统，例如冒口必须定义为材料组12#.请参考Assign Material Group / SET MAT for details on the individual groups.
由于'extended feeding'在以前的MAGMAiron版本不适用，如果需要以前版本进行参考，可以取消激活该功能即单击no。
点击ok确认，进入到'online job simulation control'窗口。
3.3.3 Iron Casting-Specific Entries in the 'Protocol Listing'
'protocol listing'提供好的工具用于查看MAGMAiron指定的模拟参数和其它定义的参数。按下面步骤进行使用：
从MAGMASOFT主界面上，选择Info菜单—protocol listing选项，打开'protocol listing'窗口；点击'Iron'旁边的小按钮，颜色变黄；点击'Go'，iron casting窗口中定义的参数显示出来。请参考'protocol listing' 的功能的详细资料。
3.4 后处理
3.4.1 结果- 综述
根据所用合金的种类，可以显示不同的判据和微观组织计算。
General:
FEEDMOD 3D 热节
GRADIENT ΔT/Δx 在判据温度2
COOLRATE ΔT/Δt 在判据温度2
LIQTOSOL: Cooling time between liquidus and solidus temperature
液相、固相温度的冷却时间
COMPOSED:Definition of user-specified criterion function
用户指定的判据功能的定义
SOLTIME:凝固时间(从液相开始凝固到固相温度）
NIYAMA: 在判据温度1计算的中心线缩孔判据(尤其是铸钢)，关键值0.3-1.3 FSTIME: Critical values for solidification 凝固的临界值
HOTSPOT：Hotspot areas 热节区域
General cast iron (all kinds of graphite):
FL_ / FracLiq: Fraction of liquid phase.
液态体积分数，计算结果是显微模型结果，用于进一步补缩预测。
PRI_GRAPHITE:Fraction of primary graphite precipitation
先析石墨体积分数
FEEDING:Degree of soundness (100% = perfect casting)
致密性程度
POROSITY：Potential porosity in volume % 潜在疏松，体积分数%
FS_AUSTENITE：Fraction of primary phase (austenite)初生奥氏体分数
FS_EUTECTIC：Fraction of eutectic phase 共晶体分数
EUT_WHITE：White solidification (metastable：亚稳定的) 亚稳定凝固YOUNGS：modulus of elasticity 杨氏模量，弹性模数
Not yet available for compacted graphite iron对蠕墨铸铁还不适用
Gray iron:灰铁
EUT_CELL_SIZE：Size of eutectic cells 共晶体团尺寸
U_GRAPHITE：Amount of undercooled（过冷的）graphite过冷石墨含量LAMB_GR：Average lamellar spacing 片状平均间距
HB_PEARLITIC：Brinell hardness 布氏硬度
Nodular iron: 球磨铸铁
NODULE_COUNT_mm2：单位面积mm2晶粒数
FERRITE：Fraction of ferrite 铁素体含量
PEARLITE：Fraction of pearlite 珠光体含量
FERRITE_BOARD：Thickness of ferrite shell around the nodules
石墨晶核周围铁素体壳的厚度
HARDNESS_HB：Brinell hardness 布氏硬度
MIN_TENSILE：Tensile strength (minimum) 抗拉强度（最小）MEAN_TENSILE：Tensile strength (average) 抗拉强度（平均）MAX_TENSILE：Tensile strength (maximum) 抗拉强度（最大）MIN_YIELD：Yield strength (minimum) 屈服强度（最小）MEAN_YIELD：Yield strength (average) 屈服强度（平均）MAX_YIELD：Yield strength (maximum) 屈服强度（最大）MIN_ELONG：Elongation at fracture (minimum) 延伸率（最小）
MEAN_ELONG：Elongation at fracture (average) 延伸率（平均）
MAX_ELONG：Elongation at fracture (maximum) 延伸率（最大）
Compacted graphite iron 蠕墨铸铁
NODULARITY：Nodularity 团状
HB_PEARLITic：Brinell hardness (assuming a 100% pearlitic microstructure) 珠光体布氏硬度（假设100%珠光体微观组织）
MIN_TENSILE：Minimum tensile strength (assuming a 100% pearlitic microstructure) 最小抗拉强度（假设100%珠光体微观组织）
MIN_YIELD：Minimum yield strength (assuming a 100% pearlitic microstructure) 最小屈服强度（假设100%珠光体微观组织）
3.4.2 Display of Microstructure Pictures / 'Real Reality
Realizer'
Real Reality Realizer可以在后处理中查看球墨铸铁凝固后的显微组织。球墨铸铁在凝固过程中形核过程相互竞争，铁素体和珠光体长大也进行竞争。这些由Fe-C相图的稳态（metastable亚稳态）阶段决定。亚稳态的珠光体组织在凝固过程中可能分解为铁素体和石墨。该过程的驱动力由Si和C含量以及时间和温度决定。从珠光体中的渗碳体中形核的尺寸、数量以及凝固后铁素体、珠光体的分布都由相应的热力学条件决定。
You can display these microstructure pictures with all alloys that have
been defined as 'Ductile' in the database
微观组织图片数据存储在'MAGMA'数据库中。在'Dataset'菜单条中有'Real Reality Realizer'数据类型。两种微观组织图片'ferrite-pearlite'和'nodule count'分别对应一组缺省的数据。详见Data for Microstructure Pictures / 'Real Reality Realizer'。
只有在数据库中将合金定义为'Ductile'，那么就可以显示这些微观组织图片。详见Specification of Iron Type /Kind of Graphite。
Microstructure of Nodular Cast Iron 球墨铸铁的显微组织
球墨铸铁可以看到如下两个参数：nodular cast iron (SGiron)
单位面积晶核数nodule count[1/mm2]
铁素体-珠光体分布The ferrite-pearlite-distribution
1）查看单面积晶核数，从'3D-Results' / 'Solid_Criterion' 菜单下选择'Nodule_Count_mm2' result；
2）用Settings菜单下'Slice'功能得到二维平面；
3）按shift键，在最高剖切平面用左键选择一些点。显示微观组织图片，选择最高剖切平面上的点很重要。
For displaying the microstructure views it is important to select a
point on the uppermost(最高的) slice plane. No results will appear for the other regions.
为了显示微观组织，选择最高剖面上的一点很重要，其它区域的结果无法显示。
英文论文及中文翻译
International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials Volume 17, Number 4, August 2010, Page 500 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-010-0348-y Corresponding author: Zhuan Li E-mail: li_zhuan@https://www.360docs.net/doc/7514233366.html, ? University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 Preparation and properties of C/C-SiC brake composites fabricated by warm compacted-in situ reaction Zhuan Li, Peng Xiao, and Xiang Xiong State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China (Received: 12 August 2009; revised: 28 August 2009; accepted: 2 September 2009) Abstract: Carbon fibre reinforced carbon and silicon carbide dual matrix composites (C/C-SiC) were fabricated by the warm compacted-in situ reaction. The microstructure, mechanical properties, tribological properties, and wear mechanism of C/C-SiC composites at different brake speeds were investigated. The results indicate that the composites are composed of 58wt% C, 37wt% SiC, and 5wt% Si. The density and open porosity are 2.0 g·cm–3 and 10%, respectively. The C/C-SiC brake composites exhibit good mechanical properties. The flexural strength can reach up to 160 MPa, and the impact strength can reach 2.5 kJ·m–2. The C/C-SiC brake composites show excellent tribological performances. The friction coefficient is between 0.57 and 0.67 at the brake speeds from 8 to 24 m·s?1. The brake is stable, and the wear rate is less than 2.02×10?6 cm3·J?1. These results show that the C/C-SiC brake composites are the promising candidates for advanced brake and clutch systems. Keywords: C/C-SiC; ceramic matrix composites; tribological properties; microstructure [This work was financially supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (No.2006AA03Z560) and the Graduate Degree Thesis Innovation Foundation of Central South University (No.2008yb019).] 温压-原位反应法制备C / C-SiC刹车复合材料的工艺和性能 李专，肖鹏，熊翔 粉末冶金国家重点实验室，中南大学，湖南长沙410083，中国（收稿日期：2009年8月12日修订：2009年8月28日;接受日期：2009年9月2日） 摘要：采用温压?原位反应法制备炭纤维增强炭和碳化硅双基体(C/C-SiC)复合材
经典中文英文翻译
经典中文的英译 但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。 We wish each other a long life so as to share the beauty of this graceful moonlight, even though miles apart. 独在异乡为异客，每逢佳节倍思亲。 A lonely stranger in a strange land I am cast, I miss my family all the more on every festive day. 大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。 The endless river eastward flows; with its huge waves are gone all those gallant heroes of bygone years. 二人同心，其利断金。 If two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal. 富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能曲，此之谓大丈夫。 It is a true great man whom no money and rank can confuse, no poverty and hardship can shake, and no power and force can suffocate. 海内存知己，天涯若比邻。 A bosom friend afar brings distance near.
合抱之木，生于毫末，九层之台，起于累土；千里之行始于足下。 A huge tree that fills one’s arms grows f rom a tiny seedling; a nine-storied tower rises from a heap of earth; a thousand li journey starts with the first step. 祸兮，福之所依；福兮，祸之所伏。 Misfortune, that is where happiness depends; happiness, that is where misfortune underlies. 见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。 On seeing a man of virtue, try to become his equal; on seeing a man without virtue, examine yourself not to have the same defects. 江山如此多娇，引无数英雄尽折腰。 This land so rich in beauty has made countless heroes bow in homage. 举头望明月，低头思故乡。 Raising my head, I see the moon so bright; withdrawing my eyes, my nostalgia comes around. 俱往矣，数风流人物，还看今朝。 All are past and gone; we look to this age for truly great men.
2010年经典英语祝福语(带中文翻译)
2010年经典英语祝福语（带中文翻译） 各位读友大家好，此文档由网络收集而来，欢迎您下载，谢谢 wishing you a song in your heart at christmas and blessings all year long. 圣诞之际，祝你心中有首快乐的歌，新年快乐！ wishing you peace, joy and happiness through christmas and the coming year. 在圣诞和新年来临之际，祝福你平安、快乐、幸福！ a christmas greeting and good wishes to you who is thought about all the year through. have a beautiful christmas and a happy new year. 始终思念你，捎来圣诞佳节最美好的祝福，祝圣诞吉祥，新年如意。 here is wishing you all a merry christmas and a new year bright with joy and success.
祝圣诞快乐，新年充满幸福和成功。 christmas comes but once a year. but when it comes it brings good cheer. 圣诞节一年只有一次，但每次来临都带来喜悦。 a cheery christmas and the new year hold lots of happiness for you! 给你特别的祝福，愿圣诞和新年带给你无边的幸福、如意。LOcALHosT may you have the best christmas ever. 愿你度过最美好的圣诞节！ may the joy of christmas be with you throughout the year. 愿圣诞的快乐一年四季常在。 wishing you a sparkling christmas and 衷心祝福来年快乐、幸运！ christmas should be a time of banked-up fines, the scent of flowers and wine, good talk, good memories and loyalties renewed. but if all else is lacking - love will do. 圣诞是这样美好的时光：炉火熊熊，花
英文文献及中文翻译
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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经典古文英文翻译
经典古文英文翻译CLASSIC LITERATURE IN ENGLISH TRANSLATION -- EXTREMELY USEFUL AND HELPFUL 但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。 We wish each other a long life so as to share the beauty of this graceful moonlight, even though miles apart. 独在异乡为异客，每逢佳节倍思亲。 A lonely stranger in a strange land I am cast, I miss my family all the more on every festive day. 大江东去，浪淘尽，千古风流人物。 The endless river eastward flows; with its huge waves are gone all those gallant heroes of bygone years. 二人同心，其利断金。 If two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal. 富贵不能淫，贫贱不能移，威武不能曲，此之谓大丈夫。 It is a true great man whom no money and rank can confuse, no poverty and hardship can shake, and no power and force can suffocate. 海内存知己，天涯若比邻。 A bosom friend afar brings distance near. 合抱之木，生于毫末，九层之台，起于累土；千里之行始于足下。 A huge tree that fills one’s arms grows from a tiny seedling; a nine-storied tower rises from a heap of earth; a thousand li journey starts with the first step. 祸兮，福之所依；福兮，祸之所伏。 Misfortune, that is where happiness depends; happiness, that is where misfortune underlies. 见贤思齐焉，见不贤而内自省也。 On seeing a man of virtue, try to become his equal; on seeing a man without virtue, examine yourself not to have the same defects. 江山如此多娇，引无数英雄尽折腰。 This land so rich in beauty has made countless heroes bow in homage. 举头望明月，低头思故乡。 Raising my head, I see the moon so bright; withdrawing my eyes, my nostalgia comes around. 俱往矣，数风流人物，还看今朝。 All are past and gone; we look to this age for truly great men. 君子成人之美，不成人之恶。 The gentleman helps others to achieve their moral perfection but not their evil conduct. 君子独立不惭于影，独寝不愧于魂。 A righteous man never feels ashamed to face his shadow when standing alone and to face his soul when sleeping alone. 君子之交淡如水，小人之交甘如醴。君子淡以亲，小人甘以绝。 The friendship between men of virtue is light like water, yet affectionate; the friendship between men without virtue is sweet like wine, yet easily broken. 老吾老以及人之老，幼吾幼以及人之幼。 Expend the respect of the aged in one’s family to that of other families; expend the love of the young ones in one’s fa mily to that of other families. 礼尚往来。往而不来，非礼也；来而不往，亦非礼也。 Propriety suggests reciprocity. It is not propriety not to give out but to receive, or vice versa.
经典英文背诵50篇(带翻译)
经典英文美文 >01 The Language of Music A painter hangs his or her finished picture on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed. Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm -- two entirely different movements. Singers and instrumentalists have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner's responsibility to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties: the hammers that hit the strings have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear. This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sounds with fanatical but selfless authority. Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century. 01 音乐的语言 画家将已完成的作品挂在墙上，每个人都可以观赏到。作曲家写完了一部作品，得由 演奏者将其演奏出来，其他人才能得以欣赏。因为作曲家是如此完全地依赖于职业歌手和职业演奏者，所以职业歌手和职业演奏者肩上的担子可谓不轻。 一名学音乐的学生要想成为一名演奏者，需要经受长期的、严格的训练，就象一名医科的学生要成为一名医生一样。绝大多数的训练是技巧性的。 音乐家们控制肌肉的熟练程度，必须达到与运动员或巴蕾舞演员相当的水平。歌手们每天都练习吊嗓子，因为如果不能有效地控制肌肉的话，他们的声 带将不能满足演唱的要求。弦乐器的演奏者练习的则是在左手的手指上下滑动的同时，用 右手前后拉动琴弓--两个截然不同的动作。歌手和乐器演奏者必须使所有的音符完全相同协调。钢琴家们则不用操这份心，因为每个音符都已在那里等待着他们了。 给钢琴调音是调音师的职责。但调音师们也有他们的难处：他们必须耐心地调理敲击琴弦的音锤，不能让
30条中英文互译经典语录
30条中英文互译经典语录 1、If you don't know what you want, you won't know when you've gotten it.如果你不知道自己想要的是什么，那么当你拥有了也会茫然不知。 2、We all have stories we won't ever tell.~~~ 我们都有一些不会讲出来的故事。 3、Hold the head of the lonely, put proud expression-brave say: I not bad at all. 昂起孤单的头，摆着骄傲的表情，勇敢的说：我一点都不赖。 4.Accept your life if you can't change it. Change your life if you can't accept it. 如果你无法改变你的生活，就接受它。如果你接受不了你的生活，就改变它。 5.There is a kind of sadness that a cat can't reach its tail.有一种悲伤是摸不着自己的尾巴。 6.Life is a chain of moments of enjoyment;not only about survival.生活是一串串的快乐时光；我们不仅仅是为了生存而生存。 7.Happiness isn't getting all you want. It's enjoying all you have. 幸福不是得到你想要的一切，而是享受你所拥有的一切。 8、Everyone is happy. But, your happiness, often in the eyes of others. 每个人都是幸福的。只是，你的幸福，常常在别人眼里。 9、Try your best,girls ! Women who don't try hard have two outcomes: endless flea market and outdoor market shopping.姑娘，努力吧！不努力的女人只有两种结果，穿不完的地摊货和逛不完的菜市场。 10、Heard some things, obviously irrelevant, but also in the hearts of several bends Shui think of you.听到一些事，明明不相干的，也会在心中拐好几个弯想到你。 11、Smiling face, not to blame. Leisurely, the heart, with you. Destined to allow life to change, only a hundred years later, the life of a flower.笑着面对，不去埋怨。悠然，随心，随性，随缘。注定让一生改变的，只在百年后，那一朵花开的时间 12、Imagination is the highest kite one can fly. 想象力是飞得最高的那盏风筝。
中文和英文简历和专业英语材料翻译
韶关学院 期末考核报告 科目：专业英语 学生姓名： 学号： 同组人： 院系： 专业班级： 考核时间：2012年10月9日—2012年11月1 日评阅教师： 评分：
第1章英文阅读材料翻译 (1) 第2章中文摘要翻译英文 (3) 第3章中文简历和英文简历 (4) 第4章课程学习体会和建议 (6) 参考文献 (7)
第1章英文阅读材料翻译 Mechanization and Automation Processes of mechanization have been developing and becoming more complex ever since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century. The current developments of automatic processes are, however, different from the old ones. The “automation” of the 20th century is distinct from the mechanization of the 18th and 19th centuries inasmuch as mechanization was applied to individual operations, wherea s “automation” is concerned with the operation and control of a complete producing unit. And in many, though not all, instances the element of control is so great that whereas mechanization displaces muscle, “automation”displaces brain as well. The distinction between the mechanization of the past and what is happening now is, however, not a sharp one. At one extreme we have the electronic computer with its quite remarkable capacity for discrimination and control, while at the other end of the scale are “ transfer machines” , as they are now called, which may be as simple as a conveyor belt to another. An automatic mechanism is one which has a capacity for self-regulation; that is, it can regulate or control the system or process without the need for constant human attention or adjustment. Now people often talk about “feedback” as begin an essential factor of the new industrial techniques, upon which is base an automatic self-regulating system and by virtue of which any deviation in the system from desired condition can be detected, measured, reported and corrected. when “feedback” is applied to the process by which a large digital computer runs at the immense speed through a long series of sums, constantly rejecting the answers until it finds one to fit a complex set of facts which have been put to it, it is perhaps different in degree from what we have previously been accustomed to machines. But “feedback”, as such, is a familiar mechanical conception. The old-fashioned steam engine was fitted with a centrifugal governor, two balls on levers spinning round and round an upright shaft. If the steam pressure rose and the engine started to go too fast, the increased speed of the spinning governor caused it to rise up the vertical rod and shut down a valve. This cut off some of the steam and thus the engine brought itself back to its proper speed. The mechanization, which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution, because it was limited to individual processes, required the employment of human labor to control each machine as well as to load and unload materials and transfer them from one place to another. Only in a few instances were processes automatically linked together and was production organized as a continuous flow. In general, however, although modern industry has been highly mechanized ever since the 1920s, the mechanized parts have not as a rule been linked together. Electric-light bulbs, bottles and the components of innumerable mass-produced
经典英语翻译
课本翻译的答案（整理）： Unit1 英译汉A 1.The college schedule is very different than the traditional high school schedule. Generally, there is a lot more flexibility with your college classes. 大学的日程安排跟传统高中差别很大，通常大学课程有更多的灵活性。 2.The other cool thing about the college schedule is that you usually have more opportunities to explore your interests and passions. 大学日程安排还有一件事很酷，你通常有更多的机会发展自己的兴趣爱好。 3.There will always be some courses that are only offered on certain days at certain times, but for the most part, there are a lot of options to think about! 总有些课程是只在固定日子的固定时段开的，但是对于大多数课程，你有很多选择！ 4.However, college is like high school in that you will have the opportunity to get involved by joining different clubs, organizations, and maybe even by getting a part-time job. 然而，在大学像在高中一样你有机会参加各种活动，加入不同的俱乐部和组织，甚至可能找到一份兼职。 5.Of course, the best way to see what a true day in the life of a college student is like is to actually get the schedules of some college students! 当然，要看一个大学生一天的真实生活是什么样的，最好的方式其实是拿到一些大学生的日程表。 B 1.caught a glimpse of him sitting in the car 2.in search of new opportunities 3.without my being aware of it 4.are involved in different extracurricular activities 5.but ignore others' feeling 汉译英 如今，中国共有大约2500万名大学生，是十年前的五倍，并且这个数字有望持续增长。中国设立的学位制度包括学士、硕士和博士三个学位等级(Bachelors, Masters and Doctoral degrees)。中国的大学通常依据学生的高考(the National Higher Education Entrance Examination)成绩招生。公立大学对学生择优录取，被看做国家经济的主力。踌躇满志的学子们急切地等待考试结果，因为成绩能决定他们是否能进入著名的公立大学。 Today, there are about 25 million university students in China—five times the number a decade ago—and that number is expected to keep growing. China has set up a degree system, including Bachelors, Masters and Doctoral degrees. Universities in China generally select their students based on students’performances in the National Higher Education Entrance Examination. Publicly run schools get their pick of the best students and are viewed as engines of the economy. Ambitious students eagerly await their exam results, which determine whether they can get into a prestigious public school.
英语翻译学习资料(含中英文解释)
例1.Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be, rather, they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintaining pretence and manipulating（操纵） others . They are aware that there is a difference between being loved and acting loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable and acting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask. 1.dedicate to 把时间，精力用于 2.pretence 虚伪，虚假 6 ．1 斤斤于字比句次，措辞生硬 例2.Solitude is an excellent laboratory in which to observe the extent to which manners and habits are conditioned by others. My table manners are atrocious( 丑恶)—in this respect I've slipped back hundreds of years in fact, I have no manners whatsoever（完全，全然）. If I feel like it, I eat with my fingers, or out of a can, or standing up —in other words, whichever is easiest. 孤独是很好的实验室，正好适合观察一个人的举止和习惯在多大程度上受人制约。如今我吃东西的举止十分粗野；这方面一放松就倒退了几百年，实在是一点礼貌也没有。我高兴就用手抓来吃，（eat out of a can）开个罐头端着吃，站着吃；反正怎么省事就怎么吃。 3.Whatsoever 完全，全然 1.Be conditioned by 受……制约 2.Atrocious 丑恶 6 ．2 结构松散，表达过于口语化 例3．有一次，在拥挤的车厢门口，我听见一位男乘客客客气气地问他前面的一位女乘客：“您下车吗？”女乘客没理他。“您下车吗？”他又问了一遍。女乘客还是没理他。他耐不住了，放大声问：“下车吗？”，那女乘客依然没反应。“你是聋子，还是哑巴？”他急了，捅了一下那女乘客，也引起了车厢里的人都往这里看。女乘客这时也急了，瞪起一双眼睛，回手给了男乘客一拳。（庄绎传，英汉翻译教程，1999 ：练习 3 ） 译文1：Once at the crowded door of the bus, I heard a man passenger asked politely a woman passenger before him: “Are you getting off?” The woman made no