研究生英语翻译六题

【英译汉】

18.The Beauty of Science

Judging from the science I know, including Eva and Ruth, and those I’ve read about, you can’t purse the laws of nature very long without bumping into beauty. “I don’t know if it’s the same beauty you see in the sunset,”

a friend tells me, “but it feels the same.” This friend is physicist, who has spent a long career deciphering what must be happening in the interior of stars. He recalls for me this thrill on grasping for the first time Dirac’s equations describing quantum mechanics, or those of Einstein describing relativity.” They are so beautiful,” he says,” you can see immediately they have to be true. Or at least on the way toward truth.” I ask him what makes a theory beautiful, and he replies,” Simplicity, symmetry, elegance, and power.”

Why nature should conform to theories we find beautiful is far from obvious. The most incomprehensible thing about the universe, as Einstein said, is that it’s comprehensible. How unlikely, that a short-lived biped on a two-bit planet should be able to gauge the speed of light, lay bare the structure of an atom, or calculate the gravitational tug of a black hole. We’re a long way from understanding everything, but we do understand a great deal about how nature behaves. Generation after generation, we puzzle out formulas, test them, and find, to an astonishing degree, that nature agrees. An architect draws designs on flimsy paper, and her buildings stand up through earthquakes. We launch a satellite into orbit and use it to bounce messages from continent to continent. The machine on which I write these words embodies hundreds of insights into the workings of the material world, insights that are confirmed by every burst of letters on the screen, and I stare at that screen through lenses that obey the laws of optics first worked out in detail by Isaac Newton.

By discerning patterns in the universe, Newton believed, he was tracing the hand of God. Scientists in our day have largely abandoned the notion of a Creator as an unnecessary hypothesis, or at least an untestable one. While they share Newton’s faith that the universe is ruled everywhere by a coherent set of rules, they cannot say, as scientists, how these particular rules came to govern things. You can do science without believed in a divine Legislator, but not without believing in laws.

译文

18. 科学之美

从我认识的科学工作者和丛书中读到的科学家的经历来看，只要去探寻自然法则，不用多久，就能与美不期而遇。一位朋友说，“我不敢肯定这就是夕阳西下时的那种美，但感觉上两者是相同的。”这位朋友是位物理学家，长期致力于破译天体内部的必然变化。他会想起第一次领悟狄拉克的量子力学等式和爱因斯坦的相对论等式时的兴奋感，“他们太美了，你一眼就可以肯出他们必定是正确的，或至少是接近正确。”当我问及是什么能使理论变得美丽时，他回答说：“简单、匀称、优雅、力量。”

自然界为何会与我们觉得美的理论相一致？这一问题远未明了。正如爱因斯坦所言，宇宙最不可理解之处就在于它是可以理解的。人类，一种生活在一个微不住道的星球上的两足动物，历史并不久远，竟能测算光速，揭示原子结构。并估算黑洞的万有引力，这是多么不可思议。我们远未能通晓万物，但我们确已对自然界的运作规律所知甚多。一代接着一代，我们琢磨出各种公式并加以检验，发现它们与自然界的吻合达到了令人惊讶的程度。建筑师在薄纸上绘图，按照图纸而建的建筑却能经受住地震的考验。我们将人造卫星发射倒轨道上，并通过它在各大洲之间返射信号。我输入这些文字所用的计算机包含了成千百种对这个物质世界运作方式的真知灼见，间屏幕上闪现的每一个字都是对这些见识的证实；而我注视屏幕时所透过的镜片则遵循了由艾萨克牛顿率先详细论述的光学原理。

牛顿相信，他在通过辨析宇宙结构模式来探索上帝的神力。我们这个时代的科学家们多半已摒弃了创世主这一概念。他们认为这是毫无必要，或至少是无法验证的假说。当他们与牛顿一样，坚信宇宙万物均由一套合乎逻辑的规则所制约时，作为科学家，他们不能断言这些规则具体是如何左右事态的。从事科学研究可不信上帝立法之说，但决不可不信其法则的存在。

6、上海位于长江入海口口，是中国最大的城市，同时也是一座历史文化名城和著名的旅游城市。上海市中国最大的经济中心，是全国最重要的工业基地，也是重要的贸易金融和文化中心。

在古代，上海就曾经是贸易港口、全国最大的棉织业中心、贸易大港和漕粮运输中心，被称为“江海之通津，东南之都会”。鸦片战争之后，上海辟为通商口岸，设立租界，设银行、办工厂、开洋行，中国主权一度失落。在近代，上海曾被称为“冒险家的乐园”，称为一个工商业畸形发展的城市。“两千年历史看西安，已千年历史看北京，一百年历史看上海”。上海市近现代中国的“缩影”。

今日的上海，交通四通八达，是中国最大的港口、华东地区最大的交通枢纽，沪宁、沪杭两条铁路干线的起点，又是中国重要航空中心和航空港之一。这里有发达的商业，是中国特大型综合性贸易中心和国际经济、金融、贸易中心之一。

上海具有中西交融的独特气质，极具现代化而又不失中国传统特色。在上海，有外滩老师的西洋建筑，也有浦东现代的摩天大厦，有徐家汇大教堂，也有玉佛寺。在这里沪剧、滑稽戏和交响乐、芭蕾舞同时被人们所欣赏，大家可以品尝本帮佳肴、各地小吃，也可以吃到法国大菜、美食快餐。

译文：Located on the Yangtze River（长江）, Shanghai is not only the largest city in China but also a famous city of history, culture and tourism. It is the biggest economic center and the most important industrial base in China, a hub of trade（贸易中心）, finance and culture as well.

In ancient times, Shanghai was a big trading port, the largest textile（纺织品）center in the country, and the center to transport grain（粮食，谷物）to the capital. People used to say Shanghai was the “port connecting rivers and oceans, and the capital of the southeast China”. After the Opium Wars（鸦片战争）, Shanghai was the opened to the West as a trading port. Western countries secured concessions, set up banks, established factories and opened their stores in Shanghai. China’s sovereignty was then severely challenged. In modern times, the lopsided（adj.不平衡的，倾斜一方的）development of industry and commerce（n.贸易）gave Shanghai a reputation as a city for adventurers（n.冒险家，投机商）. It is said that Xi’an reflects China’s history of 2,000years, while Beijing mirrors its history of 1,000 years. To know China’s history in the largest 100 years, you’d better look at Shanghai--the epitome（n.缩影，摘要）of modern and contemporary China （当代中国）.

Shanghai now has transport lines extending in all directions. It is the largest port in China, the largest transportation hub in East China, the starting point of Huning (Shanghai-Nanjing) and Huhang (Shanghai-Hangzhou) railways, an important aviation（n.航空，飞行术，飞机制造业）center of China, and one of the international aviation ports. With its advanced commerce, Shanghai is a super large comprehensive（adj.综合的，广泛的，有理解力的）trading center of China, and one of the international economic, financial and trading center.

Shanghai has the unique atmosphere of mixture of West and East , old and new. In Shanghai, the west building of the Bund retain much of their previous grandeur, while the skyscraper in Pudong are just as spectacular. There are also Xujiahui Cathedral and Jade Buddha Temple（玉佛寺）. In Shanghai one can enjoy the pleasure of watching Hu (Shanghai) Opera, farce（n.闹剧，喜剧）and ballet（芭蕾舞）, appreciating symphony（欣赏交响乐）. One can only taste local dishes （地方风味）and delicacies （佳肴）all over the country, but also enjoy French cuisine（法国菜）and American fast food（美国快餐）.

19、推荐信

尊敬的女士/先生：

我是清华大学人文学院的一名教授，郑重向您们推荐我校中文系四年级学生张秀芳女士去贵校研习。

张秀芳在清华大学人文学院中文系实验班读书四年，表现突出，绽露天才，如有机会深造，将来必有成就。

清华学院人文学院中文系实验班引导大学生从文学和文化的角度去攻读中外文学，力求他们在中西学术融汇方面打下坚实的基础。这个实验班卓有成效，培养了许多品学兼优的学生；张秀芳就是其中的佼佼者。他多次获奖并已经出版长篇小说两本，在多种报刊上发表作品数十篇。她在语言学、哲学、艺术、计算机、电影、戏剧等领域都选读过课程，并在多门兴趣浓厚的课程中取得了第一名。如果她有机会到美国研习，逐渐熟悉西方文化，将来在中西文化或中西文学的相互比较研究上将会有创造性的成就。

清华大学人文学院教授

张国泰

二00二年一月五日于中国北京

译文：

Dear Sir of Madam,

As a professor of School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, I seriously recommend Zhang Xiufang, a senior student of our department, to pursue her postgraduate student at your department.

Ms. Zhang has been studying in the experiment class of School of Humanities and Social Science for nearly four years, and she has distinguished herself in her studies and displayed her remarkable talent in almost every aspect. Give the chance of advanced education abroad, she will surely make great achievement in the near future.

The experiment class trains students to study Chinese and Western literature from the literature and culture perspective, trying to pave（vt.铺设，安排）a solid foundation for the students who are supposed to be accomplished in both Chinese study and Western Study. This class turns out to be quite a success, having brought up a lot of students of good character and fine scholarship, among whom Ms. Zhang is an outstanding one. She has been awarded scholarship every semester. She has published two novels and dozens of literary writing in several kinds of magazines and newspapers. What’s more, she has attended a lot of courses such as language, philosophy（n.哲学）, art, computer, film, drama（n.戏剧艺术）, ect., many of which with the highest marks in her class. If she is given the chance of advanced education in USA, and get acquainted with （开始知道）western culture, I believe she’ll make some pioneering achievements in both Chinese and Western cultures and literatures. Therefore, with great pleasure I write this letter to recommend her for her future study at your department.

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Sincerely yours

Zhang Guotai

Professor of School of Humanities

Tsinghua University

16. The Method of Science Investigation

The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. It is not that the scales in the one scale, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.

You will understand his better, perhaps, if I give you some familiar examples. You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract form Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories. And it is imagined by many that operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. To hear all these large words, you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently form that of his fellow men; but if you will not be frightened by terms, you will discover that you are quite wrong, and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives. There is a well-known incident in one of Moliere’s plays, where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose during the whole of his life. In the same way, I trust that you will take comfort, and be delighted with yourselves, on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period.

Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.

译文：

16. 科学研究的方法

科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精神而严谨解释的表达方式。科学家的智力活动和一个普通的人的智力活动之间并没有多大差异。如果说有什么差异的话，这差异就像面包师傅或肉商的操作方法那样，用普通的磅称称出货物的重量，而化学家则通过天平和精细的砝码进行艰难而复杂的分析。除此之外，再没有其他更多差异了。这并不是说面包师或肉商所用的磅称和化学家所用的天平在构造原理或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因而在计量上必然更准确得多。

然后他们根据这些规律，用自己的某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们的理论。很多人以为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专业训练才能掌握。听到所有这些夸大的字眼，你可能会认为科学家的头脑一定与常人不同；但是如果你不为一些术语所吓倒，你将会发现，这种想法完全大错特错：你的日常生活中无时无刻不在使用所有这些可怕的思维器官。在莫里哀的戏剧中有一个著名的插曲，戏中作者让主人翁得知，自己整个一生中一直在谈散文，因此而表达出极大的喜悦。同理，如果你发现自己在同一期间一直在按照归纳和推理的宗旨原则行事，那么我相信你将为此感到安慰，你会为自己而感到欣喜。

在座的诸位中，大概不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动，这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动是完全一样的——尽管复杂程度不同，在类型上没有什么差别。

20.The Study of Law and Journalistic Reporting

The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline（一种基本知识训练）in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature（特色）of undergraduate programs（本科课程）in Canadian universities. Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions（体系）as the special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continenta（adj.大陆的）l view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.

If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgement. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.

But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories. Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the lagal system.

译文：

20．法律学习和新闻报道

百数年来，法律学习在欧洲的大学中一直被认为是一种基本知识训练。然而，只是在最近几年他才成了加拿大大学本科课程中的一大特色。从传统上看，法律知识在这类学校里一直被视为是律师所专有的，而不是一个受教育者的知识素养的必要的组成部分。令人高兴的是，更为传统、更具欧洲大陆见解的法律教育正在加拿大众多高校开设自己的课程，一些院校甚至已开始授予法律本科学位。

如果说法律学习正在开始立足于高校，成为普通教育的重要的部分，那么其目标和方法应该对新闻教育家具有直接的吸引力。法学是一门提倡负责任的审判的学科。它一方面为分析诸如正义、民主和自由之类的理念提供各种机会，另一方面这一科学把这些概念结合到日常生活中，这种做法与新闻记者每天报道和评论新闻时的方式相同。譬如说，证据和事实的概念、基本权利和公众的兴趣的概念，这些概念在新闻判断和处理过程中所起的作用与在法院中的作用并无二致。通过吸取法律知识、用法律思索做出敏锐的判断，这是一个新闻记者为自己职业生涯所做的知识准备中最好不过的成分。

但是，认为新闻记者应比普通公民更加透彻地理解法律，这种看法是基于他们对新闻媒体业已确立的规约和特殊责任的理解。政治，或更广义的讲，国家的机能，是新闻工作者面临的一个重要主题。他们对国家的运作机制了解得越充分，他们的报道就越好。事实上，很难设想那些对加拿大宪法而基本要点缺乏清晰理解的加拿大新闻记者能胜任政治新闻的报道工作。

此外，法律体系以及在这一体系内部所发生的事件是新闻记者的主要报道对象。法律新闻的质量差别很大，同时很多新闻记者也过分依赖律师所提供的解释。尽管律师的见解和反应会提高报道的质量，但新闻记者凭借他们自己对重要性的理解自行做出判断则更为可取。这些正确的判断只能来自对法律体系有充分根据的理解。

【汉译英】

1、翻译是指把一种语言文字的意义转化成另一种语言文字。简言之，翻译这是一种用不同的语言文字将原文作者的意思准确的再现出来的艺术。从以上翻译的定义我们知道，原文的思想应该尽可能的得到保持，不可有所增减。译者的任务只是转换文字而不是改变其意思。因此，翻译有两种要素：准确性和表达性。准确性是翻译的首要条件。译者需要紧身的遵循作者的意思，所选用的字词和句式结构必须如实的传达出原文的思想。表达性是让译文易于理解。换言之，译者必须用自己的手段尽可能的将原文的思想清楚而有力的表达出来。准确性使译文的思想明确无误，而表达性则使译文生动，更具魅力。

译文：

1、Translation means the conversion of an expression from one language into another. To say it plainly（adv.明白地、坦率地，直白地）, translation is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original（原始的，最初的）. From the above definition of translation we know that the original thought of the expression must be kept as far as possible. Nothing should be added to or taken away from the original work. The duty of the translator is simply to change the vocabulary, not the thought. In translation therefor, there are two essential elements: accuracy and expressiveness. Accuracy is the first indispensable （n.不可缺少的）quality of translation. The translation must cautiously stick to the author’s idea. Words selected and sentences constructed must be such as to convey the exact original thought. Expressiveness is to make the translation readily understood. In other words, the translator must express his author’s idea as clearly and as forcibly as he can by the medium he employs. Accuracy is to make the thought definite and exact; while expressiveness is to make the translation vivid and attractive.

7、上海位于长江入海口口，是中国最大的城市，同时也是一座历史文化名城和著名的旅游城市。上海市中国最大的经济中心，是全国最重要的工业基地，也是重要的贸易金融和文化中心。

Located on the Yangtze River（长江）, Shanghai is not only the largest city in China but also a famous city of history, culture and tourism. It is the biggest economic center and the most important industrial base in China, a hub of trade（贸易中心）, finance and culture as well.

在古代，上海就曾经是贸易港口、全国最大的棉织业中心、贸易大港和漕粮运输中心，被称为“江海之通津，东南之都会”。

In ancient times, Shanghai was a big trading port, the largest textile（纺织品）center in the country, and the center to transport grain（粮食，谷物）to the capital. People used to say Shanghai was the “port connecting rivers and oceans, and the capital of the southeast China”.

鸦片战争之后，上海辟为通商口岸，设立租界，设银行、办工厂、开洋行，中国主权一度失落。After the Opium Wars（鸦片战争）, Shanghai was the opened to the West as a trading port. Western countries secured concessions, set up banks, established factories and opened their stores in Shanghai. China’s sovereignty was then severely challenged.

在近代，上海曾被称为“冒险家的乐园”，称为一个工商业畸形发展的城市。

In modern times, the lopsided（adj.不平衡的，倾斜一方的）development of industry and commerce（n.贸易）gave Shanghai a reputation as a city for adventurers（n.冒险家，投机商）.

“两千年历史看西安，一千年历史看北京，一百年历史看上海”。上海市近现代中国的“缩影”。

It is said that Xi’an reflects China’s history of 2,000years, while Beijing mirrors its history of 1,000 years. To know China’s history in the largest 100 years, you’d better look at Shanghai--the epitome（n.缩影，摘要）of modern and contemporary China（当代中国）.

今日的上海，交通四通八达，是中国最大的港口、华东地区最大的交通枢纽，沪宁、沪杭两条铁路干线的起点，又是中国重要航空中心和航空港之一。

Shanghai now has transport lines extending in all directions. It is the largest port in China, the largest

transportation hub in East China, the starting point of Huning (Shanghai-Nanjing) and Huhang (Shanghai-Hangzhou) railways, an important aviation（n.航空，飞行术，飞机制造业）center of China, and one of the international aviation ports.

这里有发达的商业，是中国特大型综合性贸易中心和国际经济、金融、贸易中心之一。

With its advanced commerce, Shanghai is a super large comprehensive（adj.综合的，广泛的，有理解力的）trading center of China, and one of the international economic, financial and trading center.

上海具有中西交融的独特气质，极具现代化而又不失中国传统特色。

Shanghai has the unique atmosphere of mixture of West and East , old and new.

在上海，有外滩老师的西洋建筑，也有浦东现代的摩天大厦，有徐家汇大教堂，也有玉佛寺。在这里沪剧、滑稽戏和交响乐、芭蕾舞同时被人们所欣赏，大家可以品尝本帮佳肴、各地小吃，也可以吃到法国大菜、美食快餐。

In Shanghai, the west building of the Bund retain much of their previous grandeur, while the skyscraper in Pudong are just as spectacular. There are also Xujiahui Cathedral and Jade Buddha Temple（玉佛寺）. In Shanghai one can enjoy the pleasure of watching Hu (Shanghai) Opera, farce（n.闹剧，喜剧）and ballet （芭蕾舞）, appreciating symphony（欣赏交响乐）. One can only taste local dishes （地方风味）and delicacies （佳肴）all over the country, but also enjoy French cuisine（法国菜）and American fast food （美国快餐）.

译文：

In ancient times, Shanghai was a big trading port, the largest textile（纺织品）center in the country, and the center to transport grain（粮食，谷物）to the capital. People used to say Shanghai was the “port connecting rivers and oceans, and the capital of the southeast China”. After the Opium Wars（鸦片战争）, Shanghai was the opened to the West as a trading port. Western countries secured concessions, set up banks, established factories and opened their stores in Shanghai. China’s sovereignty was then severely challenged. In modern times, the lopsided（adj.不平衡的，倾斜一方的）development of industry and commerce（n.贸易）gave Shanghai a reputation as a city for adventurers（n.冒险家，投机商）. It is said that Xi’an reflects China’s history of 2,000years, while Beijing mirrors its history of 1,000 years. To know China’s history in the largest 100 years, you’d better look at Shanghai--the epitome（n.缩影，摘要）of modern and contemporary China （当代中国）.

Shanghai now has transport lines extending in all directions. It is the largest port in China, the largest transportation hub in East China, the starting point of Huning (Shanghai-Nanjing) and Huhang (Shanghai-Hangzhou) railways, an important aviation（n.航空，飞行术，飞机制造业）center of China, and one of the international aviation ports. With its advanced commerce, Shanghai is a super large comprehensive（adj.综合的，广泛的，有理解力的）trading center of China, and one of the international economic, financial and trading center.

Shanghai has the unique atmosphere of mixture of West and East , old and new. In Shanghai, the west building of the Bund retain much of their previous grandeur, while the skyscraper in Pudong are just as spectacular. There are also Xujiahui Cathedral and Jade Buddha Temple（玉佛寺）. In Shanghai one can enjoy the pleasure of watching Hu (Shanghai) Opera, farce（n.闹剧，喜剧）and ballet（芭蕾舞）, appreciating symphony（欣赏交响乐）. One can only taste local dishes （地方风味）and delicacies （佳肴）all over the country, but also enjoy French cuisine（法国菜）and American fast food（美国快餐）.

【英译汉】

18.The Beauty of Science

Judging from the science I know, including Eva and Ruth, and those I’ve read about, you can’t purse the laws of nature very long without bumping into beauty. “I don’t know if it’s the same beauty you see in the sunset,”

a friend tells me, “but it feels the same.” This friend is physicist, who has spent a long career deciphering what must be happening in the interior of stars. He recalls for me this thrill on grasping for the first time Dirac’s equations describing quantum mechanics, or those of Einstein describing relativity.” They are so beautiful,” he says,” you can see immediately they have to be true. Or at least on the way toward truth.” I ask him what makes a theory beautiful, and he replies,” Simplicity, symmetry, elegance, and power.”

Why nature should conform to theories we find beautiful is far from obvious. The most incomprehensible thing about the universe, as Einstein said, is that it’s comprehensible. How unlikely, that a short-lived biped on a two-bit planet should be able to gauge the speed of light, lay bare the structure of an atom, or calculate the gravitational tug of a black hole. We’re a long way from understanding everything, but we do understand a great deal about how nature behaves. Generation after generation, we puzzle out formulas, test them, and find, to an astonishing degree, that nature agrees. An architect draws designs on flimsy paper, and her buildings stand up through earthquakes. We launch a satellite into orbit and use it to bounce messages from continent to continent. The machine on which I write these words embodies hundreds of insights into the workings of the material world, insights that are confirmed by every burst of letters on the screen, and I stare at that screen through lenses that obey the laws of optics first worked out in detail by Isaac Newton.

By discerning patterns in the universe, Newton believed, he was tracing the hand of God. Scientists in our day have largely abandoned the notion of a Creator as an unnecessary hypothesis, or at least an untestable one. While they share Newton’s faith that the universe is ruled everywhere by a coherent set of rules, they cannot say, as scientists, how these particular rules came to govern things. You can do science without believed in a divine Legislator, but not without believing in laws.

译文

18. 科学之美

从我认识的科学工作者和丛书中读到的科学家的经历来看，只要去探寻自然法则，不用多久，就能与美不期而遇。一位朋友说，“我不敢肯定这就是夕阳西下时的那种美，但感觉上两者是相同的。”这位朋友是位物理学家，长期致力于破译天体内部的必然变化。他会想起第一次领悟狄拉克的量子力学等式和爱因斯坦的相对论等式时的兴奋感，“他们太美了，你一眼就可以肯出他们必定是正确的，或至少是接近正确。”当我问及是什么能使理论变得美丽时，他回答说：“简单、匀称、优雅、力量。”

自然界为何会与我们觉得美的理论相一致？这一问题远未明了。正如爱因斯坦所言，宇宙最不可理解之处就在于它是可以理解的。人类，一种生活在一个微不住道的星球上的两足动物，历史并不久远，竟能测算光速，揭示原子结构。并估算黑洞的万有引力，这是多么不可思议。我们远未能通晓万物，但我们确已对自然界的运作规律所知甚多。一代接着一代，我们琢磨出各种公式并加以检验，发现它们与自然界的吻合达到了令人惊讶的程度。建筑师在薄纸上绘图，按照图纸而建的建筑却能经受住地震的考验。我们将人造卫星发射倒轨道上，并通过它在各大洲之间返射信号。我输入这些文字所用的计算机包含了成千百种对这个物质世界运作方式的真知灼见，间屏幕上闪现的每一个字都是对这些见识的证实；而我注视屏幕时所透过的镜片则遵循了由艾萨克牛顿率先详细论述的光学原理。

牛顿相信，他在通过辨析宇宙结构模式来探索上帝的神力。我们这个时代的科学家们多半已摒弃了创世主这一概念。他们认为这是毫无必要，或至少是无法验证的假说。当他们与牛顿一样，坚信宇宙万物均由一套合乎逻辑的规则所制约时，作为科学家，他们不能断言这些规则具体是如何左右事态的。从事科学研究可不信上帝立法之说，但决不可不信其法则的存在。

8、上海位于长江入海口口，是中国最大的城市，同时也是一座历史文化名城和著名的旅游城市。上海市中国最大的经济中心，是全国最重要的工业基地，也是重要的贸易金融和文化中心。

在古代，上海就曾经是贸易港口、全国最大的棉织业中心、贸易大港和漕粮运输中心，被称为“江海之通津，东南之都会”。鸦片战争之后，上海辟为通商口岸，设立租界，设银行、办工厂、开洋行，中国主权一度失落。在近代，上海曾被称为“冒险家的乐园”，称为一个工商业畸形发展的城市。“两千年历史看西安，已千年历史看北京，一百年历史看上海”。上海市近现代中国的“缩影”。

今日的上海，交通四通八达，是中国最大的港口、华东地区最大的交通枢纽，沪宁、沪杭两条铁路干线的起点，又是中国重要航空中心和航空港之一。这里有发达的商业，是中国特大型综合性贸易中心和国际经济、金融、贸易中心之一。

上海具有中西交融的独特气质，极具现代化而又不失中国传统特色。在上海，有外滩老师的西洋建筑，也有浦东现代的摩天大厦，有徐家汇大教堂，也有玉佛寺。在这里沪剧、滑稽戏和交响乐、芭蕾舞同时被人们所欣赏，大家可以品尝本帮佳肴、各地小吃，也可以吃到法国大菜、美食快餐。

译文：Located on the Yangtze River（长江）, Shanghai is not only the largest city in China but also a famous city of history, culture and tourism. It is the biggest economic center and the most important industrial base in China, a hub of trade（贸易中心）, finance and culture as well.

In ancient times, Shanghai was a big trading port, the largest textile（纺织品）center in the country, and the center to transport grain（粮食，谷物）to the capital. People used to say Shanghai was the “port connecting rivers and oceans, and the capital of the southeast China”. After the Opium Wars（鸦片战争）, Shanghai was the opened to the West as a trading port. Western countries secured concessions, set up banks, established factories and opened their stores in Shanghai. China’s sovereignty was then severely challenged. In modern times, the lopsided（adj.不平衡的，倾斜一方的）development of industry and commerce（n.贸易）gave Shanghai a reputation as a city for adventurers（n.冒险家，投机商）. It is said that Xi’an reflects China’s history of 2,000years, while Beijing mirrors its history of 1,000 years. To know China’s history in the largest 100 years, you’d better look at Shanghai--the epitome（n.缩影，摘要）of modern and contemporary China （当代中国）.

Shanghai now has transport lines extending in all directions. It is the largest port in China, the largest transportation hub in East China, the starting point of Huning (Shanghai-Nanjing) and Huhang (Shanghai-Hangzhou) railways, an important aviation（n.航空，飞行术，飞机制造业）center of China, and one of the international aviation ports. With its advanced commerce, Shanghai is a super large comprehensive（adj.综合的，广泛的，有理解力的）trading center of China, and one of the international economic, financial and trading center.

Shanghai has the unique atmosphere of mixture of West and East , old and new. In Shanghai, the west building of the Bund retain much of their previous grandeur, while the skyscraper in Pudong are just as spectacular. There are also Xujiahui Cathedral and Jade Buddha Temple（玉佛寺）. In Shanghai one can enjoy the pleasure of watching Hu (Shanghai) Opera, farce（n.闹剧，喜剧）and ballet（芭蕾舞）, appreciating symphony（欣赏交响乐）. One can only taste local dishes （地方风味）and delicacies （佳肴）all over the country, but also enjoy French cuisine（法国菜）and American fast food（美国快餐）.

19、推荐信

尊敬的女士/先生：

我是清华大学人文学院的一名教授，郑重向您们推荐我校中文系四年级学生张秀芳女士去贵校研习。

张秀芳在清华大学人文学院中文系实验班读书四年，表现突出，绽露天才，如有机会深造，将来必有成就。

清华学院人文学院中文系实验班引导大学生从文学和文化的角度去攻读中外文学，力求他们在中西学术融汇方面打下坚实的基础。这个实验班卓有成效，培养了许多品学兼优的学生；张秀芳就是其中的佼佼者。他多次获奖并已经出版长篇小说两本，在多种报刊上发表作品数十篇。她在语言学、哲学、艺术、计算机、电影、戏剧等领域都选读过课程，并在多门兴趣浓厚的课程中取得了第一名。如果她有机会到美国研习，逐渐熟悉西方文化，将来在中西文化或中西文学的相互比较研究上将会有创造性的成就。

清华大学人文学院教授

张国泰

二00二年一月五日于中国北京

译文：

Dear Sir of Madam,

As a professor of School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, I seriously recommend Zhang Xiufang, a senior student of our department, to pursue her postgraduate student at your department.

Ms. Zhang has been studying in the experiment class of School of Humanities and Social Science for nearly four years, and she has distinguished herself in her studies and displayed her remarkable talent in almost every aspect. Give the chance of advanced education abroad, she will surely make great achievement in the near future.

The experiment class trains students to study Chinese and Western literature from the literature and culture perspective, trying to pave（vt.铺设，安排）a solid foundation for the students who are supposed to be accomplished in both Chinese study and Western Study. This class turns out to be quite a success, having brought up a lot of students of good character and fine scholarship, among whom Ms. Zhang is an outstanding one. She has been awarded scholarship every semester. She has published two novels and dozens of literary writing in several kinds of magazines and newspapers. What’s more, she has attended a lot of courses such as language, philosophy（n.哲学）, art, computer, film, drama（n.戏剧艺术）, ect., many of which with the highest marks in her class. If she is given the chance of advanced education in USA, and get acquainted with （开始知道）western culture, I believe she’ll make some pioneering achievements in both Chinese and Western cultures and literatures. Therefore, with great pleasure I write this letter to recommend her for her future study at your department.

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Sincerely yours

Zhang Guotai

Professor of School of Humanities

Tsinghua University

16. The Method of Science Investigation

The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. It is not that the scales in the one scale, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.

You will understand his better, perhaps, if I give you some familiar examples. You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract form Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories. And it is imagined by many that operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. To hear all these large words, you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituted differently form that of his fellow men; but if you will not be frightened by terms, you will discover that you are quite wrong, and that all these terrible apparatus are being used by yourselves every day and every hour of your lives. There is a well-known incident in one of Moliere’s plays, where the author makes the hero express unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose during the whole of his life. In the same way, I trust that you will take comfort, and be delighted with yourselves, on the discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophy during the same period.

Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the day had occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, though differing in degree, as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.

译文：

16. 科学研究的方法

科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精神而严谨解释的表达方式。科学家的智力活动和一个普通的人的智力活动之间并没有多大差异。如果说有什么差异的话，这差异就像面包师傅或肉商的操作方法那样，用普通的磅称称出货物的重量，而化学家则通过天平和精细的砝码进行艰难而复杂的分析。除此之外，再没有其他更多差异了。这并不是说面包师或肉商所用的磅称和化学家所用的天平在构造原理或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因而在计量上必然更准确得多。

然后他们根据这些规律，用自己的某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们的理论。很多人以为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比，认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专业训练才能掌握。听到所有这些夸大的字眼，你可能会认为科学家的头脑一定与常人不同；但是如果你不为一些术语所吓倒，你将会发现，这种想法完全大错特错：你的日常生活中无时无刻不在使用所有这些可怕的思维器官。在莫里哀的戏剧中有一个著名的插曲，戏中作者让主人翁得知，自己整个一生中一直在谈散文，因此而表达出极大的喜悦。同理，如果你发现自己在同一期间一直在按照归纳和推理的宗旨原则行事，那么我相信你将为此感到安慰，你会为自己而感到欣喜。

在座的诸位中，大概不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动，这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动是完全一样的——尽管复杂程度不同，在类型上没有什么差别。

20.The Study of Law and Journalistic Reporting

The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline（一种基本知识训练）in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature（特色）of undergraduate programs（本科课程）in Canadian universities. Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions（体系）as the special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continenta（adj.大陆的）l view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.

If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgement. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.

But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories. Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the lagal system.

译文：

20．法律学习和新闻报道

百数年来，法律学习在欧洲的大学中一直被认为是一种基本知识训练。然而，只是在最近几年他才成了加拿大大学本科课程中的一大特色。从传统上看，法律知识在这类学校里一直被视为是律师所专有的，而不是一个受教育者的知识素养的必要的组成部分。令人高兴的是，更为传统、更具欧洲大陆见解的法律教育正在加拿大众多高校开设自己的课程，一些院校甚至已开始授予法律本科学位。

如果说法律学习正在开始立足于高校，成为普通教育的重要的部分，那么其目标和方法应该对新闻教育家具有直接的吸引力。法学是一门提倡负责任的审判的学科。它一方面为分析诸如正义、民主和自由之类的理念提供各种机会，另一方面这一科学把这些概念结合到日常生活中，这种做法与新闻记者每天报道和评论新闻时的方式相同。譬如说，证据和事实的概念、基本权利和公众的兴趣的概念，这些概念在新闻判断和处理过程中所起的作用与在法院中的作用并无二致。通过吸取法律知识、用法律思索做出敏锐的判断，这是一个新闻记者为自己职业生涯所做的知识准备中最好不过的成分。

但是，认为新闻记者应比普通公民更加透彻地理解法律，这种看法是基于他们对新闻媒体业已确立的规约和特殊责任的理解。政治，或更广义的讲，国家的机能，是新闻工作者面临的一个重要主题。他们对国家的运作机制了解得越充分，他们的报道就越好。事实上，很难设想那些对加拿大宪法而基本要点缺乏清晰理解的加拿大新闻记者能胜任政治新闻的报道工作。

此外，法律体系以及在这一体系内部所发生的事件是新闻记者的主要报道对象。法律新闻的质量差别很大，同时很多新闻记者也过分依赖律师所提供的解释。尽管律师的见解和反应会提高报道的质量，但新闻记者凭借他们自己对重要性的理解自行做出判断则更为可取。这些正确的判断只能来自对法律体系有充分根据的理解。

【汉译英】

1、翻译是指把一种语言文字的意义转化成另一种语言文字。简言之，翻译这是一种用不同的语言文字将原文作者的意思准确的再现出来的艺术。从以上翻译的定义我们知道，原文的思想应该尽可能的得到保持，不可有所增减。译者的任务只是转换文字而不是改变其意思。因此，翻译有两种要素：准确性和表达性。准确性是翻译的首要条件。译者需要紧身的遵循作者的意思，所选用的字词和句式结构必须如实的传达出原文的思想。表达性是让译文易于理解。换言之，译者必须用自己的手段尽可能的将原文的思想清楚而有力的表达出来。准确性使译文的思想明确无误，而表达性则使译文生动，更具魅力。

译文：

2、Translation means the conversion of an expression from one language into another. To say it plainly（adv.明白地、坦率地，直白地）, translation is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original（原始的，最初的）. From the above definition of translation we know that the original thought of the expression must be kept as far as possible. Nothing should be added to or taken away from the original work. The duty of the translator is simply to change the vocabulary, not the thought. In translation therefor, there are two essential elements: accuracy and expressiveness. Accuracy is the first indispensable （n.不可缺少的）quality of translation. The translation must cautiously stick to the author’s idea. Words selected and sentences constructed must be such as to convey the exact original thought. Expressiveness is to make the translation readily understood. In other words, the translator must express his author’s idea as clearly and as forcibly as he can by the medium he employs. Accuracy is to make the thought definite and exact; while expressiveness is to make the translation vivid and attractive.

9、上海位于长江入海口口，是中国最大的城市，同时也是一座历史文化名城和著名的旅游城市。上海市中国最大的经济中心，是全国最重要的工业基地，也是重要的贸易金融和文化中心。

Located on the Yangtze River（长江）, Shanghai is not only the largest city in China but also a famous city of history, culture and tourism. It is the biggest economic center and the most important industrial base in China, a hub of trade（贸易中心）, finance and culture as well.

在古代，上海就曾经是贸易港口、全国最大的棉织业中心、贸易大港和漕粮运输中心，被称为“江海之通津，东南之都会”。

In ancient times, Shanghai was a big trading port, the largest textile（纺织品）center in the country, and the center to transport grain（粮食，谷物）to the capital. People used to say Shanghai was the “port connecting rivers and oceans, and the capital of the southeast China”.

鸦片战争之后，上海辟为通商口岸，设立租界，设银行、办工厂、开洋行，中国主权一度失落。After the Opium Wars（鸦片战争）, Shanghai was the opened to the West as a trading port. Western countries secured concessions, set up banks, established factories and opened their stores in Shanghai. China’s sovereignty was then severely challenged.

在近代，上海曾被称为“冒险家的乐园”，称为一个工商业畸形发展的城市。

In modern times, the lopsided（adj.不平衡的，倾斜一方的）development of industry and commerce（n.贸易）gave Shanghai a reputation as a city for adventurers（n.冒险家，投机商）.

“两千年历史看西安，一千年历史看北京，一百年历史看上海”。上海市近现代中国的“缩影”。

It is said that Xi’an reflects China’s history of 2,000years, while Beijing mirrors its history of 1,000 years. To know China’s history in the largest 100 years, you’d better look at Shanghai--the epitome（n.缩影，摘要）of modern and contemporary China（当代中国）.

今日的上海，交通四通八达，是中国最大的港口、华东地区最大的交通枢纽，沪宁、沪杭两条铁路干线的起点，又是中国重要航空中心和航空港之一。

Shanghai now has transport lines extending in all directions. It is the largest port in China, the largest

transportation hub in East China, the starting point of Huning (Shanghai-Nanjing) and Huhang (Shanghai-Hangzhou) railways, an important aviation（n.航空，飞行术，飞机制造业）center of China, and one of the international aviation ports.

这里有发达的商业，是中国特大型综合性贸易中心和国际经济、金融、贸易中心之一。

With its advanced commerce, Shanghai is a super large comprehensive（adj.综合的，广泛的，有理解力的）trading center of China, and one of the international economic, financial and trading center.

上海具有中西交融的独特气质，极具现代化而又不失中国传统特色。

Shanghai has the unique atmosphere of mixture of West and East , old and new.

在上海，有外滩老师的西洋建筑，也有浦东现代的摩天大厦，有徐家汇大教堂，也有玉佛寺。在这里沪剧、滑稽戏和交响乐、芭蕾舞同时被人们所欣赏，大家可以品尝本帮佳肴、各地小吃，也可以吃到法国大菜、美食快餐。

In Shanghai, the west building of the Bund retain much of their previous grandeur, while the skyscraper in Pudong are just as spectacular. There are also Xujiahui Cathedral and Jade Buddha Temple（玉佛寺）. In Shanghai one can enjoy the pleasure of watching Hu (Shanghai) Opera, farce（n.闹剧，喜剧）and ballet （芭蕾舞）, appreciating symphony（欣赏交响乐）. One can only taste local dishes （地方风味）and delicacies （佳肴）all over the country, but also enjoy French cuisine（法国菜）and American fast food （美国快餐）.

译文：

In ancient times, Shanghai was a big trading port, the largest textile（纺织品）center in the country, and the center to transport grain（粮食，谷物）to the capital. People used to say Shanghai was the “port connecting rivers and oceans, and the capital of the southeast China”. After the Opium Wars（鸦片战争）, Shanghai was the opened to the West as a trading port. Western countries secured concessions, set up banks, established factories and opened their stores in Shanghai. China’s sovereignty was then severely challenged. In modern times, the lopsided（adj.不平衡的，倾斜一方的）development of industry and commerce（n.贸易）gave Shanghai a reputation as a city for adventurers（n.冒险家，投机商）. It is said that Xi’an reflects China’s history of 2,000years, while Beijing mirrors its history of 1,000 years. To know China’s history in the largest 100 years, you’d better look at Shanghai--the epitome（n.缩影，摘要）of modern and contemporary China （当代中国）.

Shanghai now has transport lines extending in all directions. It is the largest port in China, the largest transportation hub in East China, the starting point of Huning (Shanghai-Nanjing) and Huhang (Shanghai-Hangzhou) railways, an important aviation（n.航空，飞行术，飞机制造业）center of China, and one of the international aviation ports. With its advanced commerce, Shanghai is a super large comprehensive（adj.综合的，广泛的，有理解力的）trading center of China, and one of the international economic, financial and trading center.

Shanghai has the unique atmosphere of mixture of West and East , old and new. In Shanghai, the west building of the Bund retain much of their previous grandeur, while the skyscraper in Pudong are just as spectacular. There are also Xujiahui Cathedral and Jade Buddha Temple（玉佛寺）. In Shanghai one can enjoy the pleasure of watching Hu (Shanghai) Opera, farce（n.闹剧，喜剧）and ballet（芭蕾舞）, appreciating symphony（欣赏交响乐）. One can only taste local dishes （地方风味）and delicacies （佳肴）all over the country, but also enjoy French cuisine（法国菜）and American fast food（美国快餐）.