上海辰山植物园

上海辰山植物园

Shanghai Chenshan Botanic Garden

编者按：辰山植物园由中国科学院、国家林业局和上海市政府联合共建，邀请了英国、荷兰、德国、日本和北京、上海、深圳的国内外8家设计单位参与方案设计，经过11位国内外专家评审和两轮方案筛选，最终于2006年2月选定了德国瓦伦丁规划设计组合的方案为实施方案。经过4年多的建设，辰山植物园已基本建成。

Editor's note ：Shanghai Chenshan Botanic Garden is an important project hosted by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Forestry Administration and Shanghai Government. Eight design companies from the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Japan, Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen were invited to the design competition of Shanghai Chenshan Botanic Garden. After two rounds' selection by 11 experts from China and overseas, the winner was announced in the February of 2006 and it came to Design Group Valentien. With four years' construction, Shanghai Chenshan Botanic Garden is almost completed and has been opened to the visitors.

图01 区位图Fig.01 Ground Plan 图02 绿环草图

Fig.02 Initial sketch ring 图03 绿环方案图Fig.03 Scheme Ring 图04 总平面图Fig.04 Master plan

意大利帕多瓦植物园自建成以来，影响了人们对植物学以及多种植物的认知，植物园设计已成为风景园林师的重要任务之一。理想化的植物园设计是将来自全球各地的植物集中在一个空间，使植物既有科普性，又有观赏性。

上海辰山植物园面临一个认知和体验世界的新时代。人们逐渐意识到全球生态系统以及植物种类急剧消失所面临的危机。辰山植物园不再只是收集科普植物，同时还应展示多样化的植物群落及其生长环境。植物园应该唤起人们对地球生态系统美学以及生态危机的认识。

辰山植物园非常尊重中国园林文化的传统。我们延续了这一传统，同时又有所创新。植物园必须合理处理人与自然的关系，具有沟通、引导及休闲娱乐的功能，让那些来此寻找身心放松和获取科普信息的游客流连忘返。

1 场所特征

上海位于冲积平原之上，地处密集的长江三角洲。该三角洲由进入东海海域长江冲积而成，地域广阔，地势平坦。植物园所在地区拥有9座高达100m的小山丘，让人们想起景观的旧表层。场所刚好位于海平面之上，地下水位高。这里仍然以湿润的冲积平原景观为主，还有无数的运河、排水渠形成的水景。景色以农业景观、瓜果蔬菜以及渔业为特色，其间零星分布着小村庄。

然而，上海的景观在快速地变化。松江是上海西南边的一座卫星城市，它将成为新住宅开发区的核心。大型新房地产开发、私人住宅区如雨后春笋般涌现，同时还将修建一座新大学城和一个工业园。显然，这片地区已为未来的建设做好准备。上海辰山植物园也将会成为这座不断发展的大都市的公园。

2 设计理念

我们用西方的思维来处理场所，同时，我们也怀着好奇心，渴望理解中西园林文化的差异。我们运用典型的中国园林元素，努力将其转化到方案中，使其既满足现代植物园的需求，同时也使用新的形式语言进行表达。植物园的空间构成简单，三个主要空间构成要素——绿环、山体以及具有江南水乡特质的中心植物专类园区，反映辰山植物园场所精神。这个绿环形象征着世界。绿环内的山峦以及倒映着蓝天的湖泊展示了江南水乡特质的景观空间。这些充满活力的空间与周边环境融为一体，尽现自然之美。

主入口综合建筑、展览温室和植物研究中心等最重要的建筑全部融合在这个大型的绿环中，丰富的竖向变化形成具有雕塑感的大地艺术景观。

通过绿环上下起伏的地形塑造，为植物的生长创造了丰富多样的生境，形成乔木林、林荫道、疏林草地、孤赏树、林下灌丛以及花境等多层次的植物生长空间，具有较高生态效益。绿环上的各段将按照与上海相似的气候和地理环境，分别配植欧洲、美洲及亚洲等不同地理分区具代表性的引种植物。

植物园的中心是一个大湖区，展示自然和人工环境中的水生植物。湖区还分布着超过35个专类园，它们宛若独立的小岛，与一个连续的基础结构相连接。这些专类园的标高高于潮湿的底土层1m，被统一的护坡包围着，并设有天然石材铺装，在小岛四周的软土中形成坚实的重复图案。这些小岛颇

图04

具个性，凸显植物园特色，展示了几百年来人们对植物引种栽培的成果。

每个小岛展示着一个独特的植物世界。小岛的设计初衷是构成能反映江南水乡景观特质的岛屿状植物专类园，突显浓郁的地域风貌。小岛分别是玫瑰园、木犀园、植物造形园和水花园等等。游客在欣赏美景的同时，还可以学习到有用的知识。毗邻沼气植物的一个花园展示了生物能源作物的重要性。另一个花园展示了那些能够用于生产纤维的植物，如椰子树、剑麻和棉花等。一个种有橄榄树的小岛展示了不同的油料作物，另一个小岛则展示了不同颜色图案的染料植物。

3 可持续性

我们主要的目标是从建筑的规划到植物园的管理，建立一个可持续发展体系。这个植物园将会作为可持续建筑开发的示范项目。

项目地址：上海市松江区

项目面积：200hm2

其中植被区123hm2，水体区域34hm2，

铺装区36hm2，建筑区5hm2.

设计机构：瓦伦丁规划设计组合

景观设计：瓦伦丁+瓦伦丁城市规划与风景园林设计事务所

石涛泊+童玛亚 风景园林设计事务所

建筑设计：奥尔+韦伯+合伙人建筑设计公司

中国合作团队：

景观设计：上海市园林设计院

建筑设计：上海现代建筑设计（集团）有限公司

中德总协调人：丁一巨

撰文：克里斯朵夫?瓦伦丁、丁一巨

翻译：章健玲

校对：丁一巨

设计时间：2006年

建成时间：2010年

图片来源：图01-05由瓦伦丁规划设计组合提供；

图06-08和图10-11由塞风拍摄；

图09由克劳斯?莫莱纳拍摄

图05 水资源管理

Fig.05 Water Management

图06 全园鸟瞰

Fig.06 Parorama

图07 水生植物净化场

Fig.07 Reed bed purifi cation plants

图08 绿环廊架

Fig.08 Pergola

当地水体污染严重，将通过一个新修建的人工

湿地进行净化，并为植物园中央的湖泊进行补水。

这些建筑带有一个节能管理系统，其中包括一个生

态废水处理系统。

修建绿环和那些从原地形上升起来的专类园所

需费用不菲，也需要投入大量精力，但是至少使得

从中央湖泊挖出来的泥土能够在地形塑造场所上进

行再度利用。

4 展望未来

植物园会为不同年龄阶层的游客、在校学生

以及科学家提供学习和研究的机会。同时，它又是

上海居民休闲娱乐的好去处。植物园四周将修建餐

馆、船只和自行车租赁中心，一个儿童游乐园和一

个野营地。我们设计植物园的一个主要目标之一就

是要在科普教育和休闲娱乐之间寻找平衡。

图05

Designing Botanic Gardens is among the great tasks of landscape architects ever since the Botanic Garden in Padua has shaped the world’s view of botany and thus our understanding of the variety of plants. It is the utopian idea to concentrate the plants from all over the world in one space, and at the same time to give them a scientifi c and aesthetic look.

The Shanghai Chenshan Botanic Garden documents a new era, a different understanding and experience of the world. The understanding of the global danger to ecosystems and the knowledge about the dramatic loss of plant species is growing. The Chenshan Botanic Garden can no longer function just as a scientific plant collection, but must also exhibit the great variety of botanic communities and their habitats. The garden should awaken an understanding for the earth′s ecosystems in their beauty and for the danger they are exposed to.

Yet the garden remains within the tradition of Chinese garden culture. We continue with this tradition, but at same time create new images. The demand to deal with nature in a responsible way must be first dealt within the garden itself, it has to communicate, instruct, entertain and be memorable to visitors who are seeking relaxation as well as information.

1 The Site

Shanghai is built on alluvial land, located in an immense delta formed by the Yangtze River as it fl ows into the East China Sea. In a largely flat landscape

nine hills rise up to about 100 metres, referring back

to the landscape’s older subsurface. The land lies just slightly above sea level and the groundwater is close to the surface. A moist alluvial landscape still prevails, a ``water landscape′′ which is crossed by numerous canals and drainage channels. Agriculture, the cultivation of vegetables and fruits, and intensive fi sh farming characterise the scene. In between widely scattered villages can be found.

The landscape, however, is changing at a dramatic pace. Songjiang, a satellite city in south-western Shanghai, will become a centre of new residential development. Large new housing estates and exclusive residential areas are springing up everywhere along with a new university campus and business park. The land in this area has obviously been prepared for further construction and the Chenshan Botanic Garden will soon be an internal park in this continuously growing metropolis.

2 The Design

We approached the site with western eyes, at the same time, we were curious, and wanted to understand what was different, which dreams and hopes are linked to the Chinese landscape and garden. We accepted typical Chinese landscape elements and tried to translate them into a concept that complies the requirements of a modern Botanic Garden and uses a new formal language.

A strong formative intervention was necessary in order to create a distinct place in such heterogeneous surrounding. The spatial composition is simple. A graded ring surrounds an inner garden and one of the nine hills, Chenshan. The ring is a symbol for the world; the mountain within it, the lake where the sky is reflected in the water are the defining symbols and spatial motifs. The powerful dynamism of the spatial elements gives an orientation in a geographical as well as an aesthetic sense.

The most important buildings, the reception building with its exhibition halls, the greenhouses, and the botanical research centre, are all integrated into the large sculptured ring and form a morphological unit, a “built” landscape. On the elevated ring, with its slopes and level areas, a vegetative-geographical pathway leads through laurel woods from different continents. The forested ring will satisfy scientific requirements while at the same time remaining a generous and usable park. Modelled on a naturally occurring environment, small areas of woodland frequently alternate with open groves and groups of trees.

The heart of the garden is a large area consisting of several lakes, where aquatic plants are exhibited in both natural and artistic settings. More than 35 theme gardens are located in this area as single islands. They adhere to a consistent basic structure. They rise approximately one metre above the damp subsoil, are surrounded by uniformly sloped banks, have natural stone paving, and form a framework around a rigid and repetitive pattern in the soft soil around them. Individuality is readily apparent on these islands. Here the garden is celebrated, and the variety and splendour results from the cultivation of plants over hundreds of years are displayed.

Each island represents a distinct world of its own - with its own atmosphere and individual design. The aim is to promote the vegetative beauty in these areas: the rose garden, the Osmanthus garden, the topiary garden,

the water gardens, and much more. However besides enjoying the beauty people can also learn about useful aspects. A garden allocated next to the biogas plant demonstrates the importance of bioenergy crops; another garden displays plants that can be used for the production of fibres, such as coconut palm, hemp, sisal, and cotton. An island with an olive grove exhibits different oil-producing plants, another shows vegetables in colourful patterns.

3 The sustainability

And yet, our main objective was to develop a sustainable system, from the planning of the buildings to the operation of the garden. The garden will thus be able to function as an example and demonstration project for sustainable architectural development far beyond the actual site.

The local water that is heavily polluted will be purified in a new constructed wetland area and fed into the centre lakes; the buildings are equipped with an energy-efficient facility management system, including an ecological wastewater treatment system.

Building the embankment and the theme

gardens that rise out of the subsoil occurred costly, and required energy, but at least the soil excavated from the large centre lakes could be reused on site.

4 Perspective

The Botanical Garden will offer learning and research opportunities to people of all ages as well as to school classes and scientists. But at the same time it will be a place where inhabitants of Shanghai can spend the whole day to relax and recreate. There will be numerous restaurants, boat and bike rentals, a kindergarten and a campground. One of our main goals for the garden was to keep the balance between scientifi c purpose and local recreation.

Area balance: Total area 100% ca. 200 ha

Vegetated areas 62% 123 ha

Water 17% 34 ha

Paved surfaces 18% 36 ha

Buildings 3% 5 ha

Design documentation: Design Group Valentien

Landscape architecture: Valentien + Valentien Landschaftsarchitekten und Stadtplaner SRL

Straub + Thurmayr Landschaftsarchitekten

Architecture: Auer + Weber + Assoziierte GmbH

Chinese Partner:

Landscape Architecture: Shanghai Landscape Architecture Design Institute Co.,Ltd

Architecture: Shanghai Xiandai Architectural Design Group Co., Ltd

Germany – China Coordination: DING Yi-ju

Text: Christoph VALENTIEN and DING Yi-ju

Translation: ZHANG Jian-ling 图09 岩石药物园

Fig.09 Medical plant garden

图10 专类园片石护坡

Fig.10 Stone embankment in the theme gardens

图11 藤蔓园

Fig.11 Climbing plants

Proofreading: DING Yi-ju

Design Period: 2006

Completion: 2010

Photo Credit: Fig.01-05 Design Group Valentien; Fig.06-08, Fig.10-11Jan SIEFKE;Fig.09 Klaus MOLENAAR