中国教育体系英文介绍

关于中国教育体系的英文介绍

Most of the primary schools are public schools.

All students are required to attend three years junior high schools after graduating from primary schools. Students at junior high schools learn a series subjects. It is mandatory and free for all students between age 13 to age 15.

The subjects include taught in middle school include Chinese, mathematics, foreign language (the majority of students take three years of English), physics, chemistry, history, politics and geography, etc. The graduate of middle school receives a Junior Middle School Certificate of Completion

Upon graduation, junior secondary school students are required to take a formal examination. This examination is called “Zhongkao”. It serves as the graduation examination for middle schools. Meanwhile, it measures students potential to success at a higher level of education. Performance at this examination is the single most important criteria for senior high school’s admissio n. With only a few exceptions, this examination is administered at provincial level or municipal level (in cities Shanghai, Beijing, Chongqing and Tianjin). These examination subjects include: Chinese, mathematics, English, chemistry, physics, history, etc.

High school education is not mandatory in China. Based on students’ performance at “Zhongkao” and their academic goals and other factors, qualified students who enter this level of education will either study in regular high schools for three years or vocational higher schools for two or three years. Both types of schools enroll about 50% students.

Regular high Schools

Most regular high schools adopt Chinese national curriculum. The curriculum is very academic orientated. It is meant to provide the foundation for students to study at universities or colleges. Courses taught at regular high schools include Chinese, mathematics, foreign language (usually English), chemistry, physics, history, geography, biology, etc. There are some schools (mainly in big cities) offer international curriculum (e.g. A-Level) for students who aim to study abroad after completing high school in China

So far the majority of the regions across China have implemented a regular high school graduation examination (called “Huikao”)system. The exceptions include Guangdong province, Shanghai, Hunan province and Hubei province. Students are required to take the examination course by course in subjects of Chinese, mathematics biology, geography, physics, chemistry, history, politics, foreign language (usually English). Students must pass all of these exams to be able to graduate from high schools. Upon passing all these exams, students can get an official score report from educational authorities and be issued a graduation diploma.

Vocational high schools

There are three types of vocational high schools: regular specialized secondary schools, adult specialized senior secondary schools，vocational high schools and skilled worker schools. Students in vocational high schools study general courses for high school students. In addition, they receive

vocational trainings to prepare them for jobs in a specific field.

Upon graduation, some graduates will go directly to work places while others will continue their study at tertiary vocational schools.

National College Entrance Examination

In order to get into college, students need to take National College Entrance Examination which is known as “Gaokao”. Students’ score at “Gaokao” determines whether they are qualified to go to colleges/universities and which college they can go.

Ever since 2003, in most provinces, Gaokao takes place on June 6, 7 , 8(in Shanghai, Shandong, Hainan and Jiangsu, the testing dates are June 6, 7, 8, and 9). Starting from 2000, there has been Spring Gaokao in Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin and Shandong province, but it is not as popular as summer Gaokao. Gaokao is administered by the Ministry of Education (MOE). MOE determines the its outline, dates and format, etc.

The testing subjects and questions various among different provinces. Math and Chinese are two subjects included in Gaokao nationwide. English, Physics, Chemistry, Geography, Politics, History, Biology are selective subjects which are decided by provinces.

中国一些传统文化的英文介绍

一、过年由来- - 中国古时侯有一种叫”年”的怪兽，头长尖角，凶猛异常，”年”兽长年深居海底，每到除夕，爬上岸来吞食牲畜伤害人命，因此每到除夕，村村寨寨的人们扶老携幼，逃往深山，以躲避”年”的伤害．今年的除夕，乡亲们都忙着收拾东西逃往深山，这时候村东头来了一个白发老人对一户老婆婆说只要让他在她家住一晚，他定能将”年”兽驱走．众人不信，老婆婆劝其还是上山躲避的好，老人坚持留下，众人见劝他不住，便纷纷上山躲避去了．当”年”兽象往年一样准备闯进村肆虐的时候，突然传来白发老人燃响的爆竹声，”年”兽混身颤栗，再也不敢向前凑了，原来”年”兽最怕红色，火光和炸响．这时大门大开，只见院内一位身披红袍的老人哈哈大笑，”年”兽大惊失色，仓惶而逃。第二天，当人们从深山回到村里时，发现村里安然无恙，这才恍然大悟，原来白发老人是帮助大家驱逐”年”兽的神仙，人们同时还发现了白发老人驱逐”年”兽的三件法宝．从此，每年的除夕，家家都贴红对联，燃放爆竹，户户灯火通明，守更待岁．这风俗越传越广，成了中国民间最隆重的传统节日”过年”．土家族民间体育活动之一--舞龙灯二、舞龙灯的意义舞龙灯，是中华民族的传统文化活动，各民族都有舞龙灯的习俗，传说，土家族在很早以前没有舞龙习惯。有一年，久旱不雨，禾苗枯黄，溪河断流，来了一位能算天气晴雨阴旱、人间祸福的鬼谷先生，对土家人说：“大家不要愁，今天午后未时排云，戌时下雨，城内下三分，城外下七分”。他这话，被治水的金勾老龙听到后心想，凡间有如此能人还要我管什么水？！顿生嫉妒，便赌气将玉皇大帝命他在城内城外的下雨量倒改过来分。结果，倾盆大雨，水淹城内，房屋倒塌，淹死了许多人这事被当坊土地向玉皇大帝启奏后，玉皇大帝把金勾老龙打入天牢，七天后斩首示众。观音菩萨知道此事向玉皇大帝求情保救老龙。没待观音开口，玉皇大帝就放阴剑把金勾老龙斩成九节。此后，鬼谷先生又来对土家人说：“老龙被斩，是和我赌气而丧命，但他对民间做了不少好事，他死了，你们要为他烧点香纸。”于是，土家人就制作九节金龙，到各村寨起舞，叫人们敬奉，求老龙保佑风调雨顺，五谷丰登。久之，舞龙亦成为土家族的传统习俗。但是，土家舞龙，在城镇是舞全国各地大同小异的布扎龙，在土家山寨舞龙与各地有别，其自成特色。三、清明节的由来我国传统的清明节大约始于周代，已有二千五百多年的历史。清明最开始是一个很重要的节气，清明一到，气温升高，正是春耕春种的大好时节，故有“清明前后，种瓜种豆”。“植树造林，莫过清明”的农谚。后来，由于清明与寒食的日子接近，而寒食是民间禁火扫墓的日子，渐渐的，寒食与清明就合二为一了，而寒食既成为清明的别称，也变成为清明时节的一个习俗，清明之日不动烟火，只吃凉的食品。关于寒食，有这样一个传说：相传春秋战国时代，晋献公的妃子骊姬为了让自己的儿子奚齐继位，就设毒

中国教育体制

当今教育制度与高等教育

目录一、中国教育体制 1、中国教育制度的现状二、中西方教育的显著差异 1、惩罚教育 2、赏识教育 3、因材施教。 4、爱心教育 5、学校的教育 6、家庭的教育 7、社会环境的影响三、中国教育体制的弊端 1、办学方向存在偏差 2、教育发展不公平四、对中国教育制度改善的建议

中国教育体制教育部作为国务院教育行政部门主管全国教育工作，统筹规划、协调管理全国的教育事业。各直辖市设有教育委员会，各省、自治区设有教育厅，各地方市、区、县都设有相应的教育局或教育办公室。为了推动全民教育的发展，中国政府和人民为此付出了极大的努力，取得了全民教育的历史性成就。但是，由于中国地域辽阔、人口众多、经济水平不高，全民教育的发展还面临许多困难。进入21世纪，中国政府把教育摆在优先发展的战略地位，提出了“科教兴国”的战略方针，不断深化教育体制改革，加强素质教育，坚持把普及9年制义务教育和扫除青壮年文盲作为教育工作的重中之重。“面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来”是中国教育发展的方向，也是进行教育改革和建设的指南。各级政府在不断增加教育投入的同时，鼓励民间多渠道、多形式办学。中国教育大致可以分为以下几个阶段：学前教育指3—5岁的儿童在幼儿园接受的教育过程。全国共有幼儿园111,752所，幼儿教职工90万人，在园儿童2036.02万人，适龄儿童入园率为43.8%。幼儿园一般由民间兴办，在经济发达的大中城市已基本满足幼儿接受学前教育的需要，幼儿教育事业的发展正从城市向农村推进，一些乡镇已基本普及了学前1年教育。初等教育指6—11岁的儿童在小学接受的教育过程。全国共有小学456903所，小学教职工634.02万人，小学生12156.71万人，适龄儿童入学率为99.1%。小学一般由地方政府兴办，也有个人和民间团体创办的。中等教育指在12—17岁期间在中等学校接受教育的过程。初中、普通高中、职业高中和中专均属于中等学校。普通中学分为初中和高中，学制各为3年，初中毕业生一部分升入高中，一部分升入职业高中和中专。全国共有中等学校93968所，在校生9415.21万人。中等学校一般由地方政府兴办。高等教育继中等教育之后进行的专科、本科和研究生教育。中国实施高等教育的机构为大学、学院和高等专科学校。高等学校具有教学、科研和社会服务三大功能。全国共有普通高等院校1396所（截止2002年6月20日统计），民办

美国教育,,英文演讲稿

美国教育,,英文演讲稿篇一：介绍美国英文演讲稿篇一：美国文化之节日介绍演讲稿(英文版) the american heritage festival 1. united states is a cultural powers. short but rich history and unique it makes for an ethnic melting pot, and bring together the worlds culture. if the thought of this huge social and human treasures of get in, we may wish to take a short cut, that is, on his holiday to be a general understanding of the culture, because it is a microcosm of the festival. 2. day(情人节情人节)(february valentines day(情人节)(february 14) 1, halloween is the traditional festival of the west. halloween, namely 31 october night, children enjoy a good time to play. as night fell, the children put on colorful costume, and wore a mask of all sorts, put on a pumpkin lampran out to with parity, the demons were dressed up as children of mobile pumpkin lamp, ran to a neighbors door, intimidation, like shouting: to trick or treat and give money or to eat. if the adults

如何用英文介绍中国传统文化

如何用英文介绍中国传统文化春节文化 In the old days, New Year's money was given in the form of one hundred copper coins strung together on a red string and symbolized the hope that one would live to be a hundred years old. Today, money is placed inside red envelopes in denominations considered auspicious and given to represent luck and wealth。辞旧岁：bid farewell to the old year 扫房：spring cleaning; general house-cleaning 新春佳节 1.传统中国节日：traditional Chinese festival 2.农历：lunar calendar 3.腊八节：Laba Festival 4.小年：Little New Year 5.除夕：Lunar New Year's Eve 6.春节：the Spring Festival 7.正月初一：Lunar New Year's Day 8.元宵节：the Lantern Festival 9.正月：the first month of the lunar year 10.二月二：Dragon Heads-raising Day 传统习俗 11.喝腊八粥：eat Laba porridge 12.扫尘：sweep the dust 13.扫房：spring cleaning 14.祭灶：offer sacrifices to the God of Kitchen 15.守岁：stay up 16.拜年：pay a New Year's call 17.祭祖：offer sacrifices to one's ancestors 18.祭财神：worship the God of Wealth 19.春联：Spring Festival couplets 20.贴倒福：paste the Chinese character "Fu" upside down 21.去晦气：get rid of the ill-fortune 22.辞旧岁：bid farewell to the old year 23.兆头：omen 24.禁忌：taboo 25.烧香：burn incense 阖家团圆

中国教育体制弊端

中国教育体制弊端指导教师：王兰组员：胡皓阳李亮王翰高伟王群郭春景当今世界，民族国家间的竞争已从中古农业文明时代，仅凭原始体力肉搏取胜的“体才力战争”；演化到第一、二次世界大战以后，凭借人造机械取胜的“机械战争”；发展到现在、未来，已是凭快速信息、先进知识的脑力创造取胜的“知识战争”，在竞争面前，完善的教育体系是普及知识，提高国民素质的唯一法宝。在一定程度上，达尔文的“优胜劣淘”法则依然适用，但未来世界的优胜者，不再是发动暴力战争的杀戮者，而是属于那个教育更普及，文化发展更发达的民族。诚如最近美国教育委员会所宣扬的：“如果还想维持和改进我们在世界上尚有的一点竞争力的话，唯一的办法就是倾注全力不断改革我们的教育!”尤其是在知识经济时代，教育问题关乎整个民族素质的提高，关乎国家的发展甚至生死存亡，这是我们选取《中国教育体制的弊端》这个课题的直接动因。课题确定后，组员们讨论制定了课题研究方案。研究的第一步是进行小组讨论。研讨讨论的目的是使全小组的成员能深入了解课题，并对所研究的问题达成共识，并确定调查的对象。并交流了各自对课题的认识和研究过程中自己的想法，第二步是进行文献查阅在这一环节中我们在图书馆及互联网进行了大量的文献查阅和资料采集 photo 第三步是进行调查采访。在这一过程是最辛苦和劳累的在开展调查之前我们调查了调查问卷。调查问卷如下: 在调查过程中我们给各类人群做了问卷，其结果经我们统计如下：

另外，我们还倾听了理工大学的老师和同学对中国教育的看法。Photo 最后一步我们进行汇总和撰写研究报告。主体报告内容：据这次调查所的资料如下历史就是一条河。自然的河澜汗成灾，于是有鲧之捍洪、禹之导水，以让自然的河听命于人。后人循堤溯源，早已不见了当年捍洪导水的壮举，只见到那被不断修改的堤坝。人写的历史，就象这堤坝。散落在河中的文字和真实存在的人物，早已随着河水的更新而无影无踪，只有那充满筑堤者意志影响的堤坝，还静静地躺在大风扬起的灰尘中。也许，世人的冷漠，会让堤坝溃于蚁穴；也许，人们会踏上堤坝，去想象一下那久已消逝的历史。但是，倘若你也想做一个筑堤人，想踏勘旧时的堤坝而去追寻筑堤者的精神，也许你应当做的是：“体悟历史。” 二百年前，西欧最落后的德意志，以“未开化”闻名，当英法两强并起，主导欧洲时代的时候，普鲁士人还在德意志的黑森林边上，茹毛饮血、烤火维生，当时“法国革命”后拿破伦趁机成立专制军事政权，依仗兵强马壮，一再发动对西班牙、义大利和普鲁士的侵略战争，攻城掠地。1807普鲁士败于拿破仑，迫使德国签订丧权辱国的“城下之盟”。这最终刺激了德意志的觉醒，德国最著名的哲学家(当时欧洲的政治家、和文化名人都通称哲学家)费希特在对他的国家深入研究之后，发表他的：《告德意志人民书》，大声疾呼“教育复国”“教育救国”。他把当时还不为人知的菲斯泰齐，推崇得与复活基督教的马丁.路德齐名。并最终说服普鲁士总理，在内外交困之际，忍痛拨出巨款，选派出一个由二十四名精英组成的“教育考察团”，远到名声遐迩的瑞士取经。当时法国和后来的英国也派了留学生到瑞士，但规模零散，学习时间短，仅一年或几个月。只有德国深刻理解教育落后的后果，所以坚持在菲斯泰洛奇那里学习三年之久。这些精英回到德国仅几个月，德国就拟好了深刻影响人类社会现代化进程的《教育法》，明确宣告德国人民，战败挨打的原因就是教育落后。它强制性规定德国公民接受免费教育，规定每一个公民必须接受九年以上，由国家提供经费的“义务教育”，违犯者将遭到法律的严酷制裁。这一教育革命的直接结果，使德国人口素质迅速提高，国家摆脱封闭愚昧，在以后的历史发展中迅速崛起。

改革开放30年中国教育体制改革全记录

改革开放30年中国教育体制改革全记录经济体制的重大变革使中国的社会经济发生了翻天覆地的巨大变化，世界为之震惊。改革开放30年来，中国教育为适应经济社会发展的需要，与时俱进地进行了教育体制改革的不懈探索。基础教育逐步转向义务教育政府办 2001年7月19日下午，正在安徽阜阳考察税费改革试点工作的国务院总理朱镕基专程来到颍上县十八里铺乡宋洋小学。有着30多年历史的宋洋小学是一所村中心小学，现有学生508人，在职教师13人。望着教室里几十张破旧的课桌，朱镕基问校长王伟：“怎么没有凳子？”王伟解释：“为了节省经费，凳子都是学生自己带。现在放假了，学生就把凳子带回家了。” “这些课桌有多少年历史了？”朱镕基问。 “20年。” “20年都没有换过吗？” “没有。” “这个学校在县里是什么水平？” “中等。” 朱镕基沉默良久，摸着斑驳的桌面感慨地说：“很艰难啊！” 考察后，朱镕基在宋洋小学召开农村基础教育座谈会，听取乡镇干部和中小学教师对义务教育的意见和建议。通过和乡镇干部、中小学校长的一番对话，朱镕基感慨万千：“感谢大家让我了解到了真实情况。任何一个国家，义务教育都是政府的责任，我国也不能例外”，“义务教育事关中华民族的复兴，绝不能削弱！” 正如饭需要一口一口地吃，路需要一步一步地走。任何事物的发展都是在一定历史条件下进行的。中国义务教育体制适应基本国情经历了艰难曲折的探索。基础教育管理体制的第一次变革：调动地方积极性，依靠人民群众办教育。新中国成立以后，基础教育事业有了很大发展。但一直到改革开放以前，中国曾提出过发展意义上的“普及教育”的概念，但并没有使用法律意义上的“义务教育”概念。1985年《中共中央关于教育体制改革的决定》提出“实行九年制义务教育”，次年，《中华人民共和国义务教育法》正式颁布实施。普及九年义务教育的宏伟目标提出之后，艰巨的任务与中央政府当时无法包办之间的矛盾就凸显出来。为此，从实际国情出发，《决定》进一步提出，“实行基础教育由地方负责、分级管理的原则，是发展我国教育事业、改革我国教育体制的基础一环”，“把发展基础教育的责任交给地方”，“基础教育管理权属于地方”。《决定》还要求，“为了保证地方发展教育事业，除了国家拨款以外，地方机动财力中应有适当比例用于教育，乡财政收入应主要用于教育”，“地方可以征收教育费附加”，“在自愿的基础上，鼓励单位、集体和个人捐资助学”。基础教育实行地方负责、分级管理的体制，改变了中央过于集权的体制，极大地调动了地方政府和人民群众(主要是农民)的办学积极性，为在当时艰难的条件下实现“两基”目标提供了体制保障和社会支持。从20世纪80年代的《中共中央关于教育体制改革的决定》到90年代的《中国教育改革和发展纲要》，中央文件中并未出现“人民教育人民办”的提法，所谓“人民教育人民办”只是在基层实践经验的基础上，人们对人民群众主要是广大农民积极支持和热情参与义务教

中国传统文化(英语专业英文版)

秦始皇： The First Emperor united the language,the measurement system and the currency, set up the prefectures and countries system, constructed the famous Great Wall and built extravagant palaces and mausoleums. 独生子女政策： Since the late 1970s, the Chinese government has been implementing the policy of family planning, or “one child policy”, hoping to control the population increase, improve population quality, promote the development of the economy and society, and protect the environment. 中国哲学发展六个时期： The philosophy in pre-Qin times The orthodox philosophy during the Han Dynasty Metaphysics during the Wei and Jin Dynasties The Buddhist philosophy during the Sui and Tang dynasties Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming dynasties Application philosophy in the Ming and Qing dynasties 中国伦理道德的特点 1.Seeking harmony and maintaining equilibrium: harmony seeks peace, compromise, concord, and unison. Maintaining equilibrium is the ultimate purpose of harmony. 2.Collectivism over individualism: traditional Chinese values attach great importance to collective interest. The interest of the society, the country and the family has always been given top prioity. An individual’s value can be realized within the group. 道家： Taoism is a school founded by Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi. The school advocates the doctrine that the Dao is the course, the principle, the substance, and the standard of all things, to which people must conform. Based one the work of Lao Zi or Dao De Jing. Taoism promotes the belief that a person should live a simple life, not to strive for wealth, fame or power, which will only give one worries and trouble.The school favors the political of “achieving good government through non-action”. 四书五经： The Great Learning, The Doctrine Of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius; The Book of Poems, The Book of History, The Book of Rites, The Book of Changes, And The Book of Spring and Autumn Annals. 活字印刷术： Block printing was probably invented between the Sui and Tang dynasties. The process of block printing started with the cutting of wood into blocks, and then characters were engraved in relief on the blocks. Ink was brushed on the engraved block and a white sheet of paper was spread across it and then brushed with a clean brush one its back, leaving an image when the paper was removed. 北京四合院屏风的作用： To prevent outsiders from peeping in, apart from security, it provides protection against dust and storms.offers space, comfort and privacy. 八大菜系： Shandong Guangdong Sichuan Jiangsu Zhejiang Hunan Anhui Fujian cuisines 五茶：green tea，black tea, oolong tea,compressed tea,and scented tea.

10篇传统文化英语作文

10篇传统文化英语作文背起来 1 假定你是李华，是某高中的一名学生。为了让更多的人了解中国优秀的传统文化，你校近日将举办中国传统文化展(The Traditional Chinese Culture Fair)。请给你的外教Mr. Smith写一封电子邮件，邀请他参加。邮件的内容包括：（1）展会时间和地点：本周五下午2:00--5:00，本校艺术中心；（2）展会宗旨：让更多的人了解中国优秀的传统文化；（3）展出内容：相关书籍、图片、实物等：注意：（1）词数100左右；（2）可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。【优秀满分范文】 Dear Mr. Smith, I'm writing to invite you to the Traditional Chinese Cultural Fair to be held by our school at the Art Center this Friday afternoon, from 2pm to 5pm. Since this event aims to help more people learn about the traditional Chinese culture, the staff, all the students and their parents as well as anyone interested in it are welcome. At the Fair, related books, pictures, videos and objects will be exhibited, through which visitors will not only understand traditional Chinese culture better but also definitely feel the unique beauty of it. If you're interested, please come and enjoy it. And I'd be glad to offer any help. Looking forward to your early reply. Yours, Li Hua 2 假定你是李华。最近China Daily就“如何看待中国传统文化”面向社会征稿。请你用英语给编辑写一封信，谈谈你自己的想法。要点如下：? （1）表明自己的立场（传统文化应该得到保护和传承）；（2）给出你的理由；（3）呼吁社会共同参与。注意：（1）词数100左右；（2）可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；（3）开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。参考词汇：传承inherit 【优秀满分范文】 Dear editor， I'm writing to you to talk about my opinions about traditional Chinese culture.?I think it's necessary for us to protect and inherit it. Here are some reasons. Firstly,?as one of the ancient civilizations in the world,?the traditional Chinese culture is the foundation of the development of our country,?and it can provide spiritual motivation for Chinese economy. Secondly,?it includes many inspiring and shocking events,?through which we can learn some useful things to make our country develop more quickly. Last but not least,?it is an important part of Chinese history,?and inheriting it may make us stronger and benefit our growth. I hope Chinese government and citizens join in the campaign of protecting and inheriting traditional Chinese culture. We should make contributions and efforts to carry it forward.? ? ? Yours, Li Hua 3 假如你是李华，你校将举办中学生文化艺术节，请给你的英国朋友Peter写信，邀请他参加这次艺术节并请他表演一个节目。信的内容包括：? （1）演出地点、时间及参加人员；? （2）介绍艺术节主题：弘扬传统文化，促进文化交流．? 注意：（1）词数100左右?；（2）可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。参考词汇：中学生文化艺术节the?Middle?School?Art?Festival??承办?host??弘扬?carry?forward? 【优秀满分范文】 Dear Peter， How is everything going? I'm honored and happy, hearing you are a fan of traditional Chinese Art and Culture.?Here comes a piece of good news appealing to you. The Middle School Art Festival hosted by our school is drawing near.? The festival is to carry forward traditional culture and promote cultural exchange. And it provides audience with a stage where they can sample different forms of traditional Chinese and foreign culture while putting on performance. Next Friday，on the 30th of June, the festival will be held in the Shiyu Building. All of us students will take part in it. I sincerely hope that you can join us in our performance. By the way, it will be nicer of you to show us something from your country, since it will satisfy our curiosity about Britain. All of us will feel graced with the presence of you and your family. Yours, Li Hua 4 假如你是新华中学的学生会主席李华，你校学生会应英国Westminster School邀请，下星期将到该校进行交流访问，向该校学生介绍中国传统文化。请你给该校联系人Mr. Smith写一封邮件，信的要点如下：? （1）感谢对方的邀请；

中国教育体系与世界一流差距在哪

中国教育体系与世界一流差距在哪? https://www.360docs.net/doc/a81485740.html,2011-09-27 国际学生评估项目(PISA)是国际经济合作与发展组织(OECD)用来评估接近完成基础教育的15岁初中生在未来是否具备国际经济社会竞争能力的一个项目,因为去年公布的上海中学生在2009年这项评估中名列全球第一而备受国人关注。今天,PISA创始人及总负责人安德烈亚斯·施莱克尔在北大附中以“世界一流教育体系的特色,中国和世界的比较”为题,与媒体进行了交流。施莱克尔在国际上被誉为教育界最具影响力的人物之一。美国最具影响力之一的杂志《大西洋月刊》称他为“全世界的校长”,美国的教育部部长评价他“在我认识的所有人中没有比他更了解全球教育正在面临的问题”,而英国的教育部部长称他是“英国教育最重要的人”。那么,以他独特的国际眼光来看,中国与世界一流教育体系的差距究竟在哪呢? 世界一流教育体系关注什么施莱克尔认为,想知道本国教育体系与世界一流教育体系的差异与差距,必须先了解当前世界一流教育体系在关注什么。 “几十年前,世界各国的教育体系基本类似,重视教授知识,学生只要有背书的能力就行。但是,近年来,一些国家尤其是西方发达国家,随着经济发展,发现背书的能力越来越不适用,于是开始在教育体系中关注学生思维能力的培养。”施莱克尔说。据他介绍,思维能力包括理解所学的能力、创新能力、自学能力等多个方面。“芬兰在以往的PISA测试中表现突出,其教育体系在国际上很受认可,不仅因为他们的学生学习能力很强,还因为他们懂得自己如何去学习,有自学能力,非常明白自己为何学习,他们对全球化的变化也非常了解,明白在新世界获得成功需要什么东西。” 施莱克尔认为,世界一流教育体系的第二个方面是教育资源分布合理。“我在上海考察的时候,注意到他们将好的校长和老师派到落后学校,这是促进教育资源合理分布的一个有效方式。” 世界一流教育体系的第三个方面是优秀人才能够进入教育体系。“中国以前在这方面没有问题,老师地位高,受人尊重,当时很多优秀年轻人愿意当老师。但是,现在随着中国的发展,年轻人机会很多,这方面出现了一些问题。”据他介绍,芬兰在这方面做了有益的探索,教师的工作环境好,人文环境好,很多老师觉得做教师很有意义,“如果教育吸引了越来越多的优秀人才,教育就会越来越好。” 中国教育体系的优点在施莱克尔看来,中国教育体系也有其优点。首先中国文化非常重视教育,家庭、学校都非常重视,学生学习也非常努力。其次,中国非常重视教育公平。“当然,贫富差距问题也影响着中国教育的公平,但是,据我对全球教育的了解,中国与其他国家相比,还是比较公平的。在其他国家,通过教育改变命运的机会很少,但在中国,还是有的。像美国,经济很发达,但是也存在着很大的贫富差距,教育体系中有很好的学校,也有不好的学校,但美国政府没有意识到这个问题,也没有在这方面做什么。而中国政府意识到了这个问题,并且开始行动促进教育公平,这对国家的长远发展是一个很好的选择。”施莱克尔说。施莱克尔认为,钱是教育发展的一个因素,但是钱并不能解决所有问题,平均分配钱也不可

美国英文简介-An Introduction to U.S.

The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific. At 3.79 million square miles and with over 310 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The

美国政治制度英文

the united state political system in my opinion, i think that both the presidential election and the enactment of law in the united state are democratic. thomas jefferson ever said“as far as i understand it, the supreme power of the most reliable person in charge can only be the people themselves” in 1820. the american system of government represents the citizens benefit and promotes the economic development rapidly. however, the american system has also existed disadvantages. i think the racial prejudice is a serious problem in american society. a 18‐year‐old black youth named michael brown was shot by a white policeman and finally died in missouri, america on august 9th 2014. which caused large‐scale demonstrations and developed the violent incident such as beating,smashing and looting in many places. when the grand jury judged that the white policeman can not be accused on november 24th , the protests spread quickly more than 170 cities in america. this issue caused wild public concern not only at home but also all over the world. unfortunately, the racial problem has not been solved yet. the united state political system in my opinion, i think that both the presidential election and the enactment of law in the united state are democratic. thomas jefferson ever said“as far as i understand it, the supreme power of the most reliable person in charge can only be the people themselves” in 1820. the american system of government represents the citizens benefit and promotes the economic development rapidly. however, the american system has also existed disadvantages. i think the racial prejudice is a serious problem in american society. a 18‐year‐old black youth named michael brown was shot by a white policeman and finally died in missouri, america on august 9th 2014. which caused large‐scale demonstrations and developed the violent incident such as beating,smashing and looting in many places. when the grand jury judged that the white policeman can not be accused on november 24th , the protests spread quickly more than 170 cities in america. this issue caused wild public concern not only at home but also all over the world. unfortunately, the racial problem has not been solved yet. 一、英国政治体制的模式及特点英国的政治制度是典型的君主立宪制，其主要特点是“议会至上”、以内阁为权力核心、君主虚位、政党组织严密。首先，英国实行议会民主制，体现“议会至上”的原则。议会至上，即立法权在三权中居于核心地位，行政和司法机关都是立法机关的一个部分，行政权和司法权实际是立法权的派生，三者互有重叠。其次，实行内阁制，作为“议会至上”原则在行政权与立法权关系上的制度体现。即国家的权力体系以内阁为核心，内阁拥有国家的最高行政权力。再次，英王更多的是一种荣誉性职位，并无真正的实权。最后，英国政党的组织体系相对比较严密。可见，英国政治制度最大的特点是“议会至上”，司法权和立法权都出于立法权，民主政治的实质部分居于虚位君主之下。

中国教育体系英文介绍

Primary education in China is mandatory and free of charge for all children between age 6 to age 12. The courses offered in primary schools are Chinese, math, foreign language (usually English), arts, natural sciences, history, . Upon graduation, students will receive a Primary School Certificate of Completion. Most of the primary schools are public schools. All students are required to attend three years junior high schools after graduating from primary schools. Students at junior high schools learn a series subjects. It is mandatory and free for all students between age 13 to age 15. The subjects include taught in middle school include Chinese, mathematics, foreign language (the majority of students take three years of English), physics, chemistry, history, politics and geography, etc. The graduate of middle school receives a Junior Middle School Certificate of Completion Upon graduation, junior secondary school students are required to take a formal examination. This examination is called “Zhongkao”. It serves as the graduation examination for middle schools. Meanwhile, it measures students potential to success at a higher level of education. Performance at this examination is the single most important criteria for senior high school’s admission. Wit h only a few exceptions, this examination is administered at provincial level or municipal level (in cities Shanghai, Beijing, Chongqing and Tianjin). These examination subjects include: Chinese, mathematics, English, chemistry, physics, history, etc. Hi gh school education is not mandatory in China. Based on students’ performance at “Zhongkao” and their academic goals and other factors, qualified students who enter this level of education will either study in regular high schools for three years or vocational higher schools for two or three years. Both types of schools