英语词汇学试题复习参考(分章节)
英语词汇学试题
Introduction and Chapter 1
Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabula ry（练习1）
I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.
1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily
through the use of _________construct.
A. word
B. form
C. morpheme
D. root
is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.
A. Semantics
B. Linguistics
C. Etymology
D. Stylistics
English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes.
A. Greek
B. Roman
C. Italian
D. Germanic
4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.
A. linguistic
B. grammatical
C. arbitrary
D. semantic
is the study of style . It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effects
A. situation
B. context
C. time
D. place
shares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference.
A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic
7. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.
A. technical
B. artistic
C. different
D. academic
8. __________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades, and professions communicate among themselves.
A. Slang
B. Jargon
C. Dialectal words
D. Argot
9 ._________ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words.
A. Jargon
B. Argot
C. Dialectal words
D. Slang
10. Argot generally refers to the jargon of use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it.
A. workers
B. criminals
C. any person
D. policeman
are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.
A. Argot
B. Slang
C. Jargon
D. Dialectal words
12. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.
A. common
B. little
C. slight
D. great
13. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings.
A. new
B. old
C. bad
D. good
14. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.
A. functional
B. notional
C. empty
D. formal
15. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.
A. content
B. notional
C. empty
D. new
II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.
is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and _____of words.
lexicology aims at investigating and studying the ______ structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantics, relations, _____development, formation and ______.
18.English lexicology embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology,
______,etymology, stylistics, ________.
19.There are generally two approaches to the study of words , namely synchronic and _______.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/807182983.html,nguage study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and_______.
III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 2) content words and functional words 3) native words and borrowed words 4)characteristics of the basic word stock.
A B
21 . Stability ( ) A. E-mail
22. Collocbility( ) B. aught
23. Jargon( ) C. por
24. Argot ( ) D. upon
words( ) E. hypo
26. Neologisms ( ) F. at heart
27. Aliens ( ) G. man
28. Semantic-loans( ) H. dip
29. Archaisms ( ) I. fresh
30. Empty words ( ) J. emir
IV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) characteristics of the basic word stock 2) types of nonbasic vocabulary.
31. dog cheap ( ) 32 a change of heart ( )
33. can-opener ( ) ( )
35. bottom line ( ) ( )
37. auld ( ) 38. futurology ( )
( ) 40. take ( )
V. Define the following terms.
41. word 42. Denizens 43. Aliens 44. Translation-loans 45. Semantic-loans VI. Answer the following Questions
the relationship between sound and meaning, sound and form with examples.
47. What are the main characteristics of the basic word-stock Illustrate your points with examples.
48. Give the types of nonbasic vocabulary with examples.
VII. Analyze and comment on the following.
49. Classify the following words and point out the types of words according to notion.
earth, cloud, run, walk, on, of, upon, be, frequently , the, five, but, a , never.
50. Group the following borrowed words into Denizens, Aliens, Translation-loans, Semantic-loans.
Dream, pioneer, kowtow, bazaar, lama, master-piece, port, shirt
Key to Exercises:
I. 1. historical, usages 18. semantics, . vocabulary
II.21. G 22. F23. E24. H25. C26. A27. the basic word stock; productivity
32. the basic word stock; collocability
basic word stock; argot
word stock; slang
35. nonbasic word stock; jargon
36. nonbasic word stock ;terminology
word stock; dialectal words
38. nonbasic word stock ,neologisms
39. nonbasic word stock; archaisms
40. the basic word stock; polysemy
V-----VI. (see the course book)
VII. 49. Content words: earth, clould, run, walk, frequently, never, five
Functional words: on, of, upon, be, the, but, a.
50. Denizens: port, shirt,
Aliens: bazaar, kowtow
Translation-loans: lama, masterpiece
Semantic-loans:dream, pioneer
Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary and Chapter 3 Word Formation I(练习2)
I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.
1.It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000( some put it 5,000)languages, which
can be grouped into the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.
A. 500
B. 4000
C. 300
D. 2000
2.The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ______language.
A. inflected
B. derived
C. developed
D. analyzed
3.After the _________, the Germanic tribes called Angles ,Saxons, and Jutes came in great
numbers.
A. Greeks
B. Indians
C. Romans
D. French
4.The introduction of ________had a great impact on the English vocabulary.
A. Hinduism
B. Christianity
C. Buddhism
D. Islamism
5.In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. With the
invaders, many ________words came into the English language.
A. Greek
B. Roman
C. Celtic
D. Scandinavian
6.It is estimated that at least ______ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern
English.
A. 500
B. 800
C. 1000 .
D. 900
7.The Normans invaded England from France in 1066. The Norman Conquest started a continual
flow of ______ words into English.
A. French
B. Greek
C. Roman
D. Latin
8.By the end of the _______century , English gradually came back into the schools, the law
courts, and government and regained social status.
A. 12th
B. 13th
C. 14th
9.As a result , Celtic made only a ________contribution to the English vocabulary.
A. small
B. big
C. great
D. smaller
10. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and _______.
A. Greek
B. Roman
C. Indian
D. Russian
11.In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian , Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are
derived from the dead language.
A. Sanskrit
B. Latin
C. Roman
D. Greek
12.Greek is the modern language derived from _______.
A. Latin
B. Hellenic
C. Indian D . Germanic
13.The five Roamance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all
belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called _______.
A. Sanskrit
B. Latin
C. Celtic
D. Anglo-Saxon
14.The ________family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian, Icelandic,
Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.
A. Germanic
B. Indo-European
C. Albanian
D. Hellenic
15.By the end of the _______century , virtually all of the people who held political or social
power and many of those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin.
A. 10th D. 13th
II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.
16.Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as _______.
17.. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings , Middle English was one of
______.
18.It can be concluded that English has evoked from a synthetic language (Old English) to
the present _____ language.
19.The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups , which can be grouped
into an Eastern set: Balto-Slavic , Indo-Iranian ,Armenian and Albanian; a Western set :Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, _______.
20.It is necessary to subdivide Modern English into Early (1500-1700)and _____ Modern English. III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) origin of the words 2)history off English development 3) language family.
A B
21. Celtic ( )
22. religious ( )
( ) C. Persian
24. French ( )
25. Old English ( ) E. abbot
( ) F. skirt
English ( ) G. sunu
28. Modern English ( ) H. lernen
29. Germanic family ( ) I. freight
( ) J. Norwegian
IV.Study the following words or expressions and identify types of morphemes underlined.
31. earth ( ) ( )
33. predictor ( ) 34. radios ( )
35. prewar ( ) 36. happiest ( )
37. antecedent ( ) 38. northward ( )
38. sun ( ) 40. diction ( )
V. Define the following terms.
41. free morphemes 42. bound morphemes 43. root 44. stem
VI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.
46. Describe the characteristics of Old English .
47. Describe the characteristics of Middle English.
48. Describe the characteristics of Modern English.
VII. Answer the following questions with examples.
49. What are the three main sources of new words
50. How does the modern English vocabulary develop
Key to exercises:
I.
II. English 17. Leveled endings 18. analytic 19. Germanic (1700-up to the present )
III.21. D 22. E 23. F 24. A 25. G 26. I 27. H 28. B 29. J 30. C
IV.31. free morpheme/ free root 32. bound root 33. suffix 34. inflectional affix
35. prefix 36. Inflectional affix 37. prefix 38. suffix 39. free morpheme/free root
root
( See the course book )
VII. 49. The three main sources of new words are :
(1)The rapid development of modern science and technology ,. astrobiology, green
revolution ;
(2)Social , economic and political changes; . Watergate, soy milk;
(3)The influence of other cultures and language; . felafel, Nehru Jackets.
50. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: (1) creation, . consideration, carefulness; (2) semantic change, . Polysemy, homonymy ; (3) borrowing ;. tofu, gongful. Chapter 3 The Development of the English Vocabulary and Chapter 4 Word Formation II（练习3）
I． Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.
1.The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called _______.
A.reversative prefixes
B. negative prefixes
C. pejorative prefixes
D. locative
prefixes
2.The prefixes contained in the following words are called ______: pseudo-friend, mal practice,
mis trust.
A. reversative prefixed
B. negative prefixes
C. pejorative prefixes
D. locative prefixes
3.The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________.
A. reversative prefixed
B. negative prefixes
C. pejorative prefixes
D. locative prefixes
4.The prefixes in words extra-strong, overweight and arch bishop are _____ .
A . negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes
5.The prefixes in words bi lingual ,uni form and hemis phere are ________.
A. number prefixes
B. prefixes of degree or size
C. pejorative prefixes
D. locative
prefixes
are contained in words trans-world, intra-party and fore head.
A.Prefixes of orientation and attitude
B. Prefixes of time and order
C. Locative prefixes
D. Prefixes of degree or size
7. Rugby ,afghan and champagne are words coming from ________.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/807182983.html,s of books
B. names of places
C. names of people
D. tradenames
8. Omega,Xerox and orlon are words from _________.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/807182983.html,s of books
B. names of places
C. names of people
D. tradenames
, fore tell and post-election contain________.
A.negative prefixes
B. prefixes of degree or size
C. prefixes of time and order
D. locative prefixes
10.Mackintosh, bloomers and cherub are from _______
A. names of books
B. names of places
C. names of people
D. tradenames
11.The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________.
A.negative prefixes
B. prefixes of degree or size
C. prefixes of time and order
D. miscellaneous prefixes
12.The prefixes in words anti-government , pro student and contra flow are _____-.
A.prefixes of degree or size
B. prefixes of orientation and attitude
C. prefixes of time and order
D. miscellaneous prefixes
13.Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________.
https://www.360docs.net/doc/807182983.html,s of books
B. names of places
C. names of people
D. tradenames
14.The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are ______.
A. noun suffixes
B. verb suffixes
C. adverb suffixes
D. adjective suffixes
15.The suffixes in words height en, symbol ize are ________.
A. noun suffixes
B. verb suffixes
C. adverb suffixes
D. adjective suffixes
II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.
16. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stem. This process is also known as_____.
, also called ________, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems . Words formed in this way are called _________.
18. __________ is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.
19. _________ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus
a part of another word . Words formed in this way are called blends or _____words.
20 A common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called _______.
III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to types of suffixation.
A B
21. Concrete denominal noun suffixes ( ) A. priceless
22. Abstract denominal noun suffixes ( ) B. downward
23. Deverbal noun suffixes(denoting people.) ( ) C. engineer
24. Deverbal nouns suffixes( denoting action, etc) （） D. darken
25. De-adjective noun suffixes （）Ｅviolinist
26. Noun and adjective suffixes ( )
27. Denominal adjective suffixes ( ) G. arguable
28. Deverbal adjective suffixes ( )
29. Adverb suffixes ( ) I. adulthood
30. Verb suffixes ( ) J. survival
IV.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of clipping 2) types of acronymy and write the full terms.
( ) 32. stereo ( ) 33. flu ( ) 34. pub ( ) 35. c/o ( )
36. V-day ( ) 37. TB ( ) 38. disco ( ) ( ) 40. perm ( )
V.Define the following terms .
41. acronymy 42. back-formation 43. initialisms 44. prefixation 45.
suffixation
VI. Answer the following questions with examples.
46. What are the characteristics of compounds
47. What are the main types of blendings
48. What are the main types of compounds
VII. Analyze and comment on the following:
49. Use the following examples to explain the types of back-formation.
(1) donate ----donation emote----emotion
(2) loaf—loafer beg------beggar
(3) eavesdrop---eavesdropping babysit---babysitter
(4) drowse—drowsy laze---lazy
50. Read the following sentence and identify the types of conversion of the italicized words.
(1) I’m very grateful for your help. (2) The rich must help the poor.
(3)His argument contains too many ifs and buts. (4) They are better housed and clothed.
(5) The photograph yellowed with age. (6) We downed a few beers.
Key to exercises :
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. B
5. A
II. 16. derivation , compounds 18. Conversion 19. Blending(pormanteau)
III. 22. I 23. H 24. J
. Front clipping, earthquake
32. Back clipping, stereophonic
and back clipping, influenza
clipping, public house
35. Initialisms, care of
36. Acronyms, Victory Day
37. Initialisms, tuberculosis
38. Back clipping, discotheque
39. Front clipping, helicopter
40. Phrase clipping, permanent waves
V-VI. (See the course book)
. There are mainly four types of back-formation.
(1)From abstract nouns (2) From human nouns (3) From compound nouns and others
(4) From adjectives
50. (1)Verb to noun (2) Adjective to noun (3) Miscellaneous conversion to noun
(4 ) Noun to verb (5) Adjective (6) Miscellaneous conversion to verb
Chapter 5 Word Meaning (练习4)
I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.
1. A word is the combination of form and ________.
A. spelling
B. writing
C. meaning
D. denoting
2._______is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human
mind.
A. Reference
B. Concept
C. Sense
D. Context
3.Sense denotes the relationships _______the language.
A. outside
B. with
C. beyond
D. inside
4. Most English words can be said to be ________.
A. non-motivated
B. motivated
C. connected
D. related
is a(n) _______motivated word.
A. morphologically
B. semantically
C. onomatopoeically
D. etymologically
6.Hopeless is a ______motivated word.
A. morphologically
B. onomatopoeically
C. semantically
D. etymologically
7.In the sentence ‘ He is fond of pen ’ , pen is a ______ motivated word.
A. morphologically
B. onomatopoeically
C. semantically
D. etymologically
8.Walkman is a _______motivated word.
A. onomatopoeically
B. morphologically
C. semantically
D. etymologically
9.Functional words possess strong _____ whereas content words have both meanings, and lexical
meaning in particular.
A. grammatical meaning
B. conceptual meaning
C. associative meaning
D. arbitrary meaning
unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual.
A.Stylistic meaning
B. Connotative meaning
C. Collocative meaning
D. Affective meaning meaning indicates the speaker’s _______towards the person or thing in question.
A. feeling .
B. liking
C. attitude
D. understanding
12. _________ are affective words as they are expressions of emotions such as oh, dear me, alas.
A. Prepositions
B. Interjections
C. Exclamations
D. Explanations
13. It is noticeable that _______overlaps with stylistic and affective meanings because in
a sense both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocations.
A.conceptual meaning
B. grammatical meaning
C. lexical meaning
D. collocative meaning
the same language, the same concept can be expressed in ______.
A. only one word
B. two words
C. more than three
D. different words
is the relationship between language and the ______.
A. speakers
B. listeners
C. world
D. specific country
II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.
16.In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their ______
https://www.360docs.net/doc/807182983.html,pounds and derived words are ______ words and the meanings of many are the sum total
of the morphemes combined.
18. _______ refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.
19. The meanings of many words often relate directly to their ______. In other words the history
of the word explains the meaning of the word.
20. Lexical meaning itself has two components : conceptual meaning and _________.
III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of motivation 2) types of meaning.
A B
21. Onomotopooeic motivation ( ) A. tremble with fear
22. Collocative meaning ( ) B. skinny
23. Morphological motivation ( ) C. slender
24. Connotative meaning ( ) D. hiss
25. Semantic motivation ( ) E. laconic
26. Stylistic meaning ( ) F. sun (a heavenly body)
27. Etymological motivation ( )
28. Pejorative meaning ( ) H. home
29. Conceptual meaning ( ) I. horse and plug
30. Appreciative meaning ( ) J. pen and aword
the following words or expressions and identify 1)types of motivation 2) types of meaning.
31. neigh ( ) 32. the mouth of the river ( )
33. reading-lamp ( ) 34. tantalus ( )
35. warm home ( ) 36. the cops ( )
37. dear me ( ) 38. pigheaded ( )
39. handsome boy ( ) 40. diligence ( )
III.Define the following terms .
41. motivation 42. grammatical meanings 43. conceptual meaning 44. associative meaning 45. affective meaning
IV.Answer the following questions . Your answers should be clear and short.
46. What is reference 47. What is concept 48. What is sense
V.Analyze and comment on the following.
49. Study the following words and explain to which type of motivation they belong.
50. Explain the types of associative meaning with examples.
Key to exercises:
I. 1. C
II.16. meanings motivation meaning
III.21. D
IV.31. Onomatopoeic motivation 32. Semantic motivation
33. Morphological motivation 34. Etymological motivation
35. Connotative meaning meaning
37. Affective meaning 38. pejorative
39. collocative meaning 40. appreciative
V-VI. See the course book.
VI.49. (1) Roar and buzz belong to onomatopoeic motivation.
(2)Miniskirt and hopeless belong to morphological motivation.
(3) The leg of a table and the neck of a bottle belong to semantic motivation.
(4) Titanic and panic belong to etymological motivation.
50. Associative meaning comprises four types:
(1)Connotative meaning . It refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the
conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations. It is not an essential part of the word-meaning, but associations that might occur in the mind of a particular user of the language. For example, mother , denoting a ‘female parent’, is often associated with ‘love’, ‘care’, etc..
(2)Stylistic meaning. Apart feom their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic
features, which make them appropriate for different contexts. These distinctive features form the stylistic meanings of words . For example, pregnant, expecting, knockingup, in the club, etc., all can have the same conceptual meaning, but differ in their stylistic values.
(3)Affective meaning. It indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing
in question. Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories :appreciative or pejorative. For example, famous, determined are words of positive overtones;
notorious, pigheaded are of negative connotations implying disapproval, contempt or criticism.
(4)Collocative meaning. It consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation.
In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. For example, we say : pretty girl, pretty garden; we don’t say pretty typewriter. But sometimes there is some overlap between the collocations of the two words.
Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field (练习5)
of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.
1.Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to ______.
A. English only
B. Chinese only
C. all natural languages
D. some natural languages
2.From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development
of the semantic structure of one and same word .
A. linguistic
B. diachronic
C. synchronic
D. traditional
3._______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the
secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.
A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection
4. _________ is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.
A. Derivation
B. Radiation
C. Inflection
D. Concatenation
important criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______.
A. spelling
B. pronunciation
C. etymology
D. usage
6. ________refer to one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.
A. Polysemants
B. Synonyms
C. Antonyms
D. Hyponyms
7. The sense relation between the two words tulip and flower is _______.
A. hyponymy
B. synonymy
C. polysemy
D. antonymy
8. _________ are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, . bow/bau/; bow/beu/.
A. Homophones
B. Homographs
C. Perfect homonyms
D. Antonyms
9. The antonyms: male and female are ______.
A. contradictory terms
B. contrary terms
C. relative terms
D. connected terms
10.The antonyms big and small are ______.
A. contradictory terms
B. contrary terms
C. relative terms
D. connected terms
11.The antonyms husband and wife are ______.
A. contradictory terms
B. contrary terms
C. relative terms
D. connected terms
https://www.360docs.net/doc/807182983.html,position and compounding in lexicology are words of _______.
A. absolute synonyms
B. relative synonyms
C. relative antonyms
D. contrary antonyms
13.As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly ______, they are often employed
in a conversation to create puns for desired effect of humor, sarcasm or ridicule.
A. homographs
B. homophones
C. absolute homonyms
D. antonyms
14.From the diachronic point of view, when the word was created, it was endowed with only
one meaning . The first meaning is called ______.
A. primary meaning
B. derived meaning
C. central meaning
D. basic meaning
15.Synchronically, the basic meaning of a word is the core of word-meaning called_______.
A. primary meaning
B. derived meaning
C. central meaning
D. secondary meaning
II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.
16.One important criterion for differentiation of homonyms from polysemants is to see their
____, the second principal consideration is ________.
17.In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one ______whereas homonyms
are listed as separate ______.
18.The differences between synonyms boil down to three areas : _______, connotation ,and _____.
19. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a
more specific word is included in that of another more general word. The general words are called the _____terms and the more specific words are called the _____ terms.
20. The massive word store of a language like English can be conceived of as composed around
a number of meaning areas. Some large, such as ‘philosophy’ or ‘emotions’, other
smaller, such as ‘kinship’ or ‘color’. Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of ______.
III. Match the words or expression in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) discrimination of synonyms 2) types of antonyms 3) sources of synonyms.
A B
21. difference in denotation ( ) A. dead/alive
22. borrowing ( ) B. handy/ manual
23. dialects and regional English ( ) C. old / young
24. contradictory terms ( ) D. answer the letter / reply to the letter
25. figurative and euphemistic use of words ( ) E. jim
26. contrary terms ( ) F. want/wish/desire
27. difference in connotation ( ) G. dreamer /star-gazer
28. coincidence with idiomatic expressions ( ) H. employer / employee
29. difference in application ( ) I. help/ lend one a hand
30. relative terms ( ) J. foe / enemy
the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of synonyms 2) origins of homonyms 3) processes of word-meaning development.
( ) 32. word building/word formation ( )
33. candidate ( ) 34. bow/bau/ and bow /beu/ ( )
35. NOW ( ) 36. dear/ deer ( )
from ear ( ) 38. fair from feria ( )
39. bank /bank ( ) 40. change / alter/vary ( )
V.Define the following terms .
41. radiation 42. concatenation 43. antonymy 44. hoponymy 45. semantic field VI.Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.
46.What are the origins of homonyms
47. What are sources of synonyms
48.What are the characteristics of antonyms
VII.Analyze and comment on the following.
49. Divide the following words into four groups and give the superordinate terms:
bark, boat, drum, harp, lute. Microscope. Mirror, destroyer, cruiser, piano, tectangle,
rhomboid, rhombus, ship, spectacles, spectroscope, square, telescope, trapezium, violin. 50. Write the following words into a tree-like graph:
vegetable, meat, pork, beef, turnip, carrot, bread, food, cake, cornflakes, cereal.
Key to exercises :
I. 1. C 14. A
II.16. etymology, semantic relatedness , entries , application 19. superordinate, subordinate theory
III.21. F 29. D
IV.31. radiation 32. perfect synonym 33. concatenation 34. homograph
35. shortening 36. homophone 37. change in sound and spelling
38. borrowing 39. perfect homonym 40. relative synonym
V-VI. (See the course book )
VII. 49. (1. ) spectacles, mirror, telescope, microscope, spectroscope. Superordinate : optical instruments (2) harp, lute , violin, piano, drum Superordinate: musical instruments
(3) boat , ship, bark, destroyer, cruiser Superordinate: water craft
(4)square, rectangle, rhomboid , rhomboid, rhombus, trapezium Superordinate: quadrilaterals
50.food
_________________________________________________________
meat vegetable cereal
pork beef turnip carrot bread cake cornflakes
Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning and Chapter 8 Meaning and Context (练习６)
I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the
one that would best complete the statement.
1.The original meaning of manuscript is ________.
A.any author’s writing
B. handwriting
C. any author’s works
D. a piece of
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第五章 词汇： reference n.所指 Concept n.概念 identical adj. 同一的；完全相同的 Motivation 理据 Onomatopoeic 拟声的 echoic 拟声的 morphological 形态的 opaque adj. 不透明的；不传热的；迟钝的 literal adj. 文字的；逐字的；无夸张的 figurative 形态的 associations 联想 Etymological 词源 monogamous 单配的 constant adj. 不变的 indeterminate 不确定的 archaic 旧的 Interjections 感叹词 overlaps n. 重叠部分 revealed v. 透露 要点： 一. 1.Reference –the relationship between language and the world.(cat,"she""annimal"ect.) ｛The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is a rbitrary and conventional. This connection is the result of generalization and abstraction. Although reference is abstract，yet with the help of context， it can refer to something specific. ｝
2.Concept–which beyond language, is the result of human cognition,reflecting the objective world in the human mind. It isn’t affected by language. Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical. Meaning belongs to language，so is restricted to language use. A concept can have as many referring expressions as there are language in the world. 3.Sense – (the meaning of meaning.) denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language. It is also abstraction. 二.Motivation-accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its mean ing. English does have words whose meanings can be explained to a certain extent. Most words are non-motivated. The connection of the sign and meaning dose not have a logical explanation. 1.Onomatopoeic Motivation – the words whose sounds suggest their meaning. （Indicate the relationship between sound and meaning）. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. These words we created by imitating the natural sounds or noises. (For example，bang，ping-pang，crow by cocks，etc. ) Such echoic words are also conventional for the sounds we say in English may not be the same in other language.