英语词汇学期末复习

Chapter 1

Lexicology 词汇学

Context 语境

Pragmatics 语用学

Phoneme 音素

Morpheme 词素

Semantic fields 语义场

Lexicology: is the study of the vocabulary or lexicon of a given language.

Morphology 形态学

Semantics 语义学

Etymology 词源学

Lexicography 词典学

Morphology is the study of the forms of words and their components, is to look at morphemes and their arrangements in word formation.

构词法

Morphemes: the smallest meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words.

最小的、有意义的构词单位

Semantics: is often defined as the study of meaning.

Etymology: is the study of the whole history of words.

Lexicography: is closely related to the words in a given language.

What is a word?

Word：is used traditionally to refer to a sequence of letters bounded by spaces.

以空格为界的字母序列

Word: an uninterruptible unit of structure consisting of one or more morphemes.

由一个或多个词素组成的不可分离的结构单元

Word: is viewed as a minimal free form which can occur in isolation and have meaning but which cannot be analyzed into elements which can occur alone and also have meaning. （除复合词）

最小的、有意义的、可独立存在的、不可分离的语言单位

Major features of words

A word is a sound or combination of sounds which we make voluntarily with our vocal equipment.

任意的、发声器官Pitch 音高Juncture 停顿

A word is symbolic and is used to stand for something else.

The word is uninterruptible unit

A word has to do with its social functional

A word may consist of one or more morphemes

Words are part of the large communication system we call language.

A word occurs typically in the structure of phrases

A word receives some of its meaning as it fills the grammatical slot in a sentence.

Syntax: 句法学

Discourse analysis: 语篇分析

Word classes

Closed classes: preposition pronoun determiner conjunction auxiliary verb

封闭词类:介词代词限定词连词助动词

Open classes: noun adjective verb adverb

开放词类：名词形容词动词副词

Lexical words(词汇词)= form open classes

Grammatical words(语法词)=closed classes and so on

Inflectional words(8): 名词复数、所有格，动词三单、过去式、过去分词、现在分词，形容词的比较级、最高级。

Derivational words: 前缀、后缀

简单词simple words

复合词compound words

复杂词complex words(加词缀)

Semantic field：as a named area of meaning in which lexemes interrelate and define each other in specific ways.

词位相互关联，并以特定的方式相互定义（若干词的共同的或者相关的词义聚合体）

语义场是在同一个语义系统中，在共时条件下，若干个具有共同义素的义位聚合起来的聚合体

Componential analysis: 成分分析

Chapter 2

Morpheme lexeme morph root stem base polysemy homonymy

词素、词位、形素、词根、词干、词基一词多义同形同音异义

Morphemes

The most elemental grammatical units in a language

最基本的语法单位

The ultimate grammatical constitutes, the s mallest meaningful units of language.

Lexeme 词位

A unit of lexical meaning, which exists regardless of any inflectional endings it may have or the number of words it may contain.

An abstract linguistic unit with different variants.

Morph 形素

Any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance is called a morph.

Morphs which are different representations of the same morpheme are referred to as allomorphs of that morpheme.

Allomorphs 词素变体

同一个词素的不同形式

Types of morphemes

Bound morphemes: must be joined to other morphemes (may be prefixes or suffixes)

粘着词素

Free morphemes：need not be attached to other morphemes and can occur by themselves as individual words.

自由词素

Derivational morphemes: rules are lexical rules of word formation (构词)

派生词素附着于其他词素可派生出新词

1.changes meaning or part of speech of the stem (like-dislike sleep-asleep)

2.indicates semantic relations within the word (lexical meaning)

Inflectional morphemes: are closely related to the rules of syntax(句法)

屈折词素作为语法标记词表词的语法意义，屈折词素只限于词缀，且大都是粘着词素

1.doesn’t change meaning of part of speech of the stem(work-works)

2.indicates syntactic relations between different words in a sentence (grammatical meaning)

词义关系

Two different types of relationship that exist between words and senses

Denotation and Reference

指示关系与所指关系/泛指与特指

Denotation: the relationship that holds between that lexeme and persons, things, places, properties, processes and activities external to the language system.

词位与语言系统外部的，人、物、地点、性质、过程和活动之间的关系

Reference: the relationship of reference holds between an expression and what that expression stands for on particular occasions of its utterance.

取决于具体的话语而非抽象的句子

Sense: a relationship between the words or expressions of a single language

A word may have sense but have no denotation

Seven types of meaning

Conceptual meaning 概念意义

Which is sometimes called denotative or cognitive meaning, refers to meanings as presented

in a dictionary.

Connotative meaning 内涵意义

The communicative value of an expression by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content.

一种表达的交际价值，它超越了单纯的概念性意旨

内涵意义是不确定和开放的，指涉物的任何特征都可能有助于表达它的内涵意义。

Social meaning 社会意义

Affective meaning 情感意义

Reflected 反映意义

Collocative meaning 搭配意义

Thematic meaning 主题意义

Stem 词干

The word to which affixes are added and which carries the basic meaning of the resulting complex word is known as the stem.

添加词缀并承载由此产生的复杂单词的基本含义的单词被称为词干

词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分

A stem may consist of one or more morphemes.

A stem consisting of a single morpheme is labeled as root

词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后的那部分

Roots which are capable of standing independently are called free morphemes. (morphemes capable of occurring independently)

Bound morphemes: are incapable of occurring independently

The stem is that part of a word that is existence before any inflectional affixes.

词干是词的一部分，它先与屈折词缀而存在

A base is a lexical item to which affixes of any kind can be added.

词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。

All roots are bases, bases are called stem only in the context of inflectional morphology

Polysemy 一词多义

Polysemy refers to the situation in which a word has two or more different meanings.

Homonymy 同形/同音异义

Homonymy refers to a situation in which there are two or more words with the same shape. Homograph 同形异义

Homophone 同音异义

Chapter 4

Word formation in English 构词法

Inflections attach grammatical information to the stem, but do not change its grammatical category

Affixation is the process whereby an affix is attached to a base

Prefixing 前缀法suffixing 后缀法

Derivation refers to the creation of a new word by means of the addition of an affix to a stem A derivation affix can change the part of speech of a word, or it can alter the meaning of a word.

Class changing class maintaining

Compounding 复合法

Compounding refers to the method and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words.

Compounds are stems consisting of more than one root.

Fours types of compounds: endocentric, exocentric, copulative and appositional

向心复合词、离心复合词、并列复合词、同谓复合词

An endocentric compound consists of a head and its modifier(doghouse)

An exocentric compound does not have a head, and its meaning cannot be literally guessed from its constituent parts(white-collar)

A copulative compound has two semantic heads. (sleepwalk)

A appositional compound has two attributes which classify the compound. (maidservant)

化合物中的组成元素对同一参照物有不同的描述

Conversion 转换法(also called functional shift)

Conversion is a process by which a word belonging to one-word class is transferred to another word class without any change in form.

Nominalization 名词化

Blending 混合法

Blending refers to the process of combining parts of two words to form a third word which contains some of the meaning of each part.

混合是指将两个单词的部分组合成第三个单词的过程，第三个单词包含了每个部分的意思Blending are often found in advertising, product names, and magazine and newspaper headings.

Shortenings 缩略法

Clipping 裁短法initialisms 首字母缩略

Backformation 逆生法

Backformation is the making of a new word from an older word which is mistakenly assumed to be its derivative

旧词衍生出新词

Proper names 专有名词

Metanalysis 再分化

Metanalysis is a complex process of word formation in English

Chapter 5

Sense relations 语义关系

Synonymy 同义关系

The term synonymy refers to the relationship of sameness of meaning that may hold between words.

词与词之间意义相同

Two types of synonymy

Strict synonymy: refers to the situation in which two synonymous words can be interchangeable in all their possible contexts of use.

Synonym 同义词

Different among synonyms

Geographical varieties

The style or formality (standard or slang)

Connotations 内涵

The use of registers

Etymology (native borrowing)

Collocation

antonymy反义关系

antonymy refers to the relationship of oppositeness of meaning between words.

三种反义词类型：

Gradable antonyms 分级反义词

Gradable antonyms represent a more/less relation and can be viewed as terms at the end-points of a continuum

Intermediate terms 中间过渡

Complementary antonyms 互补性反义词

Also called contradictory antonyms or non-gradable antonyms, are in an either/or relation of oppositeness.

矛盾反义词对立关系

The assertion of one implies the denial of the other member of the pair.

非此即彼

Converse antonyms 成对反义词

Converse antonyms represent two-way contrasts that are interdependent, such as buy/sell or parent/child

In English, the largest group of antonyms is the gradable adjectives.

Hyponymy 上下义关系

Hyponymy refers to the notion of inclusion whereby we can say that an X’ is a kind of Y’. Hyponyms 并列下义词

Superordinate 上座标词

Meronymy 整体-部分关系

Meronymy is the part-whole relation in any pair of items.

Collocation 搭配

Collocation is the meaning relations that a word contracts with other words occurring in the same sentence or text.

Free and Fixed combinations

Grammatical collocations

Lexical collocations

Metaphorical extension

A metaphor is an extension of the use of a word beyond its primary meaning to describe referents that bear similarities to t he word’s primary referent.

Chapter 8

Meaning shifts 词义转换

Broadening 词义扩展

Narrowing 词义缩小

Amelioration 升华

Pejoration 降格

Chapter 3

Old English period古英语时期450-1066

The middle English period 1066-1500

Early modern English period 1500-1800

The modern English period 1800-present

Indo-European 印欧语系

Chapter 6

Idioms 习语

An idiom can be defined as a group of words with a meaning of its own that is different from the meanings of each separate words put together.

习语可以定义为一组词，其含义与每个单独的词放在一起的含义不同

An idiom cannot be predicted from its components

Multiword verbs 多词动词

Multiword verbs are units in which the main verb occurs with one or two particles.

Proverbs 谚语

Proverbs are short well known statements that give practical advice about life.

Chapter 8

Dialect 方言

Regional dialect

Social dialect sociolect

Taboo words 禁忌语

Euphemisms 委婉语

Slang 俚语

Jargon 行话

00832英语词汇学1107全国试题

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