英语词汇学期末考试复习资料
1.A word will cover the following points:
1) A minimal free form of a language
2) A word is minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.
(A sound unity, A unit of meaning, A form that can function alone in a sentence);
3) A word is the smallest of the linguistic units which can occur on its own in speech or writing.
2.Classification of words:
1) Basic and non-basic word stock or vocabulary
2) Content/ lexical /open class words and function/grammatical/closed class words
3.What is involved in knowing a word?
1) Form;/ structure;/
2) meanings and semantic features associated with that word;
3) grammatical or syntactic behavior associated with that word;
4) network of associations between that word and other words;/ collocations;/ 5) limitations imposed on the use of word according to variations of function and situation;
6) the degree of probability of encountering that word in speech or print.
4.Morpheme can be classified as following:
5.English word-formation英语构词法
6.Derivation / Affixation派生法/词缀
negative: a- dis- non- un-
privative: de-dis-un- pejorative: mal- mis- pseudo-
prefixation and suffixation.前缀和后缀
Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases. A prefix is a letter or group of letters placed at the beginning of a word to change its meaning. Prefixes are frequently used to form new words.
7.Conversion 转类法
Conversion may be defined as a process by which a word belonging to one word class is transferred to another word class without any concomitant（伴随的）change of form. This process is also known as functional shift or zero-derivation. (零位派生) eg: bookstore was a must(v-n) for me. He downed(adv-v) his tools for a rest. He is a native(a-n)
Functions of conversion: to achieve compactness and efficiency, accuracy and specificity, vividness and expressiveness, novelty and balance.
8.Backformation逆生法
Backformation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a short word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already present in the
language. This process is considered to be the opposite process of affixation. eg:bookkeeper 9.Abbreviation: 缩略法Abbreviation refers to word formation through clipping, initialism and acronym. These short forms are quicker and more convenient in use and for this reason they are becoming more and more popular. Clipping截短法Word formation by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. The shortening may occur at the beginning of the word, at the end of the word and at both ends of the word. The clipped form is normally regarded as informal. eg: phone(telephone), copter(helicopter), quake(earthquake) taxi(taxicab) appx.(appendix) Initialism首字母缩略词Words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. VOA(Voice of America), p.c.(post card), VIP(very important person), BP(beautiful people) Acronym首字母拼音词ROM(read only memory), NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization), OPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ) 10.Blending 混词法Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed as such are called blends. Blends tend to be more frequent in informal style in the registers of journalism, advertising and technical field. Eg: head+tail：flaunt:flout+vaunt, blunt:blind+stunt, H-bomb:hydrogen+bomb, squash:squeeze+crash, hifi:high+fidelity/head+word:medicare:medical+care,/telequiz:telephone+quiz,/ /word+tail:workfare:work+welfare,bookmobile: book+automobile 11.Imitation 基本拟声Zap! Crunch! Swoosh! The world is Whoa! 12.Borrowing 外来语Coinage 新生词Invention 创造法 https://www.360docs.net/doc/a616417073.html,pounding is a phenomenon where two or more existing words are combined to construct a new word. Compounding are useful to express the same meaning shortly and briefly and it can help writer to avoid repeating. E.g. The boy who catches attention is my son. The eye-catching boy is my son. The latter one expresses the same meaning more briefly and avoid repeating when we want to mention the boy afterwards. 14.Kinds of meaning Conceptual meaning refers to the meaning of a word or lexical item that relates it to phenomena in the real world or in a fictional or possible world. Associative meaning Reflected meaning and collocative meaning, affective meaning and social meaning: all these have more in common with connotative meaning than with conceptual meaning, they all have the same open-ended, variable character. They can all be brought together under the heading of associative meaning. Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, or the mental content attached to the core meaning. These associations show people’s emotions and attitudes towards what the word refers to. Stylistic meaning Many words have stylistic features, which form the variation in meaning from casual to formal according to the type of situation, the addresser or person addressed, the location, the topic discussed, etc. These distinctive features form the stylistic meaning of words. In some dictionaries, these stylistic features are clearly marked as formal, informal, literary, archaic, slang and so on. Affective meaning reflects the speaker’s emotions, feelings and attitudes towards the person or thing in question. This meaning is often expressed in terms of the conceptual, connotative or stylistic content of the right word or by using proper intonation, tone of voice, and interjections. 15.types of affective meaning: pejorative/derogatory; appreciative/commendatory 16.How to express affective meaning? Explain with examples. The reflected meaning of a word is the total of all the other meanings a person thinks when hearing the word. The word has its suggestive power. Collocative meaning: Words may share the same meanings, but may be distinguished by the range of lexical terms they collocate with. Thematic meaning It is about what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis. Analyzing meaning Meanings of words can be analyzed into a number of features or components, such approach is called componential analysis or semantic features analysis. 17.English euphemisms formation 1)Compounding, Clipping, Acronym: gents (gentlemen’s room) 2) .backslang, respelling of initials, phonetic distortion: elly-bay (belly) 3) . Borrowing, substitution of synonyms, use of fuzzy word: nude (naked) 4) . Metaphor, understatement, periphrases, etc.: to sleep forever, adjustment downward, landscape architect, smelly 18.Five major mechanisms in semantic changes语义转化 Broadening/widening/extending/generalization of meaning Narrowing/restriction/reduction/specialization Amelioration/elevation Pejoration/degradation Transfer of meaning 19.The polysemy of the word一词多义a word having two or more closely related meanings. 20.Semantic relations语义关系Words do not exist in isolation. Their meanings are defined through their relations to other word, and it is through understanding these connections that we arrive at our understanding of words. A. Synonymy Words which have the same or nearly the same meanings as other words are called synonyms and the relationship between them is one of synonymy. Absolute and relative synonyms 绝对同义词和相对同义词 B.Antonyms Words opposite in meaning are generally called antonyms. Gradable antonyms 层级反义词Complementary or contradictory antonym互补反义词Converse antonyms 逆行 Three types of antonyms: gradable antonyms, complementary or contradictory antonyms, and converses. C. Hyponymy and meronymy 上下义关系和部分整体关系 Hyponymy--the kind of’ relation The relation of hyponymy serves to structure large parts of a language’s vocabulary. The organization of a work like Roget’s Thesaurus suggests that it is perhaps an all-pervasive structuring relation. meronymy--the part of relation can similarly be represented by a hierarchy of superordinate and subordinate terms D. Homonymy 同形同音异义词Homonyms refer to words which are written in the same way and sound alike but which have different meanings. They can be classified into two categories: homographs and homophones. a. Homographs: 同形异义词words that have the same spelling but differ in sound and meaning. b. Homophones: 同音异义词words that have the same phonological form but differ in spelling and meaning. 20.Semantic/lexical field: It is the organization of related words and expressions into a system which shows their relationship to one another.The semantic field arrangement brings together words that share the same semantic space. It is a record of the vocabulary resources available for an area of meaning, and it enables a user of the language to appreciate often elusive meaning differences between words. 21.The major features of idioms 1)Compositeness: 复合性idioms consist of more than one word; They are multiword lexical items as in bread and butter, spill the beans, let the cat out the bag, etc. 2)Structural stability: 稳定性idioms are fixed collocations by long usage. Unlike free phrases, idioms are frozen and conventionalized collocations whose components cannot be varied or varied only within definable limits. 3)Semantic unity: 统一性idioms are semantically opaque. Unlike free phrase, the meaning of an idiom is not the sum of its constituents. In other words, the meaning of idiom is not transparent in most cases. Transformation/creativity in idiom: Replacement/substitution, addition, permutation, deletion The application of idioms:Idioms from the speech of soldiers, every-day life of Englishmen, health, illness and death, business and the stock exchange, popular sports and games, books and stories 22.Cohesive device 衔接手段(links in meaning) conjunction连词,substitution替代,ellipsis省略, reference指代, lexical cohesion词汇衔接 Discourse is any passage spoken or written of whatever length that forms a unified corn. It may be a product of a single writer, speaker or several persons. 23.词汇衔接手段reiteration（复现）and collocation(共现) Lexical cohesion refers to lexical items which work on the organization of coherent discourse. Under this heading includes a variety of kinds of semantic relationship that can exist between lexical items. Halliday and Hasan cluster them into two broad sub-classes: reiteration and collocation, which contribute to the creation and organization of discourse. Reiteration 复现or repetition is the occurrence of one or more items in a sentence that by themselves tell the reader or listener nothing new but reinstate some element(s) from the earlier sentences so that something new can be said about. As a form of lexical cohesion, reiteration involves the repetition of an identical lexical item, the use of a general word to refer to a lexical item, the use of a synonym or near-synonym, the use of superordinate, the use of hyponym, Equivalence 等价Naming 命名Semblance/Analogy 同义词/类比Metonymy 借喻etc. They serve to show the relatedness of ideas in the discourse. Collocation搭配is a cover term for the cohesion that results from the co-occurrence of lexical items that are in some way or other associated with one another, because they tend to occur in similar environment. 24.General approaches to lexical learning in EFL 1.) guessing/inferring from context 2.)using mnemonic techniques 3.) using word parts 4.) learning from word cards 5.) using dictionary 25.Kinds of Context Clue Linguistic clues: cues based on knowledge of English language. e.g. synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms, grammar, punctuations, word parts, pronunciation, intonation, stress, etc. Logical clues: cues based on relationships among the various parts of the information. e.g. cause and effect, comparison and contrast, generalization and examples, restatements, definitions, etc. World knowledge clues: cues based on the informant’s experience and knowledge of the topic. Non-verbal clues: cues based on tables, images, diagrams, etc. https://www.360docs.net/doc/a616417073.html,ing mnemonic techniques 1) Repeating (verbal and oral): Repetition is the key to learning. Only by saying, writing, listening and using words again and again can one make them part of his active vocabulary. 2) Linking with prior knowledge: Integrating the new word with the familiar one, connecting the new word with already known words through associating, semantic mapping and charting semantic features, etc. 3) Forming word association: Getting words together on account of their semantic relations or logical connections. e.g. grass – green, school – students, hit – ball, swim – pool, apple – fruit, irritated – annoyed, dead – alive, baby – mother, etc. 4) Building up semantic mapping: Brainstorming associations a word has with other words and then diagramming the results. 27.What is lexical cohesion? What are the general features of it? Lexical cohesion refers to lexical items which work on the organization of coherent discourse. Cohesion means formal links between element links in form. There are 2 types of lexical cohesion,reiteration and collocation. As a form of lexical cohesion, reiteration involves the repetition of an identical lexical item, the use of a general word to refer to a lexical item, the use of a synonym or near-synonym, the use of superordinate, the use of hyponym. Collocation reflects rules of the conventions and co-occurence tendency in the use of word in discourse. Collocation is a cover term for the cohesion that results from the co-occurrence of lexical items that are in some way or other associated with one another, because they tend to occur in similar environment. For example, in a talk about football game, words like shoot, goalkeeper, penalty and kick are more likely to appear than other words in the talk. 28.Learning from word cards Step 1 Choosing words to learn Sept 2 Making word cards Step 3 Using the cards https://www.360docs.net/doc/a616417073.html,ing Dictionaries What are the major purposes for dictionary use? Comprehension/ Look up unknown words met while listening, reading, or translating./ Confirm the meanings of partly known words./ Confirm guess from context./ Production/ Look up unknown words needed to speak, write, or translate. / Look up the spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammar, constraints on use, collocations, inflections and derived forms of partly known words needed to speak, write or translate. /Confirm the spelling, pronunciation, meaning, etc. of known words. /Check that a word exists./Find a different word to use instead of a known one./Correct an error./Learning /Choose unknown words to learn./Enrich knowledge of partly known words, including etymology. 小学期末考试复习四年级下册英语复习题汇总 YUKI was compiled on the morning of December 16, 2020 4B U n i t1复习练习 一、英汉互译 1.谢谢 5.一名新学生 2.那位男孩 6.下来 3.爬树 7.在树上的小猫 4.这位女士 8.过来 二、连词成句 to school welcome(.) 2.again don’t trees climb(.) 3.are a nurse you me excuse(,)() 4.student a my new is brother(.) 三、翻译句子 1.你是一位医生吗 you 2.你是不是这儿的新生 new 3.下次不要再爬树了。 trees . （4）那位穿红衣服的女孩是谁？ in 四、改写句子 1.David is a student.(改为一般疑问句) 2.I am a nurse. (改为一般疑问句) 3.That women is Miss Xu.（划线部分提问） 4.The girl isn’t a student.（改为肯定句） 4BUnit 2 At a party复习练习 一、英汉互译 1.在小汽车里 2.哪一条裙子 3.父亲的父亲 4.大眼睛男孩 5.大鼻子的男士 6.我的朋友 7.穿绿色衣服的女孩 8.穿着白外套 9.迈克的自行车 10.我爸爸的猫 二、单词辩音 fathermouth( ) nose seven ( ) latefather( ) mother sister( ) boyclimb( ) bike is( ) 三、改错 1、The boy with big ear is my brother.（） 2、Who`s the girl with the red skirt （） 3、His my brother. （） 4、The one in the red is Wancy. （） 5、He is late to the party. （） 四、填空 1、A: the boy big eyes B: Ben. 2、A: We school. B: Yes, hurry. 3、Here are some flowers you . 4、Who’s girl big mouth? 英语期末考试----12月26日 （一）题型： 1.听力(10个短对话&2个短篇文章--10个问题) 2.阅读（3篇，其中一篇从第二册快速阅读的1--5单元中出） 3.单词（3，4，6单元A课文课后练习中vocabulary&word-building） 4.完型 5.翻译（3，4，6单元A课文课后练习中汉译英部分；以及3，4，6A课文中一段的段落进行英译汉） （二）单词&短语 1. I firmly believe that this agreement will be for our mutual benefit. 我坚决相信这份协议有利于我们的共同利益。 1.People have bought these houses under the illusion that their value would just keep on rise. 人们买房子是基于它们会增值这种幻象。 2.The project has been canceled by the local government for lack of public resources. 由于缺乏公共资源，当地政府取消了这个项目。 3.The clerk must have overlooked your name, because he said you were not here. 书记员一定是漏掉了你的名字，因为他说你不在这。 4.The speaker said something about the actors and then proceeded to talk about the film. 发言人说了一些演员的事情，然后继续介绍电影。 5.Differences of opinion are often the most difficult problem to resolve. 如何处理各种不同的意见是最难解决的问题。 6.When he looked for a job, John strongly felt that there was a widespread prejudice against men over forty. 在找工作的过程中，约翰强烈的感觉到针对年过四十的男性的那种歧视。 7.Children should be encouraged to reach a compromise between what they want and what others want. 应该鼓励孩子们在他们自己和他人的所想所愿中找到折中点。 8.The discovery seems to confirm that people lived here over 100 years ago. 这个发现印证了此处一百多年前有人居住。 9.The book was first published in 1994 and was subsequently translated into fifteen languages. 这本书首次出版于1994年，而后被译成15种语言。 10.Mind your own business. My affairs have nothing to do with you. 管好你自己吧。我的事与你无关。 11.Having worked in the company for two years, Mr. Smith is now taking care for marketing and public relations. 在公司工作两年后，史密斯先生如今负责市场营销和公共关系。 现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688] Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split. Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by 开放英语1 试点期末机考模拟试题 一、英语知识运用 阅读下面的句子和对话，从A、B、C三个选项中选出一个能填入空白处的最佳选项。 1. ____ name is Jane. ____ is from the USA. A. Her, She B. She‘s, She C. Her, Her 2. Have you got _____ lychees? A. some B. any C. / 3. Mr. Green is now ____ a holiday. A. in B. with C. on 4. I‘m a deputy manager. I work ______ an IT company. A. for B. about C. with 5. The Business Banking Department is on _____ second floor. A. / B. an C. the 6. A: How often ______ take the medicine? B: You should take it three times a day. A. I should B. I should to C. should I 7. It ______ heavily here at this moment. A. rain B. rains C. is raining 8. How do I ______ the gym? A. get to B. arrive C. go 9. My aunt _____ for her friends at home. A. enjoy cooking B. enjoys cook C. enjoys cooking 10. I‘d like to _____you to a party this Saturday. A. send B. invite C. leave 11. How many _____ would you like to buy? A. coffee B. oil C. oranges 12. Hurry up. We don‘t have _____ time. A. many B. enough C. too many 13. A: time do you have lunch? B: I usually have lunch at 12. A. Where B. What C. When 14. A: I haven‘t got a car. B: _____. A. Neither have I B. Neither do I C. Neither am I 15. This radio is _____ than that one. A. more expensive B. very expensive C. as expensive 16. A: The chair is not comfortable enough. B: Yes, I agree. It is _____. A. comfortable B. too uncomfortable C. enough comfortable 17. _____ a coffee machine in the room? A. Are there B. Is there C. Have there 18. A: _________________? B: I‘ve got a bad cough. A. What‘s the matter with you B. What is it like C. How was your day yesterday 英语词汇学论文(中文版) 单词记忆法细谈 一，读音规则记忆法 它就是按照元音字母、元音字母组合、辅音字母及辅音字母组合在开音节和闭音节的读音规律记忆。例如：ea，ee，er，ir，ur，or分别能发［i：］［：］［：］等。还有些固定的字母组合，例如：ing发［i］，ly发［li］，ty发［ti］和各种前缀、后缀，例如：a-，re-，un-，dis-，im-；-ed，-ing，-ly，-er，-or，-ful，-y等都有其比较固定的发音。掌握了这些规则，记单 词时就不必一个字母一个字母地记忆了。 二.字母变化记忆法 英语单词中以某个单词为基础，加、减、换、调一个字母就成了另一个新单词。具体方法 如下： 1.前面加字母。例如：is/his，ear/near/hear，read/bread 2.后面加字母。例如：hear/heart，you/your，plane/planet 3.中间加字母。例如：though/through，tree/three，for/four 4.减字母。例如：she/he，close/lose，star/tstar 5.换字母。例如：book/look/cook，cake/lake/wake/make/take 6.调字母（即改变字母顺序）。例如：blow/bowl，sing/sign， from/form 三.联想记忆法 在日常生活中可以根据所处的环境，所见到、所摸到的事物，联想相关的英语单词。例如： 打球时联想到：ball，(play)basketball，(play)football，(play)volleyball，playground等等；吃饭时联想到：dining-room，(have)breakfast，(have)lunch，(have)supper等等；睡觉 时联想到：bed，bedroom，gotobed，sleep，gotosleep，fallasleep等等。如果长期坚持下支，效果就会很好。 四.归类记忆法 众所周知，单词本身、单词与单词之间都存在着或多或少的联系，英语词汇中 有许多单词有着其近义词、反义词、一词多义、一词多音、同音词或形音形似词等内 在或外在的联系。因此，记忆单词的主要方法是把单词之间存在的这种联系挖掘归纳 出来，通过对比、对照的方式把学过的单词从各个方面进行归类 1.按词的构造归类 按词跟、前缀、后缀、合成词归类，找出词与词最本质 的联系。这种联系不仅使新词记得快、记得牢、记得久，而 且也同时复习了大量的旧词。合成词，如： schoolbag,school-boy,classroom,football,blackboard,etc. 前缀后缀词，如：unhappy,unhealthy,unfriendly,unlucky,worker,writer,visitor,us 1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.) 2017人教版四年级上下册语文期末考试复习资料 2017人教版四年级上下册语文期末考试复习资料篇一 一、风景特点篇 1、桂林山水——奇秀险、静清绿 2、双龙洞——雄伟、惊险、神奇 3、七月的天山——奇妙无比、引人入胜 4、大海——波澜壮阔 5、西湖——水平如镜 6、泰山——峰峦雄伟 7、香山——红叶似火 8、荷兰——水之国，花之国，牧场之国 9、乡村生活—自然和谐、充满诗意、无拘无束 10、乡下风景——独特迷人、优美恬静 11、桂林山水甲天下——桂林的山水天下第一 甲：第一 12、、舟行碧波上，人在画中游——小船在碧波荡漾的湖面上行驶,人好像在画卷中游览观赏一样。 二、人物特点篇 1、父亲(中彩那天)——诚实，讲信用 2、父亲(万年牢)——认真、实在、正直 3、哈默——自爱自尊自强、有骨气 4、小夜莺——机智勇敢、热爱祖国 5、雨来——机智勇敢、热爱祖国、游泳本领高 6、一个中国孩子——热爱和平、憎恨战争 7、盲童安静——热爱生活、珍惜生命 8、琳达一家——一心为他人着想，乐于助人 9、乡下人家——热爱生活，勤劳朴实 10、伽利略—执着追求真理，相信科学、不迷信权威 11、罗丹——做事全神贯注、一丝不苟、执著追求 12、聋哑青年——做事勤奋专注、画技高超 13、父亲(父亲的菜园)——勤劳执著、认准目标、坚持不懈、 4、纪昌——虚心好学、勤学苦练 15、飞卫——堪称名师 16、扁鹊——医术高超 17、蔡桓公——固执己见、自以为是、讳疾忌医 18、文成公主——聪明又漂亮 19、普罗米修斯——不畏强权，为民造福、不惜牺牲自己的生命 20、宙斯——心狠手辣、冷酷无情 21、渔夫——从容、镇定、聪明 22、魔鬼——凶狠狡猾而又愚蠢 三、单元心得体会 1、学习了第1单元，我感受到了祖国的风景是那么的奇妙 第二部分样题一 一、交际用语（共计10 分，每小题2 分） 1~5 题：选择正确的语句完成下面的对话。 1．— Hi, Wang Xin, nice to meet you! — Hi, Liu Hui. A． Nice to meet you too. B． How do you do ？ C． I'm fine, thank you. 答案： A 解析：本题考查“互相问候”的交际用语。第一说话人以nice to meet you （见到你很高兴）问候对方时，答语 应用 nice to meet you too 来回应，所以答案是A。 2．— How about going to the class together ？ — A． Of course not. B． That sounds great. C． I don't like it. 答案： B 解析：本题考查“提出建议”的交际用语。第一说话人提出一起去上课的建议，如果赞同，根据给出答案，答 语应该是这听起来不错；如果不赞同，则应委婉礼貌地拒绝， C 答案语气太强硬，不太礼貌，所以答案是B。3．— Thank you for sharing this with me. — A． Nothing. B． You can share, too. C． My pleasure! 答案： C 解析：本题考查“回复致谢”的交际用语。My pleasure 是 It's my pleasure 的缩写，意为“不客气、很荣幸”。 常见的表达“不客气”的短语还有：You are welcome/don't mention it/Sure thing 等，所以答案是C。 4．— What will you buy for the Spring Festival ？ — A． I will buy gifts for my family. B． Clothes are on sale. C． I want to go shopping. 答案： A 解析：本题考查“购物”的交际用语。“新年到了，你想买点儿什么呢”，应作出针对性的回答，即为 A 项：“我 想买些礼物送给家人” ；其余两项回答不够清晰，所以答案是A。 5．— — It's dark brown. A． How about his weight ？ B． Is he a tall guy？ C． What color is his hair ？ 答案： C 解析：本题考查“表示询问”的交际用语。第二说话人回答的“dark brown 深褐色”是颜色，因此推断出第一说话人应该是询问跟颜色有关的问题，所以答案是C。 二、词汇与结构（共计30 分，每小题2 分） 11 C h a p t e r 1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （he definition of a word comprises the following points: (1) a minimal free form of a language; (2) a sound unity; (3) a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional. A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 p ol ysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 semantic-loans 借义词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 2012词汇学复习资料 The development of the English Vocabulary 1.Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语 Polish波兰语 Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语 Russian Albanian阿尔巴尼亚 Persian波斯语 Hindi北印度语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语 Romany，吉卜赛语 Armenian亚美尼亚语 Portuguese Spanish Italic意大利语族Italian Roumanian罗马尼亚语 French Indo-European Language Family Irish Celtic凯尔特语Breton Scottish Norwegian挪威语 Icelandic，冰岛语 Danish丹麦语 Germanic Swedish瑞典语 日尔曼语言English Dutch Flemish German Hellenic，古希腊语- Greek 期中考试复习题 1.简要说明ARPANET研究中，通信网络方案设计的两个基本问题？ 答：①.网络拓扑结构： 集中式和非集中式拓扑构型 () 分布式网络拓扑构型： ②.分组交换技术 2.简要说明计算机网络主要特征？ 答： （1）组建计算机网络的主要目的是实现计算机资源的共享。 （2）互联的计算机系统是自治的系统。 （3）联网计算机之间的通信必须遵循共同的网络协议 3. 按覆盖的地理范围划分，计算机网络可以分为哪些网络？ 答：广域网、城域网、局域网与个人区域网。 4. 广域网具有那两两个主要的特征？ 答：（1）广域网是一种公共数据网络。 ?（2）广域网研究的重点是宽带核心交换技术。 5.宽带城域网的定义？ 答：宽带城域网是以IP协议为基础，通过计算机网络、广播电视网、电信网的三网融合，形成覆盖城市区域的网络通信平台，为语音、数据、图像、视频传输与大规模的用户接入提供高速与保证质量的服务。 6.宽带城域网技术的主要特征 （1）完善的光纤传输网是宽带城域网的基础。 （2）传统电信、有线电视与IP业务的融合成为了宽带城域网的核心业务。（3）高端路由器和多层交换机是宽带城域网的核心设备。 （4）扩大宽带接入的规模与服务质量是发展宽带城域网应用的关键。 7. 画出宽带城域网的功能结构图？ 8.局域网的定义？ （1）局域网（LAN）用于将有限范围内（例如一个实验室、一幢大楼、一个校园）的各种计算机、终端与外部设备互联成网。 （2）按照采用的技术、应用范围和协议标准的不同，局域网可以分为共享局域网与交换局域网。 9.决定局域网性能的三个因素是什么？ 答：拓扑、传输介质与介质访问控制方法。 10.简述局域网的应用范围？ 答：可以用于办公室、家庭个人计算机的接入，园区、企业与学校的主干网络，以及大型服务器集群、存储区域网络、云计算服务器集群的后端网络。 11.简述Internet网络结构的主要特点？ （1）大量的用户计算机与移动终端设备通过符合802.3标准的局域网、802.11标准的无线局域网、802.16标准的无线城域网、无线自组网、无线传感器网络，有线电话交换网、无线3G/4G移动通信网，以及有线电视网接入本地的ISP、企业网或校园网。 （2）ISP将终端用户的计算机汇接到宽带城域网。宽带城域网通过城市宽带出口连接到国家或国际级主干网。 （3）大型主干网是由大量分布在不同地理位置、通过光纤连接的高端路由器构成，提供高带宽的传输服务。 （4）国际或国家级主干网组成Internet的主干网。国际、国家级主干网与地区主干网连接有很多服务器集群，为接入的用户提供各种Internet服务。 12.画出基本的网络拓扑构型的结构？简述其特点。 《大学英语1》期末考试综合复习资料 I. Use of English(20%)—交际英语，共10道选择题，每题2分，共20 分。 II.Reading Comprehension (40%)—阅读理解，4篇文章，共20道选择题，每题2分，共40分。 III.Vocabulary and Structure(30%)—词汇与语法，共30道选择题，每题1分，共30分。 IV.Cloze Test (10%)—完形填空，共10道选择题，每题1分，共10分 I. Use of English (10×2) Directions:In this part there are 10 incomplete dialogues. For each dialogue there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the dialogue. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. 1. —Excuse me, could you please tell me how to get to the railway station? —____________ A. No, I couldn’t. B. Sorry, I don’t know. I’m new here. C. I couldn’t tell you. D. You can’t ask me. 2. — What day is today? — _____________. A. Today is March 24. B. Today is not bad. C. Today is sunny D. Today is Saturday 3. —How do you do? Glad to see you. — _________________________ A. How are you? Me too. B. How do you do? Glad to meet you. C. I am fine, thank you. And you? D. Nice, how are you? 4. —I’m sorry. Bob’s not in his office. — _________ A. Can you take a message for me? B. Are you sure for that? C. Would you like to leave a message? D. Can you phone me? 《英语词汇学》复习资料1 Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks. Directions: Complete the following statements with proper words. 1.The 1 is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 2. 2 are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. 3.The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt with from two different angles: 3 approach and synchronic approach. 4.“Mal-”in “maltreat”is a 4 prefix, while “inter-”in “interstate”is a 5 prefix. 5.Old English is described as a language of full endings, Middle English language of 6 endings, and a language of 7 endings. 6.In modern English, one may find some 8 words whose sounds suggest their meaning, for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises. 7.The word meaning is made up of 9 meaning and 10 meaning, and the later has two components: conceptual meaning and 11 meaning. 8.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or 12 . 9.13 is thought to be the opposite process of suffixation. 10.14 is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. 11.15 refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups, and outsiders can hardly understand it. 12.“Pretty”and “handsome”share the same 16 meaning，but differ in 17 meaning. 13.___18___analysis is a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components which are also known as semantic features.. 14.Radiation and 19 are the two coinages which the development of word meaning follows from monosemy to polysemy. 15.20 deals with the relationship of inclusion, i.e. the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for “true”and F for “false”. 1.Homonyms are descendants of different sources whereas a polysemant is a word小学期末考试复习四年级下册英语复习题汇总
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