如何正确的使用新概念提高自己的写作能力 2

如何正确的使用新概念提高自己的写作能力 2
如何正确的使用新概念提高自己的写作能力 2

如何正确的使用新概念提高自己的写作能力(续)

2013-03-2011:29:22关注我的人都知道,上阶段我有篇臭名昭著极度恶俗的聊骚日记上主页了这里是正篇,请看到了立刻开始按照文章的方法去做

当然,介绍的还是英语写作基础,想要知道英语写作提升和飞跃的方法,买书吧各位哈哈哈

如何循序渐进的提高自己的综合英文写作口语水平

除了口语之外,很多人最头痛的就是写作了,但如果秉着头痛医头脚痛医脚的观念来教人提高英文,口语不好就练口语,写作不好就练写作,那么一辈子也学不好——前面我们已经提了多次,语言的输出能力水平(说和写)低下,往往是因为输入的量实在太少,如果本来听和读的就特别少,这个时候强行去开口说话提笔写字,最后获得的所谓进步往往只是空中楼阁不堪一击

这点也是为什么一提到练习英语,很多人主张去开口多说话,有的人去练习很有用,而有的人练习没多大进步甚至越练越差的原因——每个人的输入量不同,相应的基础和水平也不同,如果你都没平时的积累,没有弹药,又怎么去输出练习呢?单纯一味千篇一律的对所有人都说practice往往并不能makes perfect,而是practice makes permanent retarded

所以我们这里讨论的写作输出的练习方法,都是建立在Krashen老先生的假说上的,这里的假说,我们要借用三个

1,Natural Order,自然习得语言的顺序——小孩说母语都是先听懂会说,然后再阅读和写作的,也就是说,首先你的英文听力语感要有一个足够好的基础,然后才能使用本章介绍的方法,先练习听说,然后再练习读写

2,i+1:材料的选择要比自己的水平高一点点,循序渐进,在这条原则的指导下,我们需要选择一套完整的,由易入难的教材,这个我们稍后说

3,情绪机制:所学的材料和所用的方法要足够有趣,可以激发学习者的学习兴趣,越学越想学,能坚持下去

根据以上三条假说,我们对即将使用本方法的对象提出三点要求

1,首先,确定你已经完成了把我们之前的任务都完成了,起码,你要搞定ESLPOD才行——相应的自测水平是,你发音比较标准,口语算一般性流利,而且慢速听力完全没问题了,有了这个基础,才可以开始练习,如果没有达到就强行练习,由此产生的任何不良反应(比如练习很久没什么进步,走火入魔等等),笔者一概不负责任

2,我们需要的设备包括:手机词典(请按照前一章自己安装一个),一支笔,一个大点的笔记本,一个很小的可供随身携带的笔记本

词典软件中需要安装的词库包括:牛津学生英语搭配词典,朗文当代英文词典,牛津同义词词典等等

3,让大家大吃一惊的是,我们这里要选择的教材是:《新概念英语》2,3,4册,另外加一本语法书——文法俱乐部

为什么选择新概念,因为它的课文几乎就是根据二语习得理论设计的,首先文章短小精悍风趣幽默,让学生学习兴趣浓厚,符合情绪机制,其次整套书的文字难度循序渐进,没有特别明显的难度跨越,非常符合i+1理论——那个时候Krashen都不知道在玩蛋儿呢,二语习得也根本没人研究,所以说LG Alexander牛逼就牛在这个地方——他超越了时代的局限,提出了的先进教学法一直沿用到现在

经是好经,可惜国内念经的和尚都是吃喝嫖赌的不清净之徒,我明白很多人推荐大量背诵新概念的短文来提高英文能力,这种无意识的背诵行为在英文教学中称之为Rote Learning,是任何外语学习初期阶段几乎无法避免的,但也仅仅局限在初期阶段而已,因为它严重违反了二语习得理论中的情绪机制,没有学生是愿意死记硬背,这种过于枯燥低效方法会严重的打击学生的积极性,更对大家的毅力是一种极大的损耗,这种错误的方法被很多人宣传可以说是大家学不好英文的罪魁祸首,所以Rote Learning没有任何值得大规模推广和普及的意义,希望大家注意这点

好了,下面我们就来开始手把手演示,拿每一册的新概念英语课本来提高各位的阅读和写作水平

当然,首先请大家购买一套新概念课本和课文CD,理论上我们建议最好使用85年的BBC 母带那个录音版本,在网络上仔细搜也能搜到,如果不方便上网,外研社的也勉强可以使用

一,新概念英文2的使用办法

1,快速扫描下生词,这个我们不说了,不过NCE2的单词量在2000左右,相信大家问题不大

2,认真听录音2-3遍

3,重头戏开始,我们开始做变换人称的retelling写作

如何操作呢?

拿第一课A Private Conversation举例,原文如下

Last week I went to the theatre.I had a very good seat.The play was very interesting.I did not enjoy it.A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me.They were talking loudly.I got very angry...

这个时候,我们可以发挥想象力,用不同的人称来叙述这个故事了

首先以主人公的姑妈视角写作

Last week my nephew went to the theatre.He had a very good seat...

还可以以不讲礼貌的男女中任何一位视角写作

Last week,my girlfriend and I went to the theater...

事实上,只要你愿意发挥想象力,每一个故事都可以用两到三种人称视角来复述仿写,比如第三课Please Send Me a Card,就可以用作者的朋友,大堂经理,大堂服务员的角度来复述

一般来说,一天一篇,每篇用两个人称来复述就可以了,也就是一天写两篇小作文

写的时候注意下,发挥想象力固然是好,但是不要玩脱玩大了,尽量中规中矩,以扎扎实实练好自己写句子的能力为主要目的,像我小站里面很多成员会瞎想,写到最后如来和上帝都介入到主人公的纠纷中,这个就很不好,尽量依照原文的情节来仿写,避免不必要的瞎发挥,因为有必要看这本书的人,英文水平远没有好到可以编写小说的程度

如果写的时候不确定文章时态用过去时还是现在时,那么就直接采用原文的时态比较好

还有,有些同学可能一开始比较写的比较困难,那么很简单,当你遇到不会的表达的时候,可以直接抄写原文!但是注意这不是简单的抄写,而是你苦思冥想之后的有意识的吸收,印象绝对比你背诵这篇文章500遍来的深刻的多

但仅仅是写两篇小作文是不够的!下面的两个步骤更加重要!

4,写完之后的整理工作

写作时候我们必不可免的会遇到很多好词好句,尤其是那些我们平时到了嘴边却不会表达的概念,通过这种仿写会让你学到很多这类表达,而且会注意到很多平时自己没有注意的语法小错误,比如说我写完了第二课,知道了,get up late的late不可以用lately,仿写完第8课The Best and the Worst之后,我知道参加比赛不仅可以用join和take part in,还可以用enter for,而这类表达和你死记硬背词汇表得到的完全不同,这些是你通过上下文和自己动脑筋思考之后得到的主动词汇,以后就能有意识的使用了,可是这个时候,我们有必要把每篇文章中比较好的短语统统都背下来么?怎么取舍呢?

前面也说了,背诵是没用的,也太枯燥了,可是看到好词好句不想放过怎么办?这个时候透析法帮了你大忙了:每篇文章,只可以记录一个用法和相应例句,最多两个,连同课文标题记录在小小的本子里,其它的统统扔掉不看,透析的原理伍老师已经说的很清楚,我们就不再赘述了

这样可以最大限度的激活你的笔头表达能力,充实你的主动词汇库,最重要的,不会让词汇和表达,成为你的累赘——每次只记录一个,然后时时刻刻能用起来越用越顺畅,比你一次记录10或者死记硬背100个句子,然后就抛诸脑后死活不会再用要好的多

5,一个月后的修改工作

由于我在小站已经开始集体的写作练习教程,从已有的结果上我们很惊讶的发现,很多人的仿写烂的一塌糊涂,最基本的动词第三人称单数和时态都会写错,这个时候要么是自己的水平远远没有达到此方法所需要的标准,要么是平时确实太过粗心大意,这个时候怎么办呢?

指望别人修改自己作文根本是不切实际的,而且没多大用:每个人都会说好文章是改出来的——可是你们仔细想想,小时候老师给你批改了那么多作文真的有用么?哪个作家不是通过大量的读,大量的练习写来提高写作水平的?

这里,我们要教大家一个简单的自我反馈和自我监测机制,也就是通过时间遗忘来修改提高自己

什么意思呢?

你一天写一篇,连续写了30天了,也积累了一些用法了,对写作也有些心得了,起码某些白痴错误不会犯了,这个时候,你每天写完和整理好一篇新课文之后,要做一个额外的练习

翻开你30天以前写的文章,开始,改!

如何改

1)看语法错误,最基本的有没有出现人称用错,动词用错,时态用错

2)整理推敲用词和表达,有没有更好的表达,遇到自己觉得表达不好的地方,查牛津同义词词典和牛津学生搭配词典已经朗文当代,替换一个更准确的表达

3)替换完毕之后,如果你觉得还算满意,那么添加到自己小的笔记本原课文标题下面,老规矩——1课,只添加1个不错的表达,不要小瞧这个小本儿,如果你坚持做下来,一两年之后你就有了一个自己习惯用语的标准语料库,这个库比Collins和BBC的word bank对你的存在意义都大的多,从某种意义上说,你以后的用词水平,会比写暮光之城和50度灰那些作家要好的多

这样你每天的活动就是写一篇,然后改一篇,大约20分钟就可以搞定

这个是最有趣的写作练习方法

附注:高水平的学习者如何使用本书

有的人可能觉得新概念2开始太简单了,或者有人写了50课水平有了明显进步,没啥动力写了,这个时候怎么办呢?

把笔头练习换成口头练习!

首先听录音一两遍,然后自己复述,在复述的时候使用手机来录音,复述结束自己开始听,挑不足的地方——可能是某个发音,可能是用词不当,把这些错误和原文对比,统统记录到

小本子里

然后再听一遍录音,接着再用同一个人称复述录音,听自己录音,觉得满意了,换一个人称,继续复述和录

两三个人称复述练习好了之后,开始录制一版自己最满意的录音,然后扔电脑硬盘里面

完成了30篇的口头复述之后,找出30天前录制的录音听下,挑挑错,查查同义词词典和搭配词典,看看有没更好的表达方式,然后记录到小本子里

96天,完成了96篇课文的retelling工作后,给自己放个小假,买件喜欢的衣服,我们开始学习第三本吧!

二,NCE3

第三册是全套NCE系列中的精华,包括在哥伦比亚大学读书的Shasha学姐也认为第三册书给让她的英文写作和表达能力终身受益,但第三册难度也开始增大了,虽然也是诙谐的小故事,但篇幅大幅度增加拉长,而且故事之中加入了大段的议论说理性文字,比如L50,New Year Resolutions第一段就是对平常人下决心的一段神吐槽,然后第二段才正式开始讲自己怎么犯二的去执行自己新年计划结果半途而废的故事

这些说理性文字用词精到准确,几乎篇篇都是精华,值得一读再读,很多文字也是对时世现象的精妙讽刺,文采飞扬的那种感觉,1967年,一个和蔼可亲的英国老爷爷,写出了这样美妙的文章,直到21世纪大洋彼岸的我们读完仍然可以会心一笑,真是妙不可言

但这个时候,简单的retelling手法就不够用了,无法彻底吃下这些美妙的英文表达和篇章了

怎么办呢?

第一个关键词:精读

1,买一支彩色的记号笔,开始读书,注意不要读中文解释,读的时候,最好把每个句子的动词都用彩笔标记出来,这样会大幅度提高你的长难句理解能力

2,使用自问自答模式进行句式替换练习

举例:Boxing matches were very popular in England two hundred years ago.In those days, boxers fought with bare fists for prize money.Because of this,they were known as 'prizefighters'.However,boxing was very crude,for these were no rules and a prizefighter could be seriously injured or even killed during a match.

那么可以自己自问自答

1)What was very popular in England200years ago?

2)When were the boxing maches very popular in England?

3)Where was the the boxing maches very popular200years ago?

这么一来,每句话都可以吃透,对自己记忆也非有帮助,但是耗时较长,每篇文章大约要读1个小时,不过非常值得,NCE3中每篇文章都值得精读

3,听力灌输,把NCE3的录音打开,零碎时间多听

第二个关键词,文章梗概的概括,也就是摘要写作啦

1,扫清一篇文章的生词

2,听录音或朗读课文3-4遍

3,根据印象,写出文章的梗概,如果觉得困难,翻开书到课后的习题,其中有一项,叫做Summary Writing,摘要写作,根据这道题目的提示,慢慢来写100字左右的故事梗概

4,根据自己的故事,换一个人称来叙述

5,两个月内完成,老规矩,每一课整理一道表达法,过了30天,开始改前面的作文,继续整理总结一道表达法

6,有些课文比较简单,所以可直接用NCE2的办法复述整理修改即可,不用还概括梗概摘要写作

7,写作时候要有意识的使用文法俱乐部中教给大家的长难句的写法

如此这般下来,两个月后,可以吸收NCE3中约30%左右的内容,当然想达到这本书中的写作水平几乎是不可能的——即便是现在我也很难能碰到这般令我爱不释手会心一笑的文章,但是这么操作,可以让你的英文基础得到最大的提升,NCE3学完之后,常见的考试和论文写作基本都可以达到优秀的程度

三,综合搞定新概念英语4

由于四本身就是直接从原版杂志摘录下来的篇章,而且风格和NCE整个系列都大变,从风趣诙谐的小短文变成了严肃的社科类说理类的文体,这个时候我们就把NCE4和各种知名的杂志比如经济学人时代周刊等等合并在一起讲讲,如何使用原版的文章来提高进一步的英文阅读和写作能力

1,我们需要你把《文法俱乐部》读完,这本书对英文是条理式的梳理,尤其是对各种句式的讲解独树一帜,以后自己阅读时候,都会不自觉的注意到句子的写法

2,我们还需要你多读原版文章,小说类的文字作为泛读,透析下reading for fun为主,杂志类的文章,除了透析生词外,我们还需要透析句子

有些同学可能喜欢做笔记,精读课上下来,笔记做了一大堆,自己看了都觉得烦,以后更不可能经常复习了,这样的精度办法其实是没必要的,使用透析阅读法来积累短语和句子即可,每篇文章,只积累一个句子或者用法,记录下来或者高亮。

3,积累多了之后,抽空做回译的练习,把句子先翻译成中文,然后再翻译成英文,对照着改,过了一段时间忘得差不多了,再回译,再改

除了以上说的这种透析写作法之外,还可以看一些国外的相关写作指导书籍

1,朗文的Writing Academic Essays系列,一共四本,推荐后两本,Introduction to Academic Wring和Writing Academic English,推荐雅思托福考试的同学也可以使用这两本书

2,Academic Writing for ESL Students2d ed:Essential Taks and Skills

这本书难度较高,适合要赴美读研的学生使用

以上三本书都有自己的策略和习题,我们就不妄加评论了,但是相比较The Elements of Style这类非常简单只针对母语人士写作的书籍,这类ESL的写作指导书籍往往更有针对性和实战型

祝君好运!

新概念英语3 课后摘要写作

Lesson 1 A puma at large 逃遁的美洲狮 The reports received by London Zoo that a puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London were similar in nature. A woman picking blackberries saw it first, but the puma moved from place to place,leaving a trail of dead deer and small animals. Paw prints and puma fur were found as well. ‘Cat-like noises'were heard at night and the animal was seen up a tree. Now experts were convinced that the animal really was a puma. (79 words) Lesson 2 Thirteen equals one 十三等于一 At one o'clock in the morning, the church clock striking the hours woke the vicar up as it struck thirteen times. The vicar went into the clock tower, taking a torch with him. He saw Bill Wilkins, the local grocer there and Bill explained he was trying to repair the clock but hadn't succeeded because at one o'clock it struck thirteen times. However, the vicar was pleased the bell was working and offered the grocer a cap of tea. (79 words).

新概念英语第二册课后摘要写作与选择答案

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